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1

Thick Chromium Atomic Force Microscopy Probes: Fabrication and Comparative Study

Konopacka Hanna, Grzywacz Hubert, Jarząbek Dariusz M.

IPPT Reports on Fundamental Technological Research

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2026

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nr 1

59--72

EN

We present a report on the fabrication and characterization of chromium–nickel atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes with a chromium-coated tip and a bi-metallic cantilever. The introduction of a chromium layer enhances tip hardness and wear resistance, while nickel improves adhesion and reduces brittleness, enabling higher probe usability. The fabrication process was optimized through careful substrate polishing, photoresist selection, and stress control in chromium deposition, which limited the maximum chromium thickness to ∼1 µm. Mechanical testing confirmed that the probes operate reliably in AFM, achieving imaging quality comparable to commercial silicon probes, though resolution was constrained by the relatively large tip radius. Importantly, the design allows for tailoring of stiffness and resonance frequency by adjusting nickel thickness, broadening the applicability of the probes for both contact and intermittent-contact AFM modes. These results establish a proof-of-concept for durable metallic AFM probes engineered for tribological and high-load applications.

PL

Przedstawiamy raport dotyczący wytwarzania i charakterystyki sond do mikroskopii sił atomowych (AFM) z chromowo-niklowego stopu, wyposażonych w końcówkę pokrytą chromem oraz dwumetalowy wspornik. Nałożenie warstwy chromu zwiększa twardość końcówki i jej odporność na zużycie, natomiast nikiel poprawia przyczepność i zmniejsza kruchość, co pozwala na lepsze wykorzystanie sondy. Proces wytwarzania został zoptymalizowany poprzez staranne polerowanie podłoża, dobór fotorezystu oraz kontrolę naprężeń podczas osadzania chromu, co ograniczyło maksymalną grubość chromu do ∼1 µm. Testy mechaniczne potwierdziły, że sondy działają niezawodnie w mikroskopie AFM, osiągając jakość obrazowania porównywalną z komercyjnymi sondami krzemowymi, choć rozdzielczość była ograniczona przez stosunkowo duży promień końcówki. Co ważne, konstrukcja pozwala na dostosowanie sztywności i częstotliwości rezonansowej poprzez regulację grubości niklu, poszerzając zakres zastosowań sond zarówno w trybie AFM z kontaktem, jak i z kontaktem przerywanym. Wyniki te stanowią potwierdzenie słuszności koncepcji trwałych metalowych sond AFM zaprojektowanych do zastosowań tribologicznych i przy dużych obciążeniach.

2

Thermal, tribological, and mechanical performance of nano-Al₂O₃ reinforced silicone rubber for high-temperature sealing applications

Rodhan Zahraa Kadhum, Saeed Raed Salman, Al-Kasob Bashar Dheyaa Hussein, Obaida Alaa Shaker

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 7

378--389

EN

When it comes to using silicone rubber for insulation and leakage applications in high-temperature environments, its chemical resistance and thermal stability are a major benefit, but unfortunately, its low thermal conductivity and wear resistance don't make it practical for engine applications. It's also susceptible to damage from oil, so the goal of this study was to find a way to strengthen silicone rubber for such uses. Silicone rubber composites were made by adding aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃) to various loadings (0,1,3,5,7) part percent hundred rubber). The samples that were prepared were assessed on thermal conductivity, wear resistance amid dry and oil-greased circumstances, conduct of oil swelling, and compressibility. These findings revealed that the incorporation of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles enhanced the thermal conductivity and wear resistance of silicone rubber to a large degree and oil swelling as well as compressibility was decreased. The composition with 5 pphr of the Al₂O₃ was the most balanced in terms of thermal conductivity and wear resistance and resistance to oil. These results will show that Al₂O₃ fortified silicone rubber reinforced materials have good prospects to be used in high temperature sealing application like automotive engine gaskets.

3

Impact of nickel reinforcement on the structural and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy

Nebras Mal Allah Ibrahim, Muaamar Kamil

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2025

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nr 11

328--334

EN

This study examines the structural and mechanical properties of nickel-reinforced aluminum alloys fabricated through powder metallurgy. The focus is on the impact of varying nickel content (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on hardness, compressive strength, wear resistance, and porosity. The base matrix consisted of 100% aluminum powder with 5% titanium dioxide as a ceramic reinforcement. The materials were prepared through mechanical mixing, cold compaction, and thermal sintering at 550°C for 2 h in an inert atmosphere. Results show that increased nickel content enhances mechanical properties, with hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance improving as nickel concentration rises. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that no new crystalline phases formed with higher nickel content, indicating phase stability. SEM analysis demonstrated a reduction in grain size, improving material cohesion. The study concludes that nickel reinforcement in combination with powder metallurgy provides excellent structural integrity and mechanical performance, making these alloys suitable for high-performance engineering applications requiring strength, wear, and corrosion resistance.

PL

W pracy badano właściwości strukturalne i mechaniczne stopów aluminium wzmocnionych niklem, wytwarzanych metodą metalurgii proszków. Badania koncentrowały się na wpływie zróżnicowanej zawartości niklu (0, 5, 10, 15 i 20%) na twardość, wytrzymałość na ściskanie, odporność na zużycie oraz porowatość. Matrycę materiałową stanowił proszek aluminium z dodatkiem 5% ditlenku tytanu jako wzmocnienia ceramicznego. Próbki przygotowano poprzez mieszanie mechaniczne, prasowanie na zimno oraz spiekanie w temp. 550°C przez 2 h w atmosferze obojętnej. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że wzrost zawartości niklu prowadzi do istotnej poprawy właściwości mechanicznych – twardości, wytrzymałości na ściskanie i odporności na zużycie. Analiza dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej (XRD) potwierdziła brak powstawania nowych faz krystalicznych przy wyższej zawartości niklu, co wskazuje na stabilność fazową kompozytów. Obserwacje SEM ujawniły zmniejszenie rozmiaru ziaren, poprawiające kohezję materiału. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że wzmocnienie niklem w połączeniu z metodami metalurgii proszków zapewnia bardzo dobre właściwości strukturalne i mechaniczne, czyniąc te materiały odpowiednimi do zastosowań inżynierskich wymagających wysokiej wytrzymałości, odporności na zużycie oraz odporności korozyjnej.

4

Tribological properties of PLA-based composites produced by 3D printing

Bohun L., Mierzwiński D., Tepla T., Gądek S., Nykiel M., Vasylieva A.-M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 128, nr 1

5--17

EN

Purpose: The current trends in the development of additive technologies, which are actively used in various industries, have been analysed. Special attention was found to be paid to polylactic acid (PLA), an environmentally friendly and biodegradable polymer widely used in 3D printing due to its low melting point and cost-effectiveness. The tribological properties of PLA were improved by adding clay in different concentrations and changing the filling type during printing. The highest indicators of wear resistance and the minimum coefficient of friction were found in the PLA/0.1Clay composite with Grid 90/85 filling. Such a type of filling provided optimal tribological properties for all composites due to the implementation of an abrasive wear mechanism accompanied by plastic deformation. It was revealed that the introduction of clay plasticized the material, which resulted in the widening of the sliding tracks. Design/methodology/approach: Pure PLA and PLA/Clay composites with different clay concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g per 50 g PLA) were used for the study. The samples were printed with Sphere/100, Grid 90/100 and Grid 90/85 infill to study the effect of structure and density on tribological properties. Density, clay distribution (SEM), tribological tests, as well as wear track structure and friction mechanisms were investigated. The nature of clay distribution in the obtained filaments was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a JSM-IT200 scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). To establish the elemental composition of the clay used to create the filaments, X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed on a CEP-01 Elvax Light X-ray spectrometer. The hardness of the samples was measured by indentation according to the Shore method on the Shore hardness tester HT-6510D. Tribological studies of the obtained samples were carried out according to the ball-on-disk scheme on the Tester T-01M computerized friction machine. The microstructure of the surfaces of the studied samples was analysed using an MBS-9 microscope. Findings: The influence of the chemical composition of PLA/Clay and the type of filler on the tribological characteristics, including wear resistance, wear intensity and friction mechanisms, was evaluated. The optimal composite composition (PLA/0.1Clay) and the type of filler (Grid 90/85) were determined to ensure the best performance properties. Research limitations/implications: The work focuses on PLA/Clay composites and dry friction conditions, which require further research for other fillers and operating environments. The results provide a basis for developing environmentally friendly wear-resistant materials with improved tribotechnical properties. Practical implications: The study demonstrates the potential of PLA composites for parts operating in friction pairs without lubrication, particularly in the automotive, medical and textile industries. The results contribute to the development of additive manufacturing for manufacturing wear-resistant parts with complex geometries. Originality/value: The article comprehensively analyses the influence of the composition of PLA composites with the addition of clay and the type of filling during 3D printing on tribological properties. The proposed combination of materials science and tribological methods for optimizing polymer properties significantly contributes to the development of environmentally friendly materials and 3D printing technologies.

5

HDPE composite with hybrid reinforcement as wear re sistant material for 3D printing

Olesik Piotr

Composites Theory and Practice

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2025

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R. 25, nr 4

268--275

EN

This work examines the influence of fused deposition modelling (FDM) and hybrid reinforcement with glassy carbon (GC) and nano alumina (n-Al2O3) on the wear behaviour of HDPE composites. The composites containing only n-Al2O3 showed the highest wear and unstable friction due to dominant abrasive mechanisms. The GC-filled HDPE exhibited reduced wear, associated with carbon transfer film formation. The hybrid GC/n-Al2O3 composite demon strated a synergistic effect, combining surface hardening with self-lubrication, which markedly reduced wear and sta bilized the coefficient of friction. Although the FDM-printed samples had higher wear rates than the compression moulded ones, their coefficients of friction remained similar. The results highlight that hybrid reinforcement can ef fectively suppress abrasive wear and improve the tribological stability of FDM-processed HDPE composites.

6

Effect of Burnishing Load on Surface Roughness and Wear Behaviour of ZE41 Magnesium Alloy

Baral Subrat Kumar, Thawre Manjusha M., Sunil Buradagunta Ratna, Dumpala Ravikumar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2025

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Vol. 70, iss. 2

1019--1025

EN

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have become an attractive choice for lightweight structural applications. However, improving the tribological characteristics of Mg alloys is essential to widen the range of applications. In the present work, ball burnishing was performed with different burnishing loads from 40 N to 80 N to investigate its effect on surface roughness, microhardness, and wear resistance. It was found that the 50 N burnishing load exhibits the best surface finish with a reduction of 46.2% in surface roughness compared to unburnished alloy. The highest microhardness was observed at 60 N load with an improvement of ~35.5%. Higher loads beyond 50 N resulted in increased surface roughness. Higher burnishing load caused surface distortion and flaking which decreased the microhardness beyond 60 N load. At 50 N burnishing load, better wear resistance with a reduction of ~40% was achieved compared to unburnished alloy. Improvement in surface finish and microhardness are responsible for better wear resistance. Worn surfaces exhibited abrasion, oxidation, and delamination wear mechanisms in the unburnished sample. Whereas, delamination wear was absent in the burnished specimen at 50 N burnishing load.

7

Effect of Cu addition on microstructure, wear, and corrosion resistance of AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cux (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) high-entropy alloys

Babilas Rafał, Kądziołka-Gaweł Mariola, Bajorek Anna, Gębara Piotr, Radoń Adrian, Warski Tymon, Bialas Oktawian, Spilka Monika, Łoński Wojciech, Młynarek-Żak Katarzyna

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. e48, 2025

EN

The influence of copper addition on the structure and selected properties of AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cux high-entropy alloys is described. Slowly cooled ingots were prepared by induction melting, and the samples in the form of plates were obtained by pressure casting. The conducted structural studies confirmed the presence of BCC/B2 phase. Microsegregation in the ingots was associated with the formation of intermetallic Cr3Si and Fe5Si3 phases. An increase in the cooling rate stopped segregation by reducing the mobility of Cr and Si. The hyperfine magnetic field distributions indicated the formation of the BCC Fe(Co,Ni,Si,Cr) solid solution for alloys in the form of plates. The lowest corrosion-current density (0.04 μA/cm2) in 3.5%-NaCl solution was obtained for the plate with the lowest copper content. The dominated aluminum surface states for the post-corrosive plates highlighted the binding energies of Al2O3. A tendency of reduced coercivity with increased copper content was observed. The positive effect of copper addition on wear resistance was confirmed for the AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cu0.1 alloy.

8

Study of the effect of process factors on the wear rate and surface integrity in incremental point forming of AA6061 aluminum alloy

Mughir Walaa Amer, Jasim Hussein Hatem

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 3

84--95

EN

Incremental point forming is a contemporary method employed in sheet metal forming to achieve great flexibility in fabrication of intricate forms, eliminating the requirement for specific mold. According to its exceptional mechanical characteristics and low weight, this method is particularly employed in the production of aluminium alloys. The essential aim of this research is to examine the deformation mechanisms and discuss the mechanical properties of aluminium during the incremental forming process. The aim was to examine how various process parameters influence the surface properties, hardness, and wear resistance of the workpieces using aluminium alloy type AA6061. The parameters under investigation are increment step down size, feed rate, and spindle rotational speed. Furthermore, the impact of these factors on the forming process was investigated using several methodologies, including the Taguchi method for parameter optimization and surface analysis. The findings of this study demonstrate that spindle rotation speed exerted a substantial influence on both surface roughness and hardness, accounting for 63.41% for hardness and 52.19% for roughness. In terms of wear rate, the step size had the most significant impact, accounting for 48.53%.

9

Analytical study of durability and contact characteristics of metal-polymer composite sliding bearings for means of transport

Chernets Myron, Wrona Rafał, Chernets Yuriy

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2024

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z. 123

5--21

EN

The field of application of metal-polymer bearings is vast: transport of various types, processing industry equipment, medical equipment, various types of maintenance equipment, etc. With the use of the developed generalized author's analytical method of metal-polymer plain bearings on the basis of which it is laid the author's research methodology of materials wear kinetics at sliding friction (dry, lubricated), calculation of their durability is carried out. Contact parameters are also determined. Metal-polymer bearings with a bushing made of PA6, PA66 polyamide and PA6 based composites filled with glass (PA6 + 30GF) and carbon (PA6 + 30CF) dispersed fibres, molybdenum disulphide (PA6 + MoS2) and oil filled cast polyamide (PA6 + oil) are considered. These polyamides (unfilled and filled), as self-lubricating materials, are widely used in this type of dry friction sliding bearings. The predictive estimation of durability of investigated bearings depending on loading, polymer materials Young's modulus, their wear resistance and sliding friction coefficient is executed. Regularities of change from the specified factors of bearing's durability and the maximum contact pressures are established. Experimental indicators, diagrams, and wear resistance characteristics of the specified polymeric materials are presented. The results of researches of sliding friction coefficient and modulus of elasticity for carbon steel (0.45%C) – polyamides tribocouples are presented.

10

Possibility of Introducing Molybdenum Disulfide into the Layer During Gas Nitriding

Kazimierski Grzegorz, Stodolny Jerzy, Goły Marcin, Wróbel Rafał J.

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 3

57--71

EN

The aim of this study was to attempt the introduction of molybdenum disulfide as an excellent solid lubricant into the nitrided coating before the nitriding process. In the commonly applied methods, nitriding precedes depositing MoS2 powder on a surface. In the method described in the article, this order was reversed and the surface intended for frictional contact was first coated with a layer of MoS2 powder and then subjected to gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere. The most important observations indicate that the presence of MoS2 on the surface before nitriding did not hinder the thermochemical treatment, and the applied molybdenum disulfide powder was transferred to the surface layer after nitriding. Some of the MoS2 powder was embedded in the upper regions of the white layer, and the presence of some powder was found on the surface of the nitrided layer. Such a result obtained in the new technological variant is a desirable circumstance that allows for better utilization of the lubricating properties of the new coating.

PL

Celem pracy była próba wprowadzenia dwusiarczku molibdenu jako doskonałego stałego smaru do powłoki azotowanej przed procesem azotowania. Znane metody głównie stosują najpierw azotowanie, a następnie osadzanie proszku MoS2 na takiej powierzchni. Wadą tych metod jest jedynie powierzchniowa obecność MoS2 na powłoce. W opisanej w artykule metodzie kolejność ta została odwrócona i w pierwszej kolejności na powierzchnię przeznaczoną do kontaktu ciernego nałożono warstwę proszku MoS2,którą następnie poddano azotowaniu gazowemu w atmosferze amoniaku. Najważniejsze obserwacje wskazują, że obecność MoS2 na powierzchni przed azotowaniem nie utrudniała procesu obróbki cieplno-chemicznej, a zastosowany proszek dwusiarczku molibdenu po azotowaniu przeniósł się na warstwę wierzchnią. Część proszku MoS2 została osadzona w górnych obszarach białej warstwy i stwierdzono obecność pewnej ilości proszku na powierzchni warstwy azotowanej. Uzyskany wynik w nowym wariancie technologicznym jest pożądaną okolicznością, która pozwala na lepsze wykorzystanie właściwości smarnych nowej powłoki.

11

Analysis of the Microstructure And Mechanical Properties of Duplex Steel Joints

Witkowska Małgorzata, Kowalska Joanna, Chronowska-Przywara Kinga

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 1

147--158

EN

The article presents a study, the aim of which was to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints of austenitic-ferritic duplex steel X2CrMnNiN21-5-1. This steel is characterized by good resistance to various types of corrosion, good strength properties and good weldability. Due to all these advantages, it is used in many industry sectors, and the main joining techniques are welding technologies. In this study, two joining techniques were used, SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) and GTA (Gas Tungsten Arc). The obtained welded joints were subjected to: macroscopic and microscopic metallographic tests, mechanical tests (static bending test and microhardness measurements), diffraction tests, and wear resistance tests. The results showed that the microhardness of the welds is similar and does not depend on the welding method used. In the microstructure of the analyzed joints there are two phases: austenite (γ) and ferrite (δ), with different morphologies depending on the welding conditions, which affect the phase transformations. Material wear within the weld is greater than in the base material.

PL

Celem badań była analiza mikrostruktury i własności mechanicznych złączy spawanych stali austenityczno-ferrytycznej typu duplex X2CrMnNiN21-5-1. Stal ta charakteryzuje się dobrą odpornością na różnego rodzaju korozje, dobrymi własnościami wytrzymałościowymi i dobrą spawalnością. Dzięki tym wszystkim zaletom znajduje zastosowanie w wielu gałęziach przemysłu, a głównymi technikami jej łączenia są technologie spawalnicze. W pracy zastosowano dwie techniki łączenia metodą SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) i GTA (Gas Tungsten Arc). Uzyskane złącza spawane poddano: badaniom metalograficznym makro- i mikroskopowym, badaniom mechanicznym (statyczna próba zginania i pomiary mikrotwardości), badaniom dyfrakcyjnym oraz badaniom odporności na zużycie. Wyniki badań pokazały, że mikrotwardości spoin są zbliżone i nie zależą od zastosowanej metody spawania. W mikrostrukturze analizowanych złącz występują dwie fazy austenit (γ) i ferryt (δ) o zróżnicowanej morfologii zależnej od warunków spawania, które wpływają na przemiany fazowe. Zużycie materiału w obrębie spoiny jest większe aniżeli w materiale rodzimym.

12

Evaluation of the influence of the laser alloying with Cr, B and Ni of grey iron parts on their wear resistance

Paczkowska Marta

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2024

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Vol. 27

127--141

EN

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the laser alloying with Cr, Cr+B+Ni and B+Ni on the wear resistance of grey iron. Agricultural component (coulter flap) exposed on friction wear (as well as corrosion) in the soil has been take into account as a tested machine part. Even 85% decrease of mass loss of the coulter flap with laser alloyed layer (with nickel and boron) after wear test in comparison to mass loss of flap without laser treatment was achieved. In case of alloying with chromium it was 44% and in case of nickel, boron and chromium this decrease was 58%. Laser alloying in each performed variant caused formation of the modified surface layer consisting of fine grains of mainly martensite enriched with alloy elements, increase of hardness of the surface layer and reduction of roughness parameters of the treated surface in comparison to the base surface.

13

Wpływ urządzeń drukujących i czasu postpolimeryzacji na właściwości mechaniczne i tribologiczne materiałów światłoutwardzalnych stosowanych w technologii druku 3D DLP

Snarski-Adamski Andrzej, Pieniak Daniel, Krzysiak Zbigniew, Michalczewski Remigiusz, Firlej Marcel

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 2

301--306

PL

Technika wytwarzania przyrostowego AM (additive manufacturing) 3D DLP (digital light processing) zapewnia akceptowalne właściwości mechaniczne materiału, dobre odwzorowanie wymiarów geometrycznych i małą chropowatość powierzchni. Przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości mechanicznych i tribologicznych wybranego popularnego światłoutwardzalnego tworzywa polimerowego Phrozen Resin Flex. Wydrukowano i opracowano do badań próbki o kształcie krążków i prostopadłościanów za pomocą drukarek 3D Phrozen Shuffle Lite (PSL) i Phrozen Sonic Mini (PSM). Przy takich samych parametrach wydruku warstwowego wykazano wpływ urządzenia drukującego i czasu dodatkowej fotopolimeryzacji na twardość, moduł sprężystości i odporność na zużycie badanego materiału.

EN

Com. light-cured acrylic polymer resin Phrozen Resin Flex was used to print disc- and cuboid-shaped samples using Phrozen Shuffle Lite and Phrozen Sonic Mini 3D printers. The obtained samples were tested for indentation hardness, surface elasticity modulus, surface stiffness and indentation creep, as well as roughness, friction and wear resistance under dry sliding friction conditions. With the same layered printing parameters, the effect of the printing device and addnl. photopolymerization time on the mech. and tribol. properties of the tested material was demonstrated.

14

Durability and wear resistance of sliding electric contacts in electric transport

Drahobetskyi Volodymyr, Moloshtan Dmytro, Symonova Anastasiia, Nikitina Alyona, Zagirnyak Mykhaylo

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 1

275--278

EN

This paper researches the durability and wear resistance of sliding electric contacts in urban electric transport. It proposes the use of additional impulse loading in powder metallurgy techniques to reduce wear and enhance fatigue force. The analysis highlights the importance of sustainable solutions in addressing the challenges of urban passenger transportation. Promising directions for further research include the improvement of manufacturing technology and the use of amorphous alloys.

PL

W artykule zbadano trwałość i odporność na zużycie ślizgowych styków elektrycznych w miejskim transporcie elektrycznym. Proponuje się zastosowanie dodatkowego obciążenia impulsowego w technikach metalurgii proszków w celu zmniejszenia zużycia i zwiększenia siły zmęczeniowej. Analiza podkreśla znaczenie zrównoważonych rozwiązań w stawianiu czoła wyzwaniom miejskiego transportu pasażerskiego. Obiecujące kierunki dalszych badań obejmują doskonalenie technologii wytwarzania i zastosowanie stopów amorficznych.

15

Effect of lead and molybdenum disulfide additives on wear resistance and physical properties of copper–graphite composite

Hosseini Maryam, Mashtizadeh Amir Reza, Tabrizi Arvin Taghizadeh, Aghajani Hossein

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 4

148--161

EN

This study investigated the impact of adding lead (Pb) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to copper–graphite (Cu–Gr) composites used in electric motors. The composites were produced by mechanical alloying (MA). The mixture was then poured and compressed with varying amounts of Pb and MoS2. Differential thermal analysis was used to determine the sintering temperature of the samples. Further tests were conducted to assess the samples’ wear resistance, density, hardness, and porosity. The effects of the additives of these factors were examined, and the output current of the samples was measured. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to analyze the morphology of the Gr plates coated with Cu, Pb, and MoS2. The results indicated that adding Pb and MoS2 increased the density of the sintered samples and their Vickers hardness. Meanwhile, porosity decreased with increased concentrations of Pb and MoS2. Additionally, MoS2 was found to improve wear resistance via a pin-on-disk test.

16

Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Entropy AlCoCuFeNi Alloy in SiC Mixture

Chrzan K., Kalandyk B., Grudzień-Rakoczy M., Rakoczy Ł., Cichocki K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 24, iss. 3

123--128

EN

The paper presents the results of dimensional and shape analysis of additively manufactured shaped parts of foundry moulds; specifically, shaped gate valve inserts made of DIEVAR steel used in the die-casting process of aluminium alloys. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of dimensional and shape analysis during the manufacturing of shaped mould parts before their use in foundry operating conditions. The manufacturing operations include additive manufacturing, heat treatment, machining, and applying a protective coating. Based on these technological operations, the required component accuracy is achieved before application in the operating conditions. The dimensional and shape analysis was measured by 3D scanning and 3D measuring methodology on a coordinate measuring machine. The ROMER ABSOLUTE ARM 3D scanning arm and the THOME PRÄZISION coordinate measuring machine were used for the measurements. The paper presents findings in the development and application of additive manufacturing technologies in engineering metallurgy.

17

Wear resistance of hard anodic coatings fabricated on 5005 and 6061 aluminum alloys

Kwolek Przemysław, Obłój Andrzej, Kościelniak Barbara, Buszta Regina, Tokarski Tomasz, Krupa Krzysztof, Gradzik Andrzej, Nowak Wojciech J., Wojnicki Marek, Motyka Maciej

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 24, no. 2

art. no. e51, 2024

EN

The wear resistance of hard anodic coatings fabricated on 5005 and 6061 aluminum alloys was determined. The Taber abrasion test, ball-on-disc tribological test, and scratch test at constant load were conducted. The wear resistance of the hard coating fabricated on the 6061 alloy was found to be higher compared to the coating on the 5005 alloy. This is related to the lower nanoscale porosity of the former, and the higher hardness of the 6061 alloy compared to 5005. The specific wear rates for the load of 4.905 N were equal to 1.70 × 10−5 and 1.02 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1 for the coatings on 5005 alloy and 6061 alloy, respectively. In the case of the hard anodized 5005 alloy, the specific wear rate increased with increasing load to 4.56 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1 whereas for anodized 6061 alloy to 1.98 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1. It was also found that the protective properties of the coating on 6061 alloy do not change significantly across the coating thickness.

18

The effect of dispersing agents on the electrophoretic deposition, morphology and adhesion strength of multicomponent TiN/PTFE/PEEK coatings

Fiołek Aleksandra, Zimowski Sławomir, Moskalewicz Tomasz

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 2

art. no. e48, 2024

EN

In this work, multicomponent PEEK coatings with PTFE particles and TiN nanoparticles were developed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and post-EPD heat treatment. Three different polyelectrolytes involving chitosan, PAZO and sodium alginate were used to enable the co-deposition of all particles on one electrode. All polyelectrolytes were effective and enabled coating deposition through electrosteric stabilization of suspension. The EPD mechanism consisted of the adsorption of the dispersant on the surface of the particles and the imparting of a positive (chitosan) or negative (PAZO, sodium alginate) charge. Heat treatment densified the coatings but also caused microcrack formation in the coating with chitosan, shrinkage of the polymers in the coating with PAZO, and open porosity in the coating with sodium alginate. Coatings obtained from suspension with chitosan showed excellent adhesion strength and scratch resistance, higher that those deposited from suspensions containing PAZO or alginate. The introduction of TiN and PTFE particles into the PEEK matrix resulted in a simultaneous reduction of the friction coefficient and wear rate of the titanium alloy in the case of coatings with chitosan and alginate. These coatings are promising for improving the wear and friction properties of titanium alloys.

19

The Use of Cluster Analysis to Assess the Wear Resistance of Cermet Coatings Sprayed by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel on Magnesium Alloy Substrate

Jonda Ewa, Fydrych Dariusz, Łatka Leszek, Myalska-Głowacka Hanna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 4

216--227

EN

Cermet coatings are one of the best surface protection of machine elements against wear. On the other hand, the most universal and economically justified method of applying such coatings is high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. This method makes it possible to produce coatings characterized by compact structure, low porosity and very good adhesion to the substrate. All these fundamental properties contribute to the high wear resistance of these coatings. However, carrying out full wear tests (e.g. ball-on-disc) is time-consuming, especially when it is necessary to select the proper feedstock material and carefully selected process parameters. The aim of the following researches was to statistically investigate the possibility of replacing long-term wear resistance tests with estimation of this performance on the basis of determining the fundamental mechanical properties of the coatings. Three types of coating materials were selected: WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni, which were deposited on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrates from three different spray distances: 320, 360 and 400 mm. On the basis of the tests carried out and using cluster analysis techniques (the Ward and k-means methods), the relative similarity between the obtained coatings was determined. The applied methodology allowed to select from the analyzed cermet coatings such samples that were characterized by improved resistance to abrasive wear. The obtained results of the analyzes were also referred to the results of tests of resistance to abrasive wear.

20

Analysis of wear resistance of metallic-reinforced polyurethane resin composites for sheet metal forming

Wiewióra Marcel, Żaba Krzysztof, Kuczek Łukasz, Balcerzak Maciej, Marcin Madej

Advances in Materials Science

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2024

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Vol. 24, nr 3(81)

18--29

EN

The paper presents the results of testing the wear resistance and coefficient of friction (COF) tools made of SikaBeresin® F50 polyurethane resin intended for dies and punches for the cold sheet metal forming process. Seven sets of composite tools (rotating rings) additionally reinforced with waste metallic powders from Al and Cu alloys (5-20% by volume) from the dry cutting process of pipes and rods were tested. Wear resistance tests and determination coefficient of friction were carried out using the T-05 block-on-ring tribotester. The tests were performed for heat and corrosion resistant sheets made of nickel alloy AMS5599 (Inconel 625), iron alloy AMS5510 (321) and aluminum alloy sheets AMS4026 (6061-T4). Composite tools with the addition of 20% aluminum powder (A+B+C+20%Al) tested with a specimen of steel alloy AMS5510 and nickel alloy AMS5599 were characterized by the lowest wear resistance. In each case, the composite rotating ring without reinforcements was characterized by the lowest coefficient of friction. The use of Cu powder reinforcements in each case had a positive effect on increasing wear resistance. The best wear resistance of 0.011% was obtained for composite rotating ring with the addition of 10% copper powder paired with specimen of nickel alloy AMS5599 sheet.