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EN
For a number of years, the DNA interactions with various compounds have been a subject of research at the Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry. Plasmids and chromosomal DNAs have been used to investigate and distinguish between the DNA interactions with intercalators, newly synthesized potential anticancer drugs and antioxidants. So far, plasmids have been rarely used in electrochemical experiments and therefore their use can be considered a novelty in our investigations, realized in collaboration with the Molecular Biology Laboratory at the Faculty of Biology of the University of Warsaw. New potential anticancer drugs have been synthesized at the Institute of Organic Industrial Chemistry and tested on cancer cell lines at the Pharmacy Department of the Warsaw Medical University. The methodology of DNA-drugs investigations has been tested with the use of a typical DNA intercalator, Methylene Blue, and resulted in the sequential use of four electrochemical methods, i.e. SW, DP, AC 00 i AC 900 to assess redox properties and capacity/resistance changes of the electrode layers formed. Such complex electroanalytical methodology allowed for distinguishing between the anticancer properties of two seemingly similar compounds, IPBD and Cl-IPBD, which differed only by one substituent. The comparison of these electrochemical results with biological testing (on cancer cell lines) these prospective anticancer drugs, showed good correlation of the two different methods used, in prediction of anticancer properties of new drugs. Thus, it has been shown that the combination of electroanalytical methods can be successfully used for preliminary testing of anticancer drugs, before further confirming their use by complex and time consuming biological methods. It should be noted that the interactions of plasmids with the antioxidants such as: riboflavin (Rb, Wit.B2), Witamin C and Rutin (RU), used in this work and tested by electroanalytical methods, showed contrasting results to the ones obtained for anticancer drugs.
EN
There are reports available in the literature describing neoplastic changes around implants or at distant sites that temporally correlate with implantation, although they are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Such reports mainly concern the implantation of dental implants, which are performed in the largest number, and squamous cell carcinoma is one of the main types of cancer located in the vicinity of such implants. The occurrence of malignancies after hip arthroplasty has also been described in the vicinity of endoprostheses. At present, there are no indisputable data on the promotion of carcinogenesis by the implants used, and the problem of accelerated tumour induction in the area of implantation is still poorly understood and unclear. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of changes in the physiological processes of cells induced by metallic biomaterials intended for orthopaedic implants. A preliminary assessment of changes in the expression of cancer-promoting genes in chondrocytes exposed to metallic biomaterials was recently published. The current report is an analytical summary of changes in proliferation potential, DNA damage repair activity, and apoptosis level of primary and neoplastic cells (chondrocytes and osteoblasts) exposed to commonly used metallic biomaterials (AISI 316L, Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, and CoCrMo). Immunofluorescence labelling techniques in flow cytometry were used for the study. The results obtained allow us to state that short-term (48 h) direct exposure to metallic biomaterials of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, both primary and cancerous, can cause significant changes in cell physiology, which may result in promoting the cancer process.
3
Content available Photogenerated radicals in DNA - Hairpin
EN
Synthetic hairpin DNA is a promising organic material for biosensors and for preparation of physical qubits for quantum information science. This paper demonstrates the base principles of the hairpin DNA synthesis and its biradical forms generated by ultraviolet radiation. Such radical pairs form initialy entangled 2-qubit singlet spin states.
EN
The article concerns the problem of climate change and the need to adapt to the design process the architecture of the bubble mechanism currently operating in the sectors of enterprises and production plants, which consists in determining the maximum level of pollutant emissions. The problem is considered in the category of analysis and selection of building materials. The aim of the analyzes was determined due to the changing climate and the possibility of controlling pollutant emissions by operating in a limited area, in a kind of "bubble", with the imposition of limits the architecture. This leads to the changes in the paradigm of architectural design and the application of appropriate solutions, e.g. materials as well as technical-technological ones, controlling and minimizing the negative impact on the natural environment.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problemu zmian klimatu i możliwości adaptacji w procesie projektowym architektury mechanizmu klosza (ang. Bubbles) działającego obecnie w sektorach przedsiębiorstw, zakładów produkcyjnych, który polega na określeniu maksymalnego poziomu emisji zanieczyszczeń. Problem rozważany jest w kategorii analizy i doboru materiałów budowlanych. Cel analiz określono ze względu na zmieniający się klimat a możliwości kontroli emisji zanieczyszczeń operując w ograniczonym obszarze, w pewnego rodzaju „bańce”, z nałożeniem ograniczeń „klosza” na architekturę. Prowadzi to do poszukiwania i zmian w paradygmacie projektowania architektury oraz zastosowania odpowiednich rozwiązań m.in. materiałowych i techniczno-technologicznych kontrolując oraz minimalizując negatywne oddziaływania na środowisko naturalne.
EN
In this article are presented different types of bactericidal / viricidal UV lamps and UV Robots and their effectiveness in the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and mites. In particular it describes vacuum UV-V lamps and robots that can generate ozone. Ozon has the possibility to reach all objects inaccessible to direct radiation and it also destroys these microorganisms. The next type of bactericidal ozone-free UV-C lamps and UV-C robots, which shorten the disinfection time. All topics presented in the article combined with the use of UV lamps and UV robots are based on the results of laboratory tests in various countries (Germany, USA, China, South Korea, Denmark) that were applied to destroy SARS-CoV-2 corona viruses.
PL
Kwasy nukleinowe cieszą się coraz większym zainteresowaniem pod względem zastosowania ich w przemyśle farmaceutycznym, kosmetycznym oraz żywnościowym. Określono wpływ dodatku długo- i krótkołańcuchowych kwasów nukleinowych na właściwości mechaniczne żeli żelatynowych. Badania wykazały występowanie specyficznych interakcji pomiędzy żelatyną a kwasami nukleinowymi oraz pozwoliły na ocenę wpływu tych oddziaływań na twardość, kohezyjność, gumowatość oraz lepkość żeli.
EN
Two pork gelatin solns. were prepd. in deionized H2O (6.66 and 10% by mass) at 65°C and then gelled at 10°C for 24 h. The well-defined portions of the gelatin were added to solns. of two types of nucleic acids (short- and long-chain, gDNA and fDNA, resp.) dissoloved in a buffer (Tris-HCl and EDTA, pH 7.5) and mixed with deionized H2O to obtain concns. in the range of 0.001–0.1% by mass. The hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and viscosity at 40°C of obtained gelatin gels were detd. The mech. parameters of gelatin gels were deteriorated in the presence of gDNA but an improvement of these parameters was obsd. for the gel cong. 10% gelatin and 0.1% fDNA.
EN
According to the concept of a system-based approach, a construction project can be treated as a complex system composed of various elements, such as human, equipment and material resources, as well as knowledge and tasks that are mutually interlinked. In the classical approach to construction project risk assessment, the impact of the “system” in the analysis of relationships between risk sources and their consequences has so far been neglected. The concept of construction project vulnerability and its adaptability has appeared in literature in recent years. It is analysed on the basis of a project’s vulnerability to the impact of risk factors and its adaptive capacity is seen an answer to project perturbations caused by adverse random events. As a part of developing the system-based approach to analysing construction project schedule, the author further developed the concept of modelling planned construction projects with relationship meta-networks composed of four types of nodes: agents (human resources), knowledge, equipment and material resources and tasks. The author included possible deviations from the planned project’s budget in the schedule vulnerability and adaptability analysis, instead of only focusing on deviations from its completion deadline. An analysis of the occurrence of additional and replacement work was introduced by the author, which further developed the concept of the simulated evolution of such networks to include the capacity to introduce new nodes and links into their structure. Furthermore, the author used the potential of weighted meta-networks to model certain dependencies within the planned project. A simulation-based approach as a part of DNA (dynamic network analysis) was used to analyse the vulnerability and adaptability of such networks. The proposed approach was presented on the example of a renovation project performed on a historical structure. The conclusions drawn from the author’s analyses can be used to formulate construction project schedules that are less vulnerable to perturbations and are characterised by greater adaptability. In the future, the author plans to expand the analysis presented above to include dependencies in single-mode networks (e.g. in agent, resource or knowledge networks) on the meta-network of a project.
8
Content available remote Healthcare data management, regarding the growing popularity of precision medicine
EN
Precision medicine that is studying DNA-based diseases is gaining more and more popularity in the world thanks to the dynamic development of sequencing technology. In 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP, Human Genome Project) was completed, lasting 15 years and costing 2.7 billion dollars. Currently, the cost of running a genome test is around USD 1,000 and lasts only a few hours to several days, depending on the technology chosen. This document contains the most important concepts related to precision medicine and healthcare data management. Due to the significant reduction in costs associated with carrying out genetic tests, they have become more available and can be taken into account in patient studies. The techniques and methods discussed generate a large amount of medical data that should be managed and also used in preventive healthcare.
PL
Medycyna precyzyjna, która zajmuje się badaniem genezy chorób na podstawie DNA, zyskuje coraz większą popularność na świecie za sprawą dynamicznego rozwoju technologii sekwencjonowania materiału genetycznego. W roku 2003 został ukończony projekt poznania ludzkiego genomu (ang. Human Genome Project, HGP), który trwał 15 lat i który kosztował 2,7 miliarda dolarów. Obecnie koszt przeprowadzenia badania genomu wynosi około 1000 dolarów i trwa zaledwie od kilku godzin do kilku dni w zależności od wybranej technologii. W niniejszej pracy zostały opisane wybrane pojęcia związane z medycyną precyzyjną i zarządzaniem danymi w systemach ochrony zdrowia. Ze względu na znaczne obniżenie kosztów związanych z przeprowadzaniem testów genetycznych stały się one bardziej dostępne i mogą być brane pod uwagę w procesie diagnozowania i leczenia pacjentów. Omawiane techniki i metody generują dużą ilość danych medycznych, które powinny być zarządzane i wykorzystywane również w profilaktycznej opiece zdrowotnej.
EN
The article proposes a new approach to the identification of key agents, knowledge and resources required to complete tasks being performed as a part of construction projects. The author used the concept of meta-networks to model the relations between agents, knowledge, resources and tasks of a project. Up until now, the identification of key means of production employed a measure of performance of the project that was modelled using a metanetwork. However, this measure is limited as it does not take into consideration the significance of individual tasks or the relations between them. The author thus proposed a structural modification of the performance measure for the purposes of identifying key agents, knowledge and resources of a planned project. A case study analysis has confirmed the application potential of the proposed approach. In practice, the results that were obtained can aid planners in evaluating the performance of a project's plan. Information about key agents, knowledge and resources can constitute the basis for drafting alternative plans which would be more resistant to failure due to the possible loss of key means of production over the course of carrying out a project.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano nowe podejście do identyfikacji kluczowych agentów (uczestników), wiedzy i zasobów potrzebnych do realizacji zadań w ramach przedsięwzięć budowlanych. Do modelowania relacji pomiędzy agentami, wiedzą, zasobami oraz zadaniami przedsięwzięcia wykorzystano koncepcję meta-sieci. opracowanej przez [9, 10, 11] i opartej na integracji i analizie wielu sieci równocześnie, które określają zależności pomiędzy elementami analizowanego systemu. Dotychczas do identyfikacji kluczowych środków produkcji wykorzystywana była miara wydajności (performance) modelowanego przez meta-sieć przedsięwzięcia, Jednak miara ta (określająca procent zadań które mogą być wykonane dzięki temu, że do ich realizacji są przypisani Agenci, wiedza i zasoby) ma istotne ograniczenie, gdyż nie uwzględnia ważności poszczególnych zadań jak również relacji pomiędzy nimi. Przykładowo, brak możliwości wykonania jednego zadania krytycznego, które planowane jest do realizacji jako jedno z pierwszych, uniemożliwi realizację kolejnych, co jest gorszym mankamentem planu niż brak możliwości realizacji nawet większej ilości zadań, które nie są krytyczne i terminy ich realizacji są późniejsze. Zaproponowano więc modyfikację strukturalnej miary wydajności (performance) na potrzebę identyfikacji kluczowych agentów, wiedzy i zasobów planowanego przedsięwzięcia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie modelu komputera biomolekularnego dzięki wykorzystaniu bramek logicznych zbudowanych z łańcuchów DNA. Praca opisuje również, w jaki praktyczny sposób można wykorzystać model komputera biomolekularnego do przechowywania danych.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present a biomolecular computer model, based on logical gates buildt with DNA chaines. Article also describes how a biomolecular computing can be used for data storage in practical way.
PL
Podstawowe techniki genetyczne i molekularne znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach, czasami bardzo odległych od genetyki. Rozwój inżynierii genetycznej nie byłby możliwy, gdyby nie reakcja łańcuchowa polimerazy (PCR). Celem przeprowadzenia reakcji PCR jest uzyskanie specyficznego produktu amplifikacji. Podstawowym enzymem, niezbędnym do przeprowadzenia tych reakcji, jest polimeraza DNA. Obecnie dostępnych jest wiele typów polimeraz. Wybór odpowiedniej polimerazy jest bardzo ważny, bowiem od tego zależy poprawność prowadzonych badań i analiz. Zastosowanie odpowiedniej polimerazy zależy od tego, jakie jest przeznaczenie uzyskanego powielonego fragmentu DNA oraz z jakim rodzajem matrycy mamy do czynienia.
EN
Basic genetic and molecular techniques are widely used in many fields, sometimes very distant from genetics. The development of genetic engineering would not have been possible without polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purpose of PCR is to obtain a specific amplification product. A basic enzyme needed to carry out these reactions is a DNA polymerase. Many types of polymerase are currently available. Selecting a right polymerase is very important because it effects the correctness of the research and analyses. The use of an appropriate polymerase depends on what is the purpose of the resulting fragment of DNA and what kind of matrix we are dealing with.
PL
DNA u wszystkich organizmów żywych przyjmuje taką samą strukturę. Jest polimerem składającym się z dwóch łańcuchów połączonych zasadami azotowymi skręconych w podwójną helisę. Dopiero kilka lat po poznaniu struktury DNA, którą odkryli Watson i Crick, udało się złamać kod DNA. Okazało się, że każda trójka nukleotydów DNA zwana kodonem koduje jeden aminokwas w białku. W latach 80. XX w. odkryto, że w łańcuchu DNA znajdują się zasady azotowe, których wcześniej nie znano, do dziś poznano ich pięć. DNA jest materiałem gromadzącym i przekazującym informację na temat budowy i funkcji organizmów. Każda z nici DNA może być szablonem pozwalającym na stworzenie jej kopii, umożliwia to przekazanie jej do komórek potomnych. Może dochodzić do modyfikacji informacji zawartej w DNA, utrwaloną zmianę w informacji DNA nazywamy mutacją, dzięki mutacjom powstaje pierwotna zmienność genetyczna. Mutacje mogą mieć negatywny, obojętny, jak i pozytywny skutek dla komórki. Do negatywnych skutków zaliczamy m.in. nowotwory. Czynnikami środowiskowymi powodującymi mutacje są m.in. promieniowanie słoneczne i związki obecne w zanieczyszczonym powietrzu. Wiedza dotycząca funkcji i roli DNA w komórkach wciąż się powiększa.
EN
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has the same structure in all living organism. This is a polymer molecule that is built from two antiparallel polynucleotide strands. These strands containing complementary nitrogen bases, what result in hydrogen bond formation between these two strands and a double-helix structure is being created. After several years of discovery the DNA structure (by Watson and Crick) it was possible to decipher the DNA code. It was found out that each three nucleotides encode one amino acid residue in the protein sequence. In the 80s it was discovered that in DNA chain are nitrogenous base that have not been recognized before. Till now five nitrogenous base were known. DNA stores and transfers the information about the structure and function of living organisms. Each of DNA strands can be a template for creation of its copy, what allows to transfer genetic material to the daughter cells. It is possible that the information contained in DNA will be modified and established change is called mutation. Due to the mutations primary genetic variation can occur. Mutation can cause negative, neutral as well as positive effects for cell. As a negative effect the cancers can be mentioned. To the environmental factor causing mutation for example sunlight or compounds present in polluted air can be included. The knowledge of the function and role of DNA in cells is still growing.
13
Content available Hydratacja wybranych lipidowych kompleksów DNA
PL
Zbadano dwa modelowe kompleksy lipidowe DNA z surfaktantami zawierającymi jeden (CTMA) lub dwa (DDCA) łańcuchy alifatyczne. Wyznaczono kinetykę ich hydratacji oraz izotermę sorpcyjną. Wykazano, że zastosowanie lipidowego surfaktantu z udziałem dwóch łańcuchów alifatycznych ogranicza liczbę cząsteczek wody trwale związanej z helisą DNA.
EN
Two model DNA-lipid complexes with the surfactants containing single (CTMA) or double (DDCA) aliphatic chains were investigated. Hydration kinetics and sorption isotherms were determined. The data were interpreted using BET and Dent sorption isotherm models. It was found that the use of lipid surfactant with double aliphatic chain reduce the number of water molecules tightly and permanently bound to DNA helix.
PL
Praca ma charakter przeglądowy. Przedstawia metody, które mogą mieć zastosowanie w kryminalistyce do wykrywania różnego rodzaju śladów biologicznych. Powyższe opracowanie omawia możliwości oraz ograniczenia zasadności ich stosowania szczególnie w dobie dynamicznego rozwoju technik opartych na analizie polimorfizmu DNA.
EN
This work presents methods used for identification different kind of biological fluids like vaginal secretion, urine, faeces, vomit, nasal secretion, sweat, tears. It pays special attention to detection saliva and seminal fluid and shows both biochemical and immunochromatographic methods used in this goal in forensics science.
PL
Amplifikacja kwasów nukleinowych w warunkach izotermicznych stanowi ciekawą alternatywę wobec technik tradycyjnie wykorzystywanych w badaniach naukowych i w diagnostyce. W ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat opracowano wiele różnych metod powielania DNA i RNA w stałej temperaturze. Techniki te nie ustępują pod względem wielu parametrów klasycznej reakcji PCR, nawet technice real-time PCR, a niekiedy nawet je przewyższają. Cele niniejszego artykułu to: prezentacja technik izotermicznej amplifikacji kwasów nukleinowych, wyjaśnienie zasady ich działania oraz prezentacja produktów diagnostycznych działających w oparciu o te techniki.
EN
Amplification of nucleic acids in isothermal conditions is an interesting alternative for techniques traditionally used in research and diagnostics. For the last several years many different methods of DNA and RNA replication in constant temperature have been developed. These techniques does not leg behind, in terms of many parameters, the classical PCR, and even real-time PCR technique, and sometimes they are even better. The aim of the article is to present the techniques of isothermal amplification of nucleic acids, explain their basic principles and present diagnostic products operating based on these techniques.
PL
W ofercie wielu firm na całym świecie znajdziemy produkty działające w oparciu o amplifikację kwasów nukleinowych w warunkach izotermicznych. Wśród nich znajdują się zestawy odczynników przeznaczone do badań naukowych, a także szeroka gama testów przeznaczonych głównie do diagnostyki wirusologicznej i bakteriologicznej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie zasady działania poszczególnych technik izotermicznej amplifikacji kwasów nukleinowych, a także prezentacja produktów diagnostycznych działających w oparciu o te techniki.
EN
Many companies around the world have in offer products acting on the basis of nucleic acid amplification under isothermal conditions. Among them are reagent kits for scientific research and a wide range of tests intended primarily for the diagnosis of viral and bacteriological. The purpose of this article is to explain the principles of individual techniques isothermal nucleic acid amplification, as well as the presentation of operating diagnostic products based on these techniques.
EN
Since the year 2001 new ideology of clean and simple synthesis in organic chemistry has been established. The outstanding scientists Meldal and Sharpless presented their concepts of Click Chemistry. Among the reactions chosen for this concept the reaction of Copper(I) Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition (CuAAC) became the most popular one. It is the basis of syntheses employed for building blocks synthesis in medicinal chemistry and material science. Libraries of potentially pharmacologically active anticancer and antivirus compounds possessing neutral triazol linkage could be easily obtained. Remarkable efficiency of CuAAC reaction influenced on DNA- and RNAbased synthesis of novel oligonucleotides derivatives. Many of nucleic acid molecular modifications found applications in enzymatic transformation, nucleic acid hybridization, molecular tagging and gene silencing. The CuAAC reaction allows for introducing modifications into practically every region of nucleoside/nucleotide/ oligonucleotide. This includes versatile modifications of the base moiety both aiming at the base pairing ability or specific labeling of the nucleoside unit. Different conjugates (bio-, fluorescent-, affinity- or spin labels) are being attached to the base part of the nucleic acid taking advantage of the presence of azide or alkyne substituents, which can be installed without great difficulty. Labeling at the sugar part of the nucleoside can be realized at the position 2’, 3’ or 5’, the latter two giving rise to the end-labeled oligonucleotides and the 2’ position serving as the attachment point for labeling inside the oligonucleotide chain. These kind of nucleic acid modifications are very promising. Versatility of CuAAC reactions is demonstrated by numerous examples of introducing modifications into practically every reactive site of the nucleotide/oligonucleotide molecule. The review systematically presents application of the “click” technique for modification of nitrogenous base, sugar or pseudosugar moiety or phosphorus center. Possibility of creating new kind of chain linkage, devoid of negative charge and nuclease resistant is also shown. This allows to design a new class of nucleic acid analogues, similar in its DNA-mimicking properties to PNA’s.
EN
Even though most of the existing studies of gold nanoparticles indicate that they are safe to use, some researchers show that specific forms of nanoparticles (e.g. nanorods) are able to destroy the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles (below 37nm in diameter) in high concentration have been deadly for mice. We used the Amber12 package to perform a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of gold nanoparticles with various small proteins important for the human body and a DNA molecule to determine the interactions and consequently the possible toxicity of gold clusters. Lennard-Jones interactions were used to simulate the behavior of gold nanoparticles with biomacromolecules in water with an optimal set of parameters (selected based on a comparison of MD structures and structures computed by DFT). Gold nanoparticle structures were obtained as a result of MD simulations from an initial structure, where gold atoms were at a distance of 10 ̊ A from one another. A predicted BDNA structure of a palindromic sequence‘ CGCATGAGTACGC ’ and a 2 JYK molecule were used as representatives of the DNA molecule. The preliminary results show that, in particular small gold nanoparticle s, interact strongly with proteins and DNA by creating stable complexes, which can then cause harmful reactions to the human body when present in high concentration.
EN
The process of complex formation between cationic gemini surfactants, 3,3'-[a,w-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium) dichloride, with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied. The study was performed for ten surfactants having spacer groups of different lengths used in 6 concentrations (5 mM, 2 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.1 mM) and a 6.5 µM DNA solution. The complex formation was verified by circular dichroism spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis. The complexes were found to be stable and the process of complex formation was reproducible, efficient and immediate.
PL
Zbadano proces kompleksowania kationowych surfaktantów typu gemini — dichlorków 3,3'-[a,w-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecyloimidazoliowych) z kwasem deoksyrybonukleinowym (DNA). Wykorzystano dziesięć surfaktantów różniących się długością grupy łącznikowej, w postaci roztworów o 6 różnych stężeniach (5 mM, 2 mM, 1 mM, 0,5 mM, 0,2 mM, 0,1 mM), oraz 6,5 µM roztwór DNA. Za pomocą spektroskopii dichroizmu kołowego oraz elektroforezy żelowej wykazano, iż zachodzi proces kompleksowania tych cząsteczek. Stwierdzono, że otrzymane kompleksy są stabilne a proces ich powstawania — natychmiastowy, wydajny i powtarzalny.
20
Content available Mosaic reasoning for discoveries
EN
We investigate structure of the Primary Language of the human brain as introduced by J. von Neumann in 1957. Two components have been investigated, the algorithm optimizing warfighting, Linguistic Geometry (LG), and the algorithm for inventing new algorithms, the Algorithm of Discovery. The latter is based on multiple thought experiments, which manifest themselves via mental visual streams (“mental movies”). There are Observation, Construction and Validation classes of streams. Several visual streams can run concurrently and exchange information between each other. The streams may initiate additional thought experiments, program them, and execute them in due course. The visual streams are focused employing the algorithm of “a child playing a construction set” that includes a visual model, a construction set, and the Ghost. Mosaic reasoning introduced in this paper is one of the major means to focusing visual streams in a desired direction. It uses analogy with an assembly of a picture of various colorful tiles, components of a construction set. In investigating role of mosaic reasoning in the Algorithm of Discovery, in this paper, I replay a series of four thought experiments related to the discovery of the structure of the molecule of DNA. Only the fourth experiment was successful. This series of experiments reveals how a sequence of failures eventually leads the Algorithm to a discovery. This series permits to expose the key components of the mosaic reasoning, tiles and aggregates, local and global matching rules, and unstructured environment. In particular, it reveals the aggregates and the rules that played critical role in the discovery of the structure of DNA. They include the generator and the plug-in aggregates, the transformation and complementarity matching rules, and the type of unstructured environment. For the first time, the Algorithm of Discovery has been applied to replaying discoveries not related to LG and even to mathematics.
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