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1

Pension funds in Bulgaria – are they a stabilizing factor for the social security system in the country?

Milev Jeko Nikolaev, Robev Kliment

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2024

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Nr 90

61--79

EN

The Bulgarian social security system underwent significant reforms in the late 1990s, transforming it into a three-pillar structure. The first pillar operates on a pay-as-you-go principle and comprises five distinct funds: the Pension Fund, General Disease and Maternity Fund, the Occupational Accident and Professional Disease Fund, the Unemployment Fund, and the Non-Work-Related Pension Fund. The second pillar is supplementary compulsory pension security, which operates on a fully funded principle. Pension companies manage defined contribution pension plans based on individual accounts. The third pillar is supplementary voluntary pension security, also based on a fully funded principle, allowing individuals to accumulate additional resources to finance supplementary pension benefits. The implemented reforms aimed to address the unfavourable demographic changes expected to unfold in the coming years, which would place significant pressure on the country’s pension system. The establishment of the second and third pillars was expected to enhance the financial stability of the system and increase the adequacy of pension benefits for future generations of retirees. More than two decades later, the demographic structure of the Bulgarian population continues to deteriorate, corresponding to earlier predictions. However, several factors have adversely affected the second and third pillars, preventing them from fully supporting the first pillar as intended. The main aim of this article is to assess the reforms implemented in the Bulgaria’s social security system over the years, the problems encountered, and the solutions required. The focus is on the pension system, as it absorbs the greatest part of the resources and affects the largest portion of the population. The first part of the paper describes the reforms and their expected results, while the second part analyses the current problems of the system and possible future reforms that could improve its long-term sustainability.

PL

Bułgarski system zabezpieczenia społecznego przeszedł znaczące reformy pod koniec lat 90. i został przekształcony w strukturę trójfilarową. Wdrożone reformy miały na celu zaradzenie niekorzystnym zmianom demograficznym, które miały nastąpić w najbliższych latach, co wywarłoby poważną presję na krajowy system emerytalny. Ustanowienie drugiego i trzeciego filaru miało ustabilizować finansowo system i zwiększyć adekwatność świadczeń emerytalnych dla przyszłych pokoleń emerytów. Ponad dwie dekady później struktura demograficzna bułgarskiej populacji nadal się pogarsza, zgodnie z wcześniejszymi przewidywaniami. Kilka czynników negatywnie wpłynęło na drugi i trzeci filar, uniemożliwiając im pełne wsparcie pierwszego poziomu. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena reform przeprowadzonych w bułgarskim systemie zabezpieczenia społecznego na przestrzeni lat, napotkanych problemów i wymaganych rozwiązań. Skupiono się na systemie emerytalnym, ponieważ pochłania on najwięcej środków i dotyczy największej części populacji. W pierwszej części artykułu opisano reformy i ich oczekiwane rezultaty, w drugiej – zanalizowano obecne problemy systemu i możliwe przyszłe reformy, które mogłyby zwiększyć stabilność systemu emerytalnego w dłuższej perspektywie.

2

Prognoza wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego rzeczypospolitej polskiej na podstawie dokumentów Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 2014 oraz 2020

Szydłowski Piotr

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2024

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R. 14, Nr 33

91--115

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza i ocena środowiska bezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przedstawionego w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2014 i w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2020 oraz dokonanie na tej podstawie prognozy wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski w przyszłości. Głównym problemem badawczym jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: z jakimi wyzwaniami, zagrożeniami, ryzykami i szansami dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski możemy mieć do czynienia w przyszłości? Znalezienie odpowiedzi na powyższą kwestię jest możliwe dzięki analizie i porównaniu ocen środowiska bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski oraz przyjętych na tej podstawie koncepcji i założeń przedstawionych w Strategiach Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i 2020. Kluczowe jest również postawienie pytania dotyczącego obrazu środowiska bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski w przyszłości w świetle Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 i co będzie determinować jego zmiany. Hipoteza badawcza postawiona w pracy stanowi, iż zakłada się, że formułowanie efektywnej wizji środowiska bezpieczeństwa RP w ramach tworzenia nowej Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP jest możliwe poprzez sporządzenie prognozy polegającej na wskazaniu wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego w wyniku projekcji różnych obrazów przyszłych strategii państwa ukazanych w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP w latach 2014 oraz 2020. Złożoność rozpatrywanych problemów wymagała zastosowania wielu metod badawczych takich jak: analiza dokumentów strategicznych, literatury oraz dostępnych materiałów dydaktycznych dotyczących tematyki związanej z projektowaniem strategii bezpieczeństwa narodowego, a także syntezy, analogii, porównania, wnioskowania, definiowania. Wyzwania, zagrożenia, ryzyka i szanse przedstawione w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 oraz w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 były podstawą, przy sporządzaniu obu tych dokumentów strategicznych, do ukształtowania całościowej oceny i koncepcji środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski. Obraz środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski przedstawiony w trochę odmienny sposób w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 daje możliwość dokonania całościowej analizy i na tej podstawie sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski kształtujących przyszłe środowisko bezpieczeństwo państwa.

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the environmental security of Poland’s activities in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2014 and the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2020 and to make a decision based on the forecasts, threats, threats and risks to Poland’s basic security. The research results are an attempt to answer the question about threats, threats and threats to basic security. Polish can be used to solve in the future. Finding answers to the above questions is possible thanks to the application and understandable assessment of Poland’s national environment and the introduction of this concept and the concepts presented in the National Security Strategies of the Republic of Poland 2014 and 2020. It is also crucial to ask questions about the future image of Poland’s national threats in the light of the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2014 and National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2020 and what determines its changes. The research hypothesis put forward in the work states that it is assumed that formulating an effective vision of the security environment of the Republic of Poland as part of the creation of a new National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland is possible by preparing a forecast consisting in identifying challenges, threats, risks and opportunities for national security as a result of the projection of various future images. state strategies presented in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland in 2014 and 2020. Intensifying the discussed problems requires the use of many methods, such as: analysis of strategic documents, literature and the provision of teaching materials on topics covered by the protection of public security, as well as synthesis, analogy, comparison, inference and definition. Challenges, threats, risks and threats in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2014 and in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2020 existed, with the separation of both of these strategic documents, prepared as a comprehensive assessment and concept of the security of the Polish environment. The image of the Polish security environment presented in different ways in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2014 and the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland 2020 allows for analysis and development of practical applications, threats and risks for Poland’s national security in the future.

3

Prospects for the Production of Niche Grain Crops in the Context of the Need to Ensure Food Security

Міrzoieva Тetiana, Stepasyuk Ludmila, Diachkov Dmytro, Nitsenko Vitalii, Velychko Oleksandr, Lozynska Tamara, Kapelista Iryna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

568--586

EN

One of the tools of strategic development of the agricultural sector, which plays a key role in ensuring food security, is diversification, which can be niche production, particularly the cultivation of niche grain crops. The concept of "niche crops" is briefly revealed in the context of the aggravation of the world's food security problem. Their economic importance and potential are detailed and disclosed using the example of oats and millet due to their inherent advantages in the economic, ecological, agrotechnical, and social plane, multifunctionality, and the possibility of producing various products with high benefits. Using the example of the main commodity producers, the dynamics of the production of niche grain crops in Ukraine in 2020-2022 were studied. Using the index method and the method of regional rating assessments, the competitiveness of oats and millet in agricultural enterprises was determined separately for each type and region of Ukraine.

4

Internal control and risk management in the Moroccan family businesses

Taki Ilyass, Habba Badr, Berrada el Azizi Taieb

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2024

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Vol. 29, No. 1

356--371

EN

This research aims to study the importance given by family business managers to internal control and how the risks associated with these companies are tackled. After a literature review on the risks affecting family businesses, the opportunities given by a formalized internal control system for family business’s sustainability are highlighted. Then, results were presented based on a qualitative study of twenty family businesses focusing on the relationship “risk-control”. This exploratory approach allowed us to detect the existence of obstacles in the implementation of effective internal control in Moroccan family businesses. The role of manager’s culture and values in the decision-making process was emphasized. Identification of these types of obstacles will help managers adopt rational risk management, including prevention, following-up, and treatment of risks, which avoid unnecessary monitoring efforts and unplanned controls.

PL

Celem badania jest zbadanie wagi, jaką menedżerowie firm rodzinnych przywiązują do kontroli wewnętrznej oraz sposobów radzenia sobie z ryzykiem związanym z tymi firmami. Po dokonaniu przeglądu literatury na temat zagrożeń wpływających na firmy rodzinne, podkreślono możliwości, jakie daje sformalizowany system kontroli wewnętrznej w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju firm rodzinnych. Następnie zaprezentowano wyniki na podstawie badania jakościowego dwudziestu firm rodzinnych skupiającego się na relacji „kontrola ryzyka”. To eksploracyjne podejście pozwoliło nam wykryć istnienie przeszkód we wdrażaniu skutecznej kontroli wewnętrznej w marokańskich firmach rodzinnych. Podkreślono rolę kultury i wartości menedżera w procesie decyzyjnym. Identyfikacja tego typu przeszkód pomoże menedżerom w przyjęciu racjonalnego zarządzania ryzykiem, w tym zapobieganiu, monitorowaniu i leczeniu ryzyka, co pozwoli uniknąć niepotrzebnego wysiłku w zakresie monitorowania i nieplanowanych kontroli.

5

Electronic footprint analysis and cluster analysis techniques for information security risk research of university digital systems

Lakhno Valerii, Lakhno Myroslav, Makulov Kaiyrbek, Kryvoruchko Olena, Desiatko Alona, Chubaievskyi Vitalii, Ishchuk Dmytro, Kabylbekova Viktoriya

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 2

405--412

EN

In the article there are presented results of the study of the state of user competencies for different specialties of the university digital educational environment (UDEE) on issues related to information security (IS). The methods of cluster analysis and analysis of digital (electronic) traces (DT) of users are used. On the basis of analyzing the DTs of different groups of registered users in the UDEE, 6 types of users are identified. These types of users were a result of applying hierarchical classification and k-means method. Users were divided into appropriate clusters according to the criteria affecting IS risks. For each cluster, the UDEE IS expert can determine the probability of occurrence of high IS risk incidents and, accordingly, measures can be taken to address the causes of such incidents. The algorithms proposed in this study enable research during log file analysis aimed at identifying breaches of information security within the university's DEE.

6

Analysis of trends and risks in the field of network security based on statistical data

Dorobisz Jerzy

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2024

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Vol. 4, no. 2

147--163

EN

The study analyses contemporary trends in cybersecurity, focusing on evolving threats, methods, and their implications in the European Union, particularly Poland. Data from NIST reveals a rise in vulnerabilities, surpassing 28,000 in 2023. ENISA's 2022/2023 report identifies key threats, including ransomware, DDoS, social engineering, and malware, highlighting trends like extortion-only attacks, geopolitical influences, and the professionalization of cybercrime services. In Poland, CERT recorded nearly 40,000 cybersecurity incidents in 2022, predominantly phishing (64%), malware (8.5%), and system hacking. Ransomware remains a critical issue, with groups like LockBit and BlackCat leading attacks. Phishing evolves with advanced techniques such as "Browser in the Browser" attacks, often targeting individuals through email and social platforms. Despite advancements in malware protection and internal network security, vulnerabilities persist in areas like supply chain security and mobile device management. The use of AI in cybercrime is expected to grow, enabling sophisticated phishing, deepfakes, and large-scale personalized attacks. Future threats also include state- sponsored cyber espionage and attacks on multi-cloud environments. The study underscores the need for proactive security measures, technological advancements, and public awareness to mitigate growing cyber risks.

7

Artificial intelligence in the chemical industry – risks and opportunities

Laska Mateusz, Karwala Izabela

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 172

403--416

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to review the literature on the risks and opportunities of implementing Industry 4.0 - Artificial Intelligence solutions in the chemical industry. Design/methodology/approach: The review was carried out using available scientific articles, popular science publications, and media reports from the world's largest companies in the chemical industry. Findings: The analysis indicates that there are more benefits than risks arising from the implementation of Artificial Intelligence solutions in the chemical industry. Research limitations/implications: The frequent lack of specific economic indicators makes it difficult to clearly indicate the implementation potential of a specific solution in other companies in the chemical industry. Social implications: The implementation of AI in chemical industry companies can reduce environmental pollution, raw material consumption, and optimize production processes. Originality/value: The article, based on real data, is aimed at middle and senior management of companies in the chemical industry, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of implementing AI solutions in the chemical industry.

8

Insights into attitudes towards financial innovations by its users

Garškaitė-Milvydienė Kristina, Maknickienė Nijolė, Tvaronavičienė Manuela

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 2

106--119

EN

Significant technological advances have determined the importance of FinTech firms worldwide; they attract substantial investment and put competitive pressure on banks providing traditional services. The development of financial innovations challenges users accustomed to classical financial solutions since trust in financial technologies requires risk assessment, which becomes increasingly complicated. The main participants shaping the attitude towards FinTech are investors, customers, regulators, technology developers, and risk managers. The paper aims to explore FinTech opportunities and challenges, as the public understands them. The authors used scientific sources and employed big data processing methods to evaluate social media users' attitudes towards the FinTech sector. The obtained results revealed that, despite of overall positive attitude, FinTech companies have to pay special attention to investment management and ensuring the security and privacy of clients’ data.

PL

Znaczące postępy technologiczne zdeterminowały znaczenie firm FinTech na całym świecie; przyciągają znaczne inwestycje i wywierają presję konkurencyjną na banki świadczące tradycyjne usługi. Rozwój innowacji finansowych stanowi wyzwanie dla użytkowników przyzwyczajonych do klasycznych rozwiązań finansowych, ponieważ zaufanie do technologii finansowych wymaga oceny ryzyka, która staje się coraz bardziej skomplikowana. Głównymi uczestnikami kształtującymi podejście do FinTech są inwestorzy, klienci, organy regulacyjne, twórcy technologii i menedżerowie ryzyka. Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie możliwości i wyzwań FinTech, tak jak rozumie je opinia publiczna. Autorzy wykorzystali źródła naukowe i zastosowali metody przetwarzania dużych zbiorów danych, aby ocenić nastawienie użytkowników mediów społecznościowych do sektora FinTech. Uzyskane wyniki pokazały, że pomimo ogólnie pozytywnego nastawienia, firmy FinTech muszą zwracać szczególną uwagę na zarządzanie inwestycjami oraz zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa i prywatności danych klientów.

9

Assessment of the impact of working risks in the exploitation of raw materials

Seňová Andrea, Pavolová Henrieta, Škvareková Erika

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2023

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nr 1 (31)

86--94

EN

The presented article deals with the use and evaluation of individual risks of work in the environment of Slovak mining company. The mining company is also a manufacturing company. The company mines the raw material and the final product (clinker). The main goal of the article is to monitor the incidence of accidents over the last 10 years, to analyse the group of risks that have a significant impact on accidents in mining companies and to evaluate them. The Risk Matrix, shows the relationship between estimated consequences and probability of risks formation. The next step is to use the workplace Risk Assessment Method to define acceptable risks and minimize the impact on workers. Another method we used is the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) model. The output of the FTA model is the creation of a faulty tree, which resulted in the individual traumatized accidents that resulted in the definition of the resulting risk - namely a load injury.

10

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in an Arid environment

Slimani Rabia, Charikh Messaouda, Aljaradin Mohammad

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 2

50--58

EN

This study focuses on mapping the groundwater’s vulnerability to pollution in the region of Ouargla, located in the North-East of the northern Sahara, exposed to potential risks of alteration. By applying the methods (GOD, DRASTIC, and SINTACS), coupled with a Geographic Information System (GIS), we were able to identify a medium to high vulnerability trend. In light of the results recorded, the DRASTIC and SINTACS methods prove to be more suitable for our study region. This makes it possible to highlight the recharge zones and land use as being the most vulnerable in the territory studied. The GOD method presents a strong vulnerability trend over 77.02% of the study area. Such a result is directly related to the depth of the water table. It can therefore be argued that this method is far from being representative of the reality on the ground because of these very heterogeneous characteristics.

11

Crisis management during the implementation of scientific projects on critical technologies during the war: the experience of a displaced university

Kovachov Sergii, Nestorenko Tetyana, Bohdanova Ihor, Suchikova Yana

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2022

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T. 15

131--142

EN

The article presents the experience of Berdyansk State Pedagogical University in the implementation of crisis management of scientific projects during the war and under the conditions of occupation. Based on experience, the authors show the problems and challenges Ukrainian scientists to face in occupied cities and territories where active hostilities are taking place. Based on the analysis of the current situation and the survey of scientists of the BSPU participating in the scientific projects’ implementation, the main factors that prevent scientific research implementation have been established. The authors present their own vision of crisis management during wartime, identify risks, and offer tools for their minimization. Next, the authors analyse the effectiveness of the measures taken. The article is useful for managers of all levels, because it raises important questions about the stability of the functioning of the science and education system in force majeure circumstances.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono doświadczenia Państwowego Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Berdiańsku, dotyczące wprowadzania kryzysowego zarządzania projektami naukowymi, w czasie wojny i w warunkach okupacji. Bazując na własnym doświadczeniu, pokazujemy problemy i wyzwania, przed którymi stoją ukraińscy naukowcy w okupowanych miastach i na terytoriach, na których toczą się aktywne działania wojenne. Na podstawie analizy obecnej sytuacji oraz ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród naukowców Państwowego Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Berdiańsku, uczestniczących w realizacji projektów naukowych, ustalono główne czynniki uniemożliwiające realizację badań naukowych. Przedstawiamy naszą wizję zarządzania kryzysowego w czasie wojny, identyfikujemy zagrożenia i oferujemy narzędzia do ich minimalizacji. Następnie analizujemy skuteczność podjętych działań. Artykuł jest przydatny dla menedżerów wszystkich szczebli, ponieważ stawia ważne pytania o stabilność funkcjonowania systemu nauki i edukacji w warunkach siły wyższej.

12

The Pay-Out Phase of the Bulgarian Universal Pension Funds – Initial Challenges and Short-Term Perspectives

Milev Jeko N.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2022

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Nr 86

123--138

EN

The universal pension funds in Bulgaria stepped into the distribution phase in September 2021. After months of hot discussions between the pension fund industry and the Regulator (Financial Supervisory Commission – FSC), new legislation regarding the pay-out phase appeared on the surface just weeks before the initial disbursement of pension benefits. The first insured individuals entitled to receive supplementary pension benefits were women born in 1960. A few of them applied for the envisaged additional payment in the very first days after acquiring the right. The current research encompasses three basic elements: the initial challenges that arose during the period of elaborating the normative rules concerning the distribution phase, the way these challenges were addressed and the short-term perspectives for the universal pension funds in Bulgaria. The paper is divided into two parts: the first one is dedicated to the analysis of the legislation concerning the pay-out phase; the second one is focused on the initial start of the payment of the benefits and the choices made by the insured individuals. The research is trying to shed some light on the near future of the Bulgarian pension funds, taking into consideration the initial preferences of the new pensioners towards the offered pension products and the arising new challenges for the universal pension funds. The paper concludes with some recommendations concerning additional reforms that could strengthen the second pillar of the pension system in the country.

PL

Faza wypłaty świadczeń z bułgarskich powszechnych funduszy emerytalnych – początkowe wyzwania i perspektywy krótkoterminowe Powszechne fundusze emerytalne w Bułgarii weszły w fazę dystrybucji we wrześniu 2021 r. Po miesiącach gorących dyskusji między sektorem funduszy emerytalnych a regulatorem (Komisją Nadzoru Finansowego – FSC), nowe przepisy dotyczące świadczeń zostały opublikowane zaledwie kilka tygodni przed ich pierwszą wypłatą. Pierwszymi ubezpieczonymi uprawnionymi do otrzymania dodatkowych świadczeń emerytalnych były kobiety urodzone w 1960 r. Niewiele z nich złożyło wniosek o przewidywaną dodatkową wypłatę już w pierwszych dniach po nabyciu omawianego prawa. Przeprowadzone badania skupiają się na trzech podstawowych elementach: początkowych wyzwaniach, które pojawiły się w okresie opracowywania normatywnych zasad dotyczących fazy dystrybucji świadczeń, sposobie, za pomocą którego wyzwania te zostały rozwiązane, oraz na krótkoterminowych perspektywach dla powszechnych funduszy emerytalnych w Bułgarii. Artykuł podzielony jest na dwie części: pierwsza poświęcona jest analizie przepisów dotyczących fazy wypłaty świadczeń; druga skupia się na początkowym rozpoczęciu wypłaty świadczeń i wyborach dokonywanych przez ubezpieczonych. Badania rzucają światło na najbliższą przyszłość bułgarskich funduszy emerytalnych, uwzględniają analizę początkowych preferencji nowych emerytów wobec oferowanych produktów emerytalnych oraz wyzwań w zakresie powszechnych funduszy emerytalnych. Opracowanie kończy się propozycjami dodatkowych reform, które mogłyby wzmocnić drugi filar systemu emerytalnego w tym kraju.

13

Using Heinrich’s (Bird’s) Pyramid of Adverse Events to Assess the Level of Safety in an Airline

Maklakovs Juris, Bitins Aleksandrs, Bogdane Ruta, Shestakov Vladimir

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2021

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Nr 4 (265)

11--20

EN

One of the key concepts in matters of flight safety is that of special (abnormal) situations, with airworthiness regulation and certification of aviation equipment being based on this concept. At the same time, one is forced to admit that today there is no explicit interpretation of the standardized traits of special situations, nor are they not fully elucidated in the scientific literature. In this article we propose a pyramidbased approach to interpreting special (abnormal) in-flight situations, which allows for risk assessment not using risk matrices, but instead relying only on the probabilistic characteristics of the occurrence of events. Using the presence of a causal relationship between the layers of the pyramid, we propose an algorithm for the transition of varying degrees of danger of special situations. This algorithm can be used to develop an on-board device that informs the pilot about the dynamics of transitions from one situation to another, representing each emergency situation in a certain color.

PL

Jednym z kluczowych pojęć w obszarze bezpieczeństwa lotów, na którym opierają się przepisy zdatności do lotu i certyfikacja wyposażenia lotniczego, jest pojęcie sytuacji specjalnych (anormalnych). Z drugiej jednak strony obecnie nie ma jednoznacznej interpretacji standardowych cech sytuacji specjalnych, ani nie są one w pełni wyjaśnione w literaturze naukowej. W niniejszym artykule proponowano piramidalne podejście do interpretacji sytuacji specjalnych (anormalnych) w locie, które pozwala na ocenę ryzyka bez użycia macierzy ryzyka, a jedynie w oparciu o probabilistyczną charakterystykę występowania zdarzeń. Wykorzystując fakt, że zachodzi związek przyczynowo-skutkowy pomiędzy warstwami piramidy, proponujemy algorytm identyfikujący przejścia z jednego stopnia zagrożenia sytuacją specjalną do innego stopnia takiego zagrożenia. Algorytm ten może być wykorzystany do opracowania urządzenia pokładowego, które ma za zadanie informować pilota o dynamice przejść z jednej sytuacji do drugiej i sygnalizować każdą sytuację awaryjną określonym kolorem.

14

Identification of risks of investments into residential premises for rent in Poland

Górski Arkadiusz, Parkitna Agnieszka, Urbańska Kamila

Operations Research and Decisions

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2021

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Vol. 31, No. 4

53--68

EN

While looking for investment opportunities, investors analyse whether a potential investment will bring satisfactory returns, the level of which depends on many risk factors. That is why it is necessary to analyse the potential risks in the process of investment management. Investors need to possess knowledge of such risks, their influence on the investment, and the methods of avoiding risk. Given the scale of investments into residential property, the focus has been on the risk factors determining the return on investment, which is crucial for a large number of small investors. Identification of different kinds of risks associated with residential premises is crucial for the management of such investments and translates directly into the level of return on the investment. The increase of the investments into residential property is caused by some small investors who are looking for an alternative method of investing. Their funds do not bring a satisfactory level of returns while in bank deposits. Those investors recognise the opportunity which arises from renting flats. The temptation of high returns compensates for the level of risk.

15

Ethical credibility risks monitoring in manufacturing companies in Slovakia and v4 countries

Sujová Erika, Čierna Helena, Štefková Jaroslava

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2021

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nr 4 (29)

302--308

EN

Among the significant determinants influencing the corporate culture is the degree of riskiness in the operational activities of a company. Firstly and most importantly, business entities must be prepared to respond quickly to the needs of an external as well as the internal environment, to be in close relationship with customers, to use internal business activities, to strive to build the desired way of behaviour and actions of all stakeholders. The paper aims to define possible risks of ethical credibility based on the analysis and research in selected production companies operating in Slovakia and then propose options, measures to eliminate the threats to ethical credibility and thus increase the credibility and reliability of manufacturing companies.

16

Risk management tools in the road transportation industry with mediation and moderation analysis

Ersoy Pervin, Tanyeri Mustafa

LogForum

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 4

555--567

EN

Background: This study aims to shed light on risk-mitigating tools and strategies that can be used in third-party logistics (3PL) companies to increase performance. Risk and risk management tools are identified and classified according to the managers’ feedback and the theoretical background. The most important risks for the road transportation industry are analyzed, their implications are discussed, and mitigating strategies are offered. Methodology: The study used purposive sampling from international road freight forwarders that were members of the Association of International Forwarding and Logistics Service Providers (UTIKAD) or International Transporters' Association (UND). The data were collected by questionnaire method and analyzed with SPSS 22 and AMOS programs. Results: The results show that the road transportation industry has important risks that managers have not effectively managed. According to the results, the main problems in 3PL companies are lack of coordination, lack of visibility, and poor service quality. The results support that delivery risk directly affects transportation quality and process risks. Originality In this study, transportation-related risks are analyzed, showing their impact on a company’s overall processes. Additionally, we examine whether the transportation quality creates a mediation effect or information sharing has a moderation effect on a company’s process risks. Few studies exist on transportation risks and the role of mitigating strategies in reducing these risks, and this is also a limitation of our research from the risk perspective.

17

Evaluation of ecological and economic efficiency of investment in water management and land reclamation projects

Kovalenko Pyotr, Rokochinskiy Anatoliy, Volk Pavlo, Turcheniuk Vasyl, Frolenkova Nadiia, Tykhenko Ruslan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 48

81--87

EN

The article is devoted to the actual scientific and practical problem of improving methodological and methodical approaches to the evaluation of design solutions in the water management and land reclamation industry based on the ecological and economic principles in conditions of uncertainty. The current stage of the development of the water management sector in Ukraine is characterized by a combination of past negligence and the present energy, food and water crises, as well as global climate change. To solve these problems, it is necessary to reform organizational-economic relations in the industry, including new sources and forms of financing for water management and land reclamation projects, introduction of new environmentally advanced technologies, and the improvement of the existing ecological and economic evaluation of investments. Based on scientific and methodological recommendations used for evaluating the effectiveness of investment in various spheres of economic activity, the authors developed and implemented an improved methodology for the evaluation of water management and land reclamation projects. It is based on methodological approaches that cover such elements as the variety of options, changes in the value of money over time, specific project implementation environment, including the impact of weather, climate and environmental factors on project performance, multilevel and gradual evaluation of a project against specific criteria and according to stages of the project cycle. The method was tested during the reconstruction of a rice irrigation system in the steppe zone of about 3000 ha in Ukraine. Economic results, namely the deterministic payback period and investment return index confirm that the proposed mechanism, unlike the traditional one, increases the economic and environmental feasibility of water management and land reclamation projects. Therefore, it stimulates investment in the land reclamation sector.

18

Risk assessment of packed holeassembliesfor rotary well drilling

Myslyuk Mykhailo, Dolyk Ruslan

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

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2021

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Vol. 38, no. 1

41--46

EN

The main elements of the statistical model of packed hole assemblies (PHA) design for drilling holding sections in conditions of information uncertainty are formalized and described. A constraint system has been given for the angle maintenance conditions of wellbore direction and dynamic stability of bottom hole assembly (BHA) lateral vibrations. The influence of the information uncertainty of some factors (angle, parameters of the drilling practice, presence of local caverns, etc.) on risk indicators has been analyzed according to the results of the numerical calculations. It has been determined that the risks of angle maintenance disturbance are significantly influenced by the angle and weight on the bit (WOB), and dynamic stability conditions, such as angle and rotation frequency. Risks of multi-supported BHAs which have been designed for conditions of minimizing bit side force, dynamic stability and include 4-6 stabilizers.

19

Wtórne ocieplenia budynków z wielkiej płyty – wymagania i zagrożenia

Bogusz Waldemar

Izolacje

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2021

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R. 26, nr 3

80, 82--84

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu są wymagania i zagrożenia związane z wtórnym ocieplaniem budynków z wielkiej płyty. Autor charakteryzuje konstrukcje z elementów wielkopłytowych i przedstawia historię ich stosowania. Następnie zajmuje się problemem błędów technologicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem powodowanych przez nie uszkodzeń. Charakteryzuje też systemy docieplania elewacji z wielkiej płyty, w tym metodę lekką mokrą, i nieprawidłowości pojawiające się w jej stosowaniu. Warunki prawidłowego funkcjonowania systemu ETICS wspiera wynikami obliczeń dla przykładowego współczynnika przenikania ciepła przez przegrodę.

EN

The subject of the article is the description of the requirements and risks related to the secondary insulation of buildings made of large prefabricated concrete slabs. The author provides the characteristic features of structures made of large prefabricated concrete elements and presents the history of their use. Then he deals with the problem of technological errors, with particular emphasis on the damage they cause. The author also provides the characteristic features of the systems of thermal insulation of the façade made of large prefabricated concrete slabs, including the light wet method, and the irregularities that appear in its application. The conditions of proper functioning of the ETICS system are supported by the results of calculations for an exemplary heat transfer coefficient through a partition.

20

Assessment of innovative solutions and risks of development in the construction industry

Osnovina Larisa, Maltsevich Ilya

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2021

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Vol. 10 Nr 2

7--14

EN

The directions of development of innovative activity in the field of industrial and civil construction are considered, the main innovative approaches that are most popular at the present stage of digitalization of the economy are presented. The analysis of innovative solutions and risks associated with the implementation of digital transformation in construction organizations is presented.