Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Badanie wymiany ciepła w lufie armaty wykonanej ze stali wysokostopowych

Koniorczyk Piotr, Zieliński Mateusz, Maljournal Sylvain

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

|

2026

|

R. 55, z. 177

7--21

PL

W pracy porównano wyniki symulacji numerycznych wymiany ciepła w lufie armaty przeciwlotniczej kalibru 35 mm i długości 3150 mm OSU-35K wykonanej ze stali DUPLEX 2205 z takimi samymi symulacjami numerycznymi wymiany ciepła w tej lufie wykonanej ze stali MARAGING 350. W obu przypadkach obliczenia wykonano dla lufy bez powłoki chromowej oraz z 200 μm chromową powłoką na powierzchni przewodu lufy. Lufę podzielono na 30 stref (P1–P30). Obliczenia przeprowadzono dla pojedynczego strzału oraz dla 60 kolejnych strzałów. Analiza pokazuje, że lufa wykonana ze stali DUPLEX 2205 osiąga wyższą temperaturę przewodu lufy w stosunku do lufy wykonanej ze stali MARAGING 350. Symulacje zaimplementowano w oprogramowaniu COMSOL Multiphysics, wersja 6.2.

EN

The work compares results of numerical simulations of heat transfer in a barrel of 35 mm antiaircraft gun OSU-35K with length of 3150 mm made of steel DUPLEX 2205 with identical numerical simulations of heat transfer in the barrel made of steel MARAGING 350. In both cases the calculations were performed for the barrel without chromium layer and with 200 μm chromium layer on the barrel bore surface. The barrel was divided on 30 zones (P1–P30). The calculations were made for an individual shot and for 60 consecutive shots. The analysis shows that the barrel made of DUPLEX 2205 steel reaches a higher temperature of barrel bore relating to the barrel made of MARAGING 350 steel. Simulations were implemented in computer code COMSOL Multiphysics, version 6.2.

2

Badanie wpływu początkowej temperatury lufy armaty na wymianę ciepła w lufie

Koniorczyk Piotr, Zieliński Mateusz, Surma Zbigniew, Preiskorn Marek

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

|

2026

|

R. 55, z. 176

25--33

PL

W pracy przedstawiono symulacje numeryczne wymiany ciepła w lufie armaty przeciwlotniczej kalibru 35 mm i długości 3000 mm, wykonanej ze stali 38HMJ (1.8509), bez powłoki chromowej oraz z 200 μm chromową powłoką na powierzchni przewodu lufy. Lufę podzielono na 30 stref (P1–P30). Obliczenia przeprowadzono dla 60 kolejnych strzałów w dwóch wariantach: w temperaturze początkowej lufy -35 °C oraz 20 °C. Dla każdej strefy określono liczbę strzałów, przy której powierzchnia przewodu lufy przekroczyła temperaturę skurczu stali 38HMJ (808,4 °C). Analiza pokazuje, że wpływ początkowej temperatury lufy na wartość temperatury skurczu jest niewielki. W konfiguracji bez powłoki przy temperaturze początkowej lufy -35 °C dopuszczalna liczba strzałów wzrasta o 6, natomiast w konfiguracji z powłoką chromową wzrost liczby strzałów wynosi 5. Symulacje zaimplementowano w oprogramowaniu COMSOL Multiphysics, wersja 6.2.

EN

This work reports on numerical simulations of heat transfer in a 35 mm calibre, 3000 mm long anti-aircraft gun barrel manufactured from 38HMJ (1.8509) steel, modelled with and without a 200 μm chromium lining on the bore surface. The barrel was divided into 30 zones (P1-P30), and calculations were conducted for 60 successive shots at two initial temperatures, -35 °C and 20 °C. For each zone, the shot count at which the bore surface exceeded the shrinkage temperature of 38HMJ steel (808.4 °C) was established. The analysis shows that the effect of the initial barrel temperature on this thresh- old is minor. In the uncoated configuration, the allowable number of shots increases by 6, while in the chromium-coated configuration the increase is 5. The simulations were implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics, version 6.2.

3

Unsteady MHD 2- liquid heat transmission plasma flow in a rotating system with Hall Currents via permeable conducting plates

Raju T. Linga, Rao Bonu Venkata

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2026

|

Vol. 31, no. 1

137--164

EN

A theoretical study is conducted on an unstable magneto hydrodynamic two-phase heat transfer plasma flow within a horizontal channel, which is bounded by conducting and permeable plates. The analysis takes place in a rotating frame of reference and includes the effect of Hall current. The regular perturbation approach determines the governing differential equations under the adopted conditions. The velocity and thermal distribution are visually resolved, and a parametric study is executed. Two fluid flow and heat transmission factors are affected by governing characteristics like as the porosity parameter, Hall parameter, Hartmann number, Taylor’s number, height, electrical, viscosity, and thermal conductivity ratios.

4

Analysis of fractional natural convection heat transfer of G0-MOS2 engine oil in an oscillating vertical cylinder

Elkott I., Abdel Latif M. S., El-Kalla I. L., Abdel Kader A. H.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2026

|

Vol. 31, no. 1

16--26

EN

In this paper, We show using Laplace and finite Hankel transforms, how to derive exact solutions for the velocity and temperature profiles of a system of fractional differential equations which describe heat transfer by natural convection of a specific engine oil with molybdenum disulphide and graphene oxide (MoS2 + GO) hybrid nano-composites in oscillating vertical cylinder. A few figures are used to illustrate how the temperature profile and the Nusselt number are affected by the Prandtl number and the order of the fractional derivative.

5

Advancements in hybrid nanofluids for diesel engine thermal management: a comparative review

Sufe Gadisa

Combustion Engines

|

2026

|

R. 65, nr 1

104--118

EN

Hybrid nanofluids show considerable promise for improving thermal management in diesel engines - outperforming both single-nanoparticle fluids and standard coolants. When it comes to performance, we rigorously evaluated multiple hybrid formulations against four key metrics: thermal conductivity, viscosity, long-term stability, and corrosion resistance. Blending specific nanoparticle types, namely alumina (Al₂O₃), silica (SiO₂), and titania (TiO₂), with carefully chosen surfactant agents. This combination directly boosted how effectively these fluids transfer thermal energy. The research demonstrates that hybrid nanofluids substantially boost thermal conductivity, increasing it by 30% to 50% compared to conventional coolants. In particular, the Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ combination showed exceptional effectiveness, surpassing other nanofluid mixtures by roughly 20-30%. Surfactants significantly enhanced the dispersion of nanoparticles, reduced their aggregation, and decreased viscosity by around 10-15%, which subsequently reduced the energy required for pumping. These advancements increased the durability and reliability of hybrid nanofluids, thereby broadening their potential applications. The study emphasized the importance of surfactants in maintaining effective nanoparticle suspension and preventing sedimentation, ensuring sustained stability. Among all the compounds analyzed, the surfactant-modified Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ nanocomposite blend showed superior outcomes, striking a balance between enhanced thermal conductivity, stability, and controllable viscosity. Hybrid nanofluids present a promising method for improving diesel engine cooling; however, significant obstacles such as cost, scalability, and durability remain. This study tackles these barriers and contributes valuable perspectives for advancing thermal management technologies. The paper amalgamates experimental and theoretical findings from 82 peer-reviewed studies, providing a comparative analysis without introducing new experimental data.

6

From Icing to Helipads: CFD-Based Solutions to Contemporary Rotorcraft Challenges

Dziubiński Adam

Transactions on Aerospace Research

|

2025

|

Nr 2 (279)

57--83

EN

This paper presents an overview of how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to address a range of engineering and operational challenges in rotorcraft development. Drawing on the author’s two decades of experience at the Łukasiewicz - Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, Poland, it highlights real-world applications of CFD in rotorcraft-related design and engineering. The case studies discussed include tail rotor icing in an unmanned helicopter, directional instability in a gyroplane, engine nacelle cooling in a modern helicopter, and airflow hazards near rooftop helipads in dense urban settings. Using multiphysics simulations, CFD helps reduce reliance on costly experiments, supports flight safety improvements, and informs regulatory decisions. The paper demonstrates the practical value of CFD as a tool in rotorcraft engineering and planning for urban air operations.

7

Numerical Modeling of Heat Transfer Through Ventilated Double-Chamber Windows

Basok Borys, Obodovych Oleksandr, Davydenko Dmytro, Stepanova Olesya, Koshlak Hanna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2025

|

Tom 27

693--704

EN

Building windows are a dominant source of thermal energy loss, possessing significantly lower heat transfer resistance than insulated wall structures. Enhancing the energy efficiency of window systems is possible by integrating them into the building's ventilation scheme. Ventilated windows facilitate the controlled intake of external fresh air or the extraction of internal exhaust air, enabling partial heat recovery and tempering of the airflow. However, this air movement increases dissipative heat loss through the glass surfaces, necessitating an efficiency study. This research evaluates the effectiveness of ventilated windows by comparing the recovered thermal energy against these additional dissipative losses. The study is conducted via numerical modeling of coupled air flow and heat transfer within the window structure. A finite difference method is employed to solve the governing system of equations, which includes the continuity, momentum, and energy transfer equations for the air, as well as the heat conduction equation for the glass. The numerical results consistently demonstrate that the heat saved through pre-heating incoming air or recovering heat from exhaust air is greater than the additional dissipative heat loss through the glass. Therefore, the implementation of ventilated windows is confirmed to be an effective solution from an energy efficiency perspective.

8

Nośnik katalizatora inspirowany kształtem rybich skrzeli

Sindera Katarzyna

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2025

|

T. 104, nr 12

1371--1373

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych nowego rodzaju strukturalnego nośnika katalitycznego, wykonanego za pomocą druku 3D. Inspirację do jego opracowania stanowiły rybie skrzela, naturalne struktury o bardzo dobrych właściwościach transportowych i dużej powierzchni właściwej, cechach pożądanych dla nośnika katalitycznego. Wyznaczone wartości liczb Nusselta dla nowej struktury GSC (Gill-like structured carrier, strukturalny nośnik o strukturze podobnej do skrzeli) wskazująna intensywny transport ciepła, zbliżony do złoża usypanego i akceptowalne opory przepływu.

EN

Exptl. studies were conducted on a new type of structured catalytic carrier, manufactured using 3D printing. Its design was inspired by fish gills, which are natural structures with high transport properties and a large sp. surface area, characteristics desirable for a catalytic carrier. The Nusselt no. detd. for the new structure (GSC, Gill-like structured carrier) indicate intensive heat transfer, similar to a packed bed, and acceptable flow resistance.

9

Analysis of the methods for decorating the skateboard decks using printing techniques

Cieślak Jakub, Godlewski Henryk, Podsiadło Halina

Polish Technical Review

|

2025

|

No. 2

19--25

EN

The popularity of skateboarding in Poland began to develop in the 1980s and is now a passion of several generations. The form of skateboards, the roots of which come from the USA, has been evolving since the 1960s. During this time, materials and production methods had improved. One of the production processes is making decorations on the skateboard decks, which make them distinguished and reflecting the brand. The discussed decorations are important in the context of distinguishing the product and matching the board to the user's character. Overprinting of skateboard decks is a sort of a challenge for printing industry because their surface is convex and bent. In order to overprint the entire surface of the deck, it is necessary to adapt classic techniques for this purpose or use dedicated devices.

PL

Popularność deskorolki w Polsce zaczynała się kształtować już w latach 80’ XX wieku i obecnie stanowi pasję kilku pokoleń. Forma deskorolki, której korzenie wywodzą się z USA, ewoluowała od lat 60’ ubiegłego stulecia. W tym czasie materiały i metody produkcyjne ulegały udoskonaleniu. Jednym z procesów produkcyjnych jest wykonanie zdobień na blatach deskorolkowych, które wyróżniają je i świadczą o marce. Zdobienia te są istotne w kontekście wyróżnienia produktu i dopasowania deski do charakteru użytkownika. Zadrukowanie blatów deskorolkowych to pewnego rodzaju poligraficzne wyzwanie, gdyż ich powierzchnia jest wypukła i ugięta. W celu zadrukowania całej powierzchni blatu konieczne jest dostosowanie klasycznych technik do tego celu, bądź zastosowanie dedykowanych urządzeń.

10

Analiza cieplno-wilgotnościowa złącza typu płyta na gruncie – mur

Ksit Barbara, Smoczyk Mateusz

Materiały Budowlane

|

2025

|

nr 1

63--64

11

Modelling the Heat and Mass Transfer in Devices with Dense-Layer Dispersed Systems

Krenický Tibor, Dyadyura Kostiantyn, Kokhan Olexandr, Umynskyi Serhii

Management Systems in Production Engineering

|

2025

|

nr 4 (33)

470--477

EN

The work is devoted to the processes of heat and mass transfer in moving and stationary dense layers of dispersed materials. One and two-component models of heat and mass transfer in a layer with internal heat sources caused by chemical and phase transformations in the presence of submerged heat exchange processes are given. A review of the literature showed that for a layer containing heat sources, not only information on these parameters is missing, but also methods for their determination. This paper describes the theoretical basis that forms the analytical dependencies of such methods. Satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement between experimental and calculated data indicates that the models accurately describe the main patterns of heat transfer in a blown layer with submerged heat transfer surfaces. The research results showed that when calculating temperature fields, reliable information is needed on the heat transfer coefficients of the layer and its components.

12

Thermal-hydraulic design of a small passively liquid-metal-cooled reactor

Thiele Roman, Anglart Henryk

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2025

|

Vol. 105, nr 1

1--14

EN

The influence of bypass flow size and thermal shielding on the overall performance of a small pool-type liquid-metal-cooled reactor are investigated through the use of 3D computational fl uid dynamics. 1/4 of the reactor is modeled using a porous media approach for small-detail domains, such as the core and the heat exchangers, and a full conjugate heat trans fer approach for all relevant walls. Through the introduction of thermal shielding on the internal wall and an optimal bypass flow based on the ratio of pressure drops over the core and heat exchangers, most of the critical design parameters are in good agreement. The results show that for a well-functioning design the pressure drops of the core and the heat exchanger should be close in value, which can be ac hieved by selecting the right bypass flow.

13

Numerical modeling of the solidification process in a mold-casting system with a gaseous gap

Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak Ewa, Skrzypczak Tomasz, Sowa Leszek

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics

|

2025

|

Vol. 24, nr 1

69--77

EN

The paper focuses on the numerical modeling of the solidification process, with particular emphasis on the key physical phenomenon of heat transfer within the mold-casting system. This process is influenced by the presence of a gaseous gap, which introduces thermal resistance at the interface and affects the solidification rate. The numerical model is developed using the Finite Element Method (FEM), with separate spatial discretizations for both the casting and the mold. Additionally, the thermal expansion of these regions, caused by temperature-dependent volume changes, is accounted for. The model utilizes two distinct meshes to compute the evolving temperature fields. Heat exchange between the cast- ing and the mold is governed by boundary conditions linking the two regions. The solution is computed incrementally, with each region being solved independently at each time step. This paper describes the main assumptions of the mathematical and numerical models and presents the comparison of results of three simulation variants carried out using a custom- -built program.

14

Mostki cieplne we współczesnym budownictwie z perspektywy norm i przepisów prawa

Witek Arkadiusz

Izolacje

|

2025

|

T. 30, nr 7/8

56--61

PL

Detale konstrukcyjne występujące we współczesnym budownictwie poddano w artykule analizie pod kątem przenikania ciepła. Detale te dotyczą połączenia w ścianie jednowarstwowej, konsol w fasadzie wentylowanej, ciepłego montażu okien i masywnych pustaków z wkładkami izolacyjnymi. Pokazano, iż szacowanie zapotrzebowania na energię do ogrzewania obiektu o ścianach jedno- i wielowarstwowych, jedynie na podstawie współczynnika przenikania ciepła, może prowadzić do znacznego niedoszacowania wymaganej energii. Natomiast ocena strat ciepła przez konsole fasad wentylowanych wymaga obliczeń numerycznych przeprowadzanych z dużą starannością. Ciepły montaż okien nie wpływa na właściwości cieplne okna, ale zmniejsza ryzyko kondensacji pary wodnej (oprócz ograniczania strat ciepła na etapie obliczeń energii użytkowej). Natomiast rozpatrując właściwości cieplne elementów murowych o niesymetrycznej budowie, konieczne może być stosowanie analiz trójwymiarowych. Powyższe zagadnienia omówione są w artykule na przykładach obliczeniowych oraz z uwzględnieniem zapisów norm i przepisów prawa.

EN

The construction details found in contemporary civil engineering were analysed in the article in terms of heat transfer. These details concern the connection in a single-layer wall, consoles in a ventilated facade, insulating mounting frames of windows and massive blocks with insulating inserts. It was shown that estimating the energy demand for heating a building with single- and multi-layer walls, based only on the heat transmittance coefficient, may lead to a significant underestimation of the required energy. On the other hand, the assessment of heat losses through consoles of ventilated facades requires numerical calculations carried out with great care. Insulating mounting frames of windows does not affect the thermal properties of the window, but reduces the risk of water vapour condensation (apart from reducing heat losses at the stage of calculating the usable energy). On the other hand, when considering the thermal properties of masonry elements with an asymmetrical structure, it may be necessary to use three-dimensional analyses. The above issues are discussed in the article using calculation examples and taking into account the requirements of standards and law regulations.

15

Analiza rozwiązań materiałowych ścian zewnętrznych i ich złączy w aspekcie cieplno-wilgotnościowym - studium przypadku

Pawłowski Krzysztof

Izolacje

|

2025

|

T. 30, nr 10

48--56, 58

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przykładowe rozwiązania materiałowe jednowarstwowych, dwuwarstwowych i trójwarstwowych ścian zewnętrznych na bazie bloczków z betonu komórkowego. Wykonano obliczenia współczynników przenikania ciepła U z zastosowaniem zróżnicowanych układów materiałowych. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę parametrów cieplno-wilgotnościowych wybranych złączy ścian zewnętrznych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych obliczeń sformułowano wytyczne projektowe i wykonawcze w tym zakresie.

EN

This article presents sample material solutions for single-layer, double-layer, and triple-layer external walls based on aerated concrete blocks. Heat transfer coefficients U were calculated using various material systems. Additionally, the thermal and moisture parameters of selected external wall joints were analyzed. Based on the calculations, design and implementation guidelines were formulated in this regard.

16

Analiza porównawcza parametrów fizykalnych połączenia ściany zewnętrznej z płytą balkonową – studium przypadku

Pawłowski Krzysztof

Izolacje

|

2025

|

T. 30, nr 7/8

86--89, 90, 92

PL

Kształtowanie układów materiałowych złączy budowlanych powinno opierać się na analizie wyników obliczeń parametrów fizykalnych przy zastosowaniu programu komputerowego. W artykule zaprezentowano obliczenia w zakresie wpływu połączenia ściany zewnętrznej z płytą balkonową na parametry cieplno-wilgotnościowe. Przeprowadzono także ocenę analizowanych wariantów obliczeniowych w zakresie liniowego współczynnika przenikania ciepła Ψ oraz obniżenia temperatury na wewnętrznej powierzchni przegrody tsi,min. (występowania kondensacji powierzchniowej).

EN

The design of material systems for building joints should be based on the analysis of the results of calculations of physical parameters using a computer program. This article presents calculations regarding the impact of the connection between the external wall and the balcony slab on thermal and humidity parameters. An assessment of the analyzed calculation variants was also conducted in terms of the linear heat transfer coefficient Ψ and the temperature reduction on the inner surface of the partition tsi,min (the occurrence of surface condensation).

17

Lyapunov Instability in Cell Models With and Without Time-Reversible Heat Transfer

Hoover William Graham, Hoover Carol Griswold

Computational Methods in Science and Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 31, No. 1-3

5--11

EN

Two-temperature pedagogical cell models, extensions of the equilibrium Einstein model of solid state physics, can allow nonequilibrium hot-to-cold heat transfer. These heat-flow models can be driven by thermostatted temperature differences, for instance between horizontal and vertical degrees of freedom. We present pedagogical benchmark Lyapunov exponents for four equilibrium cell models: isoenergetic Hamiltonian, constrained Isokinetic, and two Isothermal NoséHoover models. We also compute representative Lyapunov exponents for two members of a family of two-temperature dissipative Nosé-Hoover cell models. Further exploration of such dissipative models is the subject of the 2024–2025 $1000 Snook Prize.

18

Improving heat transfer of air-cooled cylinders with fins with slits

Nakashima Kohei, Yoshida Masao, Nishii Kento, Yoshida Ayanari, Okura Nobuyuki

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 3

141--146

EN

In finned cylinders with slits around the cooling fin circumference, thermocouples were attached at three positions in the radial direction on the surface of the fin, and fin surface temperatures were measured by rotating the cylinders relative to the flow direction in a wind tunnel to change the angular position of the attached thermocouples. The temperature distribution around the fin circumference and the average heat transfer coefficient were then investigated at air velocities from 20 km/h (5.6 m/s) to 60 km/h (16.7 m/s). Results indicated that, compared with fins without slits, fins with slits, either aligned or offset, decreased fin surface temperatures and increased the heat transfer coefficient. The fins with slits also resulted in a more uniform circumferential temperature at the fin root at a lower air velocity, but not at a higher air velocity, compared to fins without slits.

19

Numerical simulation of transient startup characteristics in pump-driven two-phase flow systems

Zhou Nianyong, Li Jing, Liu Jixiang, Liu Kaiming, Wang Feifei, Liu Lianghui

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 5

art. no. e154202

EN

The pump-driven two-phase flow system is widely used in electronic cooling due to its high heat transfer efficiency and stable temperature control. However, transient startup behaviors, crucial for reliability in dynamic thermal environments, remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by developing a simulation model using AMESim software with R134a as the working fluid, investigating the effects of heat load, pump speed and cooling water temperature on startup dynamics. Results reveal three distinct startup types: Type I rising startup, Type II rising startup, and Type I falling startup. As the heat load increases from 2 kW to 5 kW, the system transitions from Type I to Type II, with the cold plate wall temperature decreasing by up to 27%. At 2 kW and 5 kW, the system exhibits Type I upward and Type II upward startup behaviors, respectively. Type II startup demonstrates reduced overshoot, enabling quicker approach to quasi-steady state. At 2 kW, the system exhibits both single-phase and two-phase heat transfer, with the latter lowering the temperature by 2.26°C. Excessive subcooling can induce temperature oscillations within the evaporator. At a pump speed of 200 r/min, Type I upward startup is observed; however, increased speeds result in wall temperature overshoot. Furthermore, raising the cooling medium temperature from 10°C to 40°C elevates the evaporator wall temperature by 51.67%. By integrating quantitative metrics for overshoot, response time and subcooling effects, this work provides actionable insights for optimizing pump-driven two-phase systems in high-heat-flux electronic cooling applications.

20

Thermomagnetic convection and entropy generation in a hybrid nanofluid filled wavy-walled cavity heated non-uniformly

Biswas Nirmalendu, Mandal Dipak Kumar, Manna Nirmal K., Benim Ali Cemal

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2025

|

Vol. 46, no. 1

61--81

EN

In this work, thermomagnetic convection and irreversibility production in a hybrid nanofluid-filled wavy-walled porous thermal system containing a semi-circular heated bottom is presented. Both the sidewalls of the enclosure are cooled and undulated with varying undulation numbers. The lower wall is partially undulated following a semi-circular-shaped object and is heated isothermally. The horizontal walls are insulated. The cavity is occupied with Cu-Al2O3/water-based hybrid nanofluid and porous substances under the impact of the evenly applied horizontal magnetic field. This work significantly contributes to the existing research rendering an exhaustive understanding of the hydrothermal flow-physics as well as irreversibility production of a hybrid nanofluid in the cavity having surface undulation. The Galerkin weighted finite element method is utilized to solve the mathematical model. The hydrothermal performance of the thermal system is considerably influenced by various pertinent factors such as Darcy-Rayleigh number, Darcy number, Hartmann number, and number of undulations. The wall undulations have a critical role in altering the hydrothermal performance. Heatlines are used to analyse heat transport dynamics from the protruded hot surface to the heat sink. The protruded heater wall induces the formation of a hot upward plume in the nearest fluid layers. The flow divides into two parts forming a pair of circulations due to symmetrical cooling at the sidewalls. The flow behaviours are significantly dampened by increasing the Hartmann number. The associated total entropy generation is also demonstrated. This study contributes to the existing domain knowledge and provides insights for designing and optimizing similar thermal systems.