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1

Impact of sewage sludge addition on Dexter soil quality index

Petryk Agnieszka, Ryczek Marek, Czop Monika, Kruk Edyta, Guzdek Paweł, Chmielowski Krzysztof J.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2026

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no. 68

51--63

EN

Assessing soil quality is essential for sustainable land use and agricultural productivity, particularly in the case of degraded, sandy, or low-organic-matter soils that suffer from poor water retention and reduced biological activity. One promising tool in this context is the Dexter soil quality index (S-ndex), which focuses on the relationship between volumetric water content and soil structure stability. Unlike general soil quality indices (SQI) that often integrate chemical or biological indicators, the S index offers a more physically grounded and quantifiable parameter for evaluating soil physical quality and water availability. It is particularly valuable for monitoring changes following organic amendments such as sewage sludge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sewage sludge application on the Dexter S-index, as an indicator of improved soil usability in terms of volumetric water content and retention capacity. The research was based on controlled pot experiments involving three mineral soil types: sandyloam clay, loose sand, and clayey silt. Each soil type was amended with sewage sludge at rates equivalent to 50, 100, and 200 Mg∙ha-1. The results showed a clear increase in the S-index with increasing sludge doses across all soil types. The greatest relative improvements were observed in light-textured soils (0.042), where the original S values were lowest (0.018). This confirms the positive effect of sewage sludge on enhancing soil structure and water availability, particularly in sandy soils with inherently low retention capacity.

2

Urban Environmental Assessment: The Role of Soil Magnetic Susceptibility in Geochemical Investigations - A Case Study from Maksimir Park, Zagreb, Croatia

Perčin Aleksandra, Frančišković-Bilinski Stanislav, Zgorelec Željka, Mičić Petra, Kovačić Marina Bubalo

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 3, no. 2

art. no. 25

EN

Research aimed to determine the spatial variability of soil geochemical properties and soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) in the Maksimir Park, along with to validate the efficacy of MS as a rapid screening tool for urban environmental assessment. The park, encompassing 316 hectares, is situated in Zagreb, Croatia and attracts over two million visitors annually. MS in-situ measurements at 79 locations, coupled with soil sampling at 12 locations within the park were carried out in summer 2023. Prior to the detection and quantification of selected parameters, the soil samples were air-dried, ground, sieved, and homogenized. The pH (w/v 1:5, 1 mol/L KCl) and organic matter (OM, wet combustion) content were determined by standard laboratory methods, while total Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Zn, Nb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ti, Mn, Fe and Si content by portable X-ray fluorescence Vanta C Olympus analyzer. MS in-situ and MS Lab (in collected and prepared soil samples) measurements were performed using a SM30 susceptibility meter. The deterministic spatial interpolation technique Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) was used to display the spatial variability of the soil properties. The results reveal that low MS in-situ values predominate across the majority of park, with smaller localized areas exhibiting increased values. The most pronounced anomalous MS in-situ values were detected in the southwestern corner of the park and are associated with the vicinity of an old streambed. Spatial analysis also indicates that acid soil predominates in the northern forested section of Maksimir park, whereas alkaline soils are predominantly found in the southern areas, particularly near roads. Soils in the park are quite (4.0%) to very highly supplied (13.9%) by organic matter. The average concentrations of accumulated elements were as follows: 48.2 mg Pb/kg, 32.1 mg Cu/kg, 97.9 mg Cr/kg, 33.1 mg Ni/kg, 15.2 mg As/kg, 97.8 mg Zn/kg, 21.1 mg Nb/kg, 84.3 mg Rb/kg, 115.1 mg Sr/kg, 33.9 mg Y/kg, 355.7 mg Zr/kg, 7274 mg Ti/kg, 713 mg Mn/kg, 33.9 g Fe/kg, and 232.2 g Si/kg. Across all examined sites within the park, the levels of lead, copper, arsenic, and nickel were below the thresholds values. However, in the northern park areas with acidic soil conditions, chromium levels exceeded the prescribed thresholds (40 mg Cr/kg), with recorded values ranging between 88.0–99.5 mg/kg. MS Lab results from soil near roads and the entrance to Zagreb Zoo indicate partial anthropogenic impact, supported by higher levels of copper, nickel, and arsenic in these areas. In addition, results point to that most geochemical parameters showing statistically significant and stronger relationships with MS Lab data compared to those achieved with MS In-situ measurment, highlighting the critical role of soil sample preparation as an essential step in ensuring precise and reliable results. Using the example of Maksimir Park in Zagreb, the magnetic susceptibility method has demonstrated its effectiveness as a rapid screening tool for Fe (r=0.9054), Nb (r=-0.9679), Zr (r=-0.9353), Sr (r=0.8910), Ni (r=0.8296), Si (r=-0.8202), Cu (r=0.8610), Rb (r=-0.8135) and Zn (r=0.7456).

3

Statistical Analysis of Soil Contamination in Vicinity of Coal-Processing Plant: Implications for Ecosystem Stability

Kochmar Iryna, Karabyn Vasyl

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 6

97--125

EN

The extensive generation of waste and intensified geological processes that result from hard coal mining and active operations within mining regions have led to increases in the pollution levels of ecosystems. Most coal-mining wastes contain significant amounts of heavy metals and are, therefore, particularly hazardous to the environment. The soils around waste heaps can be contaminated with various pollutants. This article presents the results of a study of soils that were sampled in the impact zone of the waste heap of the Chervonohradska CPP of the Chervonohrad Mining District. Using statistical methods (including variogram modeling and spatial interpolation), we analyzed the spatial distributions of heavy metals in the affected soil zones. This approach allowed for an enhanced understanding of contamination-dispersion patterns and potential risk areas. The authors collected soil samples from the depth of the biotically active humus-accumulative horizon from the lower tier of the slope of the waste heap at distances of 20 m, 40 m, and 100 m from the spoil tip. We measured the contents of the studied elements in the soil using X-ray fluorescence analysis and assessed the quality of the soil by phytotesting using the Triticum aestivum L. and Lepidium sativum L. test species. It was found that the average concentrations of certain heavy metals in multiple samples exceeded the background values for the region and affected the inhibition of the development and growth of the test objects.

4

CNN ensemble approach for early detection of sugarcane diseases : a comparison

Kavitha K. J., Krishna Prasad K.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 2

456--464

EN

This paper mainly concentrates and discusses on sugarcane crop, the variety of cane seeds available for sowing; various cane diseases and its early detection using different approaches. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques are used to analyze agricultural data like temperature, soil quality, yield prediction, selling price forecasts, etc. and avoid crop damage from a variety of sources, including diseases. In the proposed work, with particular reference to eight specific sugarcane crop diseases and including healthy crop database, the neural network algorithms are tested and verified in terms quality metrics like accuracy, F1 score, recall and precision.

5

Study of the Impact of Drip Irrigation on Soil Salinization in the Al Haouz and Kelaa des Sraghna Region

El Kihal Imane, Algouti Ahmed, Algouti Abdellah, Tabit Abdelhalim, Jdaba Naji, Toudamrini Imane, Lamrani Khadija, Majdouli Kaouthar, Aadaj Jaouad, Es-Sadiq Rachid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

1--12

EN

The El Haouz and El Kelaa Des Sraghna region is renowned for its agriculture, but is facing problems of salinisation due to its arid climate and unfavourable weather conditions. To remedy this, localised irrigation systems have been introduced to provide water for crops and improve yields. This study examines the impact of these irrigation systems on soil salinity in the region by comparing upstream and downstream areas. Using remote sensing techniques, we identify areas at risk of high salinity and collect soil samples for physical and chemical analysis in the field. These analyses enable us to monitor changes in salinisation and assess the effectiveness of localised irrigation in the areas concerned. Our results reveal two distinct zones in the region: an upstream zone with low salinity, with electrical conductivity ranging from 66 µS/cm to 345 µS/cm, and a downstream zone with higher salinity, with electrical conductivity ranging from 228 µS/cm to 1.075 µS/cm, attributed to the use of localised irrigation for crops. The remote sensing maps anticipated this difference, which was confirmed by the field analyses.

6

Impact of Long-Term Continuous Cropping on Soil Nutrient Depletion

Kartini Ni Luh, Saifulloh Moh, Trigunasih Ni Made, Sukmawati Ni Made Suci, Mega I Made Mega

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

18--29

EN

Long-term continuous cropping exacerbates nutrient loss and deteriorates soil quality. To achieve high yields and economic gains, continuous farming is often practiced, disregarding soil carrying capacity and degradation. This practice has been prevalent in the regions that serve as horticultural centers, supplying vegetables to various areas. This study aimed to elucidate the specific impacts of continuous cropping on soil chemical properties, providing new scientific insights into nutrient depletion in highland horticultural regions. By analyzing soil samples from agricultural lands with a history of prolonged continuous cultivation in Bali Province, this research sought to identify the previously unreported patterns of soil chemical property decline. Laboratory analyses quantified essential soil chemical properties based on established soil quality indices. The results revealed significant reductions in key nutrients, with nitrogen levels ranging from 0.10% to 0.38% and phosphorus levels from 1.84 ppm to 5.31 ppm. Additionally, soil properties such as cation exchange capacity (CEC) (20.68–22.23 me 100-1), base saturation (38.71–47.62%), and organic carbon (1.56–2.96%) exhibited moderate limitations. These findings underscore the susceptibility of soil chemical properties to continuous cropping systems and their adverse effects on agricultural productivity. A limitation of this study is the focus on soil samples from a single season, without accounting for climatic variability, suggesting a need for future time-series analyses. This research uniquely demonstrated the significant nutrient depletion associated with prolonged continuous cultivation. To mitigate these effects, the authors advocate for crop rotation, incorporation of crop residues into the soil, and the use of organic fertilizers to preserve soil health, sustain long-term agricultural productivity, and maintain environmental balance.

7

Impact of Comparative Assessment of Soil Quality on Determining the Value of Agricultural Land (Ukraine)

Tykhenko Olha, Martyn Andrii, Tykhenko Ruslan, Openko Ivan, Shevchenko Oleksandr, Tsvyakh Oleg, Rokochynskiy Anatoliy, Volk Pavlo

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

252--261

EN

The article raises the issue of changes in the value of land plots depending on their quality characteristics. This study investigated the change in indicators of the monetary assessment of individual agricultural districts (NAD) in connection with the indicators of agricultural production groups of soil quality valuation score. Using the normative indicators of the monetary valuation of land plots, the normative monetary valuation was calculated for 10 natural and agricultural districts of the Kyiv region of Ukraine. Thus, in the Skvyrskyi NAD, the normative monetary value is UAH 37,950.08 per 1 hectare, and the average soil quality valuation score in this area was 55 points by level, which is the highest value of this indicator in the Kyiv region. The lowest credit rating score (15) was recorded in the Chornobyl-Borodyansky NAD, where the norm of capitalized rental income was UAH 10,347.52 per 1 hectare. From 42 to 110 agro-production groups of soils are counted in each of the NADs. Based on the Kyiv region, the average indicators of humus content range from 1.91 to 2.47 %. We established a directly proportional relationship between the soil quality valuation score and humus content, in particular, the correlation coefficient between these indicators ranges from 0.8743 to 0.9376. The research results can be used to carry out land evaluation works on agricultural land.

8

Identifying Key Parameters Influencing Soil Quality at Various Depths in Tram Chim National Park, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam

Giao Nguyen Thanh, Nhien Huynh Thi Hong, Dan Truong Hoang, Ni Duong Van

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

81--91

EN

This study used multivariate statistics including cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the variability and key indicators causing changes in soil quality in Tram Chim National Park, Dong Thap province, Vietnam. Soil samples were collected in the dry season at the habitats of Ischaemum rugosum (CM), Panicum repens (CO), Nelumbo nucifera (LS), Eleocharis dulcis (NO), Oryza rufipogon (LM), Rice field (RL), Melaleuca cajuputi (T) in two layers: A (0–20 cm) and B (20–40 cm). The parameters of pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total acidity (TA), organic matter (OM), total iron (Fe) and exchanged aluminum (Al3+) were used to assess soil quality. The results showed that soil pH was low in both A and B layers. Fe and Al were both high, and the concentrations of these metals in layer A were higher than those in layer B. The OM content was medium while the TN and TP levels were very low. Most of the soil quality indicators tended to decrease with the depth (except for TA). The results of CA analysis showed that there was almost no major change in soil quality between the two soil layers; however, the soil quality in rice field habitat was different from other habitats. The cause may be due to human impact in adding fertilizers/pesticides during farming practices. The PCA results showed at least five influencing factors, explaining 99.7% and 99.9% of soil quality variation in A and B layers. The Al3+, TA, OM, and TP parameters had the main influence on the soil quality of layer A. Meanwhile, the pH, Al3+, TA, TN, Fet indicators had influence on the soil quality of layer B. These indicators need to be future surveyed to assess the evolution of soil quality in the study area.

9

Effects of plastic film mulching on soil nematodes and soil quality at different growth stages of maize planted in semiarid areas of China

Li Bing, Wang Yongcui, Li Xiaolan, Liu Bing

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2-3

103--116

EN

Plastic mulching is considered as a simple, yet effective land management measure to modify microclimate in semi-arid areas. However, the influence of plastic mulching on local soil nematodes and soil quality needs to be investigated more deeply. To fill the knowledge gap, we compared the characteristics of soil nematode communities (density, trophic structure), soil enzyme activities, soil physicochemical properties, and their relationships between maize fields cultivated with use of plastic film mulching and no film mulching, under the same land conditions in Chifeng region, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the total number of nematodes in most of the film mulched (FM) fields was lower than in no film mulched (nFM) fields. Most of soil chemical properties showed no significant difference between nFM samples and FM samples. Only 0–10 cm soil layer in nFM samples had significantly higher urease activity than in FM samples in June. Plastic film mulching may have an adverse effect on soil quality. Thus, the correct and effective use of plastic film mulch is one of the important measures for future agricultural development in semiarid areas.

10

Soil liming as a tool for improving the economic efficiency of agricultural production and reducing eutrophication of surface waters

Nicia Paweł

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2022

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Vol. 2, no. 2

31--41

EN

Soils along with their properties, climate and mineral fertilisation level are among the most important environmental elements impacting the quality and quantity of agricultural crops. Agricultural practices as well as crop varieties also have an impact on crop quantity and quality, but the method of cultivation of agricultural crops and selection of varieties depend on soil quality and local climate conditions. One of the most important soil parameters is pH. Acidic soils result in a range of negative phenomena that, on the one hand, impact crop quality and quantity, while, on the other hand, place a burden on the natural environment. Most soils used for crop cultivation in Poland originated from noncarbonate rocks and, consequently, are acidic. In order for agricultural production to reach an appropriate level of economic efficiency, systematic deacidifying fertilisation should be applied. However, the level of deacidifying fertilisation in Poland is far too low relative to the requirements of most plants. The necessity of using deacidifying fertilisers in crop production is a known problem and has been described in both scientific and popular scientific literature. Nevertheless, current trends indicate that farmers still use deacidifying fertilisation to a small extend, despite the fact that it is a simple way to significantly increase the quality and quantity of agricultural crops while maintaining the same level of fertilisation by mineral fertilisers. The paper describes, based on the National Agricultural Census 2012-2022, the current level of soil fertilisation by deacidifying fertilisers in Poland and analyses the reasons for this level as well as potential consequences.

11

Tillage, Residues Management, and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Organic Status, Soil Quality, and Soft Wheat in the Moroccan Semi-Arid

Et-Tayeb Hiba, Ibno Namr Khalid, El Mzouri El Houssine, El Bourhrami Bouchra, Moussadek Rachid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

173--184

EN

Sustainable management of agricultural practices can improve soil organic status, soil quality (SQ), and yields. The study was conducted to test the impact of tillage (conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)), residues (vetch (C1) and uncover soil (C0)), and three nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (30, 60, and 90 N kg ha-1) on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, soft wheat yields and SQ. The experiment was established in 2010 in the Moroccan semi-arid. After ten years, the SOC concentration was greater under NT (9.4 g/kg) compared to CT (8.4 g/kg). Crop residues also enhanced SOC (10 g/kg) contrary to C0 (8.1 g/kg). Application of N fertilization showed profound effects on total N, increasing levels of N fertilization led to higher total N irrespective of tillage. Crop residues increased total N (0.6 g/kg) better than C0 plots at the horizon 20–40 cm. Soft wheat revealed an improvement under NT (4213.8 kg ha-1) versus CT (3785.6 kg ha-1) and it responded positively to the N application. For SQ evaluation through the indexing methods (SQI), principal component analysis was done for eight soil indicators to select the minimum data set (MDS), which were subsequently normalized and integrated into the SQI, additive (SQIANL), and weighted (SQIWNLM). NT revealed higher scores (0.52; 0.6) than the CT (0.46; 0.53) for SQIANL and SQIWNL, respectively, at the horizon 0–20 cm. the residues layer on the soil surface improved SQIWNL score (0.59) compared to C0 (0.55). Moreover, the correlation (r) with yield and the sensitivity (S), allowed us to choose SQIWNL, as the best index (highest r and S) to evaluate SQ under different practices studied. Indeed, SQIWNL revealed an intermediate SQ under NT and at C1 treatments, compared to CT and C0 (low SQ).

12

Geospatial Assessment of Soil Organic Matter Variability at Sidi Bennour District in Doukkala Plain in Morocco

Bouasria Abdelkrim, Ibno Namr Khalid, Rahimi Abdelmejid, Ettachfini El Mostafa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

120--130

EN

Understanding the spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for studying and assessing soil fertility and quality. This knowledge is important for soil management, which results in high crop yields at a reduced cost of crop production and helps to protect the environment. The benefits of an accurate interpolation of SOM spatial distribution are well known at the agricultural, economic, and ecological levels. It has been conducted this study for comparing and analyze different spatial interpolation methods to evaluate the spatial distribution of SOM in Sidi Bennour District, which is a semi-arid area in the irrigated scheme of the Doukkala Plain, Morocco. For conding this study, it was collected 368 representative soil samples at a depth of 0–30 cm. A portable global positioning system was used to obtain the location coordinates of soil sampling sites. The SOM spatial distribution was performed using four interpolation methods: inverse distance weighted and local polynomial interpolation as deterministic methods, and ordinary kriging and empirical Bayesian kriging as geostatistical methods. High SOM levels were concentrated in vertisols, and low SOM levels were observed in immature soils. The average SOM value was 1.346%, with moderate to high variability (CV = 35.720%). A low SOM concentration indicates a continuous possibility of soil degradation in the future. Ordinary kriging yielded better results than the other interpolation methods (RMSE = 0.395) with a semivariogram fitted by an exponential model, followed by inverse distance weighted (RMSE = 0.397), empirical Bayesian kriging (RMSE = 0.400), and local polynomial interpolation (RMSE = 0.412). Soil genetics and the strong influence of human activity are the major sources of SOM spatial dependence, which is moderate to low. Low SOM content levels (< 1.15%) were present in the southwestern and eastern parts of the digital map. This situation calls for the implementation of specific soil recovery measures.

13

The application of the geo-accumulation index and geostatistical methods to the assessment of forest soil contamination with heavy metals in the Babia Góra National Park (Poland)

Łyszczarz Stanisław, Błońska Ewa, Lasota Jarosław

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 3

69--79

EN

The aim of this study was the application of the geo-accumulation index and geostatistical methods to the assessment of forest soil contamination with heavy metals in the Babia Góra National Park (BGNP). For the study, 59 sample plots were selected to refl ect all soil units (soil subtypes) in the studied area and take into account various forms of terrain. The content of organic carbon and total nitrogen, pH, hydrolytic acidity, the base cations and heavy metals content were determined in the soil samples. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was calculated, enabling estimation of the degree of soil pollution. The tested soils are characterized by strong contamination with heavy metals, especially with lead. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface horizons of the tested soils exceeds allowable concentration. The content of heavy metals was related to the content of soil organic matter, soil acidity and altitude. Higher altitudes are dominated by coniferous tree stands, which are accompanied by acidic, poorly decomposed organic horizons. Our study has confi rmed the impact of pollutants transported from industrial areas on the amount of heavy metals in soils of the BGNP.

14

Spatial variability and dynamics of soil pH, soil organic carbon and matter content: The case of the Wonji Shoa sugarcane plantation

Dinka Megersa Olumana, Dawit Meseret

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

59--66

EN

This study presents the spatial variability and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH contents at the Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE), Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected immediately after the sugarcane was harvested and then analysed for SOC, SOM and pH content using standard procedures. The analysis results showed that the pH value varied between 6.7–8.4 (neutral to moderately alkaline) and 7.3–8.5 (neutral to strongly alkaline) for the top and bottom soil profiles, respectively. The SOM content is in the range of 1.1–6.7% and 0.74–3.3% for the upper and lower soil layers, respectively. Nearly 45% of the samples demonstrated a SOM content below the desirable threshold (<2.1%) in the bottom layer and, hence, inadequate. Moreover, most of the topsoil layer (95%) has an SOM content exceeding the desirable limit and hence is categorized within the normal range. Interestingly, the SOC content showed a spatial variability in both the surface and sub-surface soil layers. A lower SOC and SOM content was found for the sub-soil in the south and southwestern part of the plantation. A further decline in the SOC and SOM content may face the estate if the current waterlogging condition continues in the future for a long period. Overall, the study result emphasizes the need to minimize the pre-harvest burning of sugarcane and action is needed to change the irrigation method to green harvesting to facilitate the SOC retention in the soil and minimize the greenhouse emission effect on the environment, hence improving soil quality in the long-term.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono przestrzenną zmienność i dynamikę węgla organicznego w glebie (SOC), materii organicznej (SOM) i pH na plantacji Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE) w Etiopii. Próbki gleby były pobierane bezpośrednio po zbiorze trzciny cukrowej. Analizowano w nich wymienione wyżej składniki według standardowych procedur. Wartość pH zmieniała się od 6,7 do 8,4 w powierzchniowej warstwie gleby i od 7,3 do 8,5 w głębi profilu glebowego. Zawartość materii organicznej wynosiła od 1,1 do 6,7% w górnej i od 0,74 do 3,3% w dolnej warstwie gleby. Około 45% próbek zawierało materię organiczną w ilościach mniejszych niż pożądana (2,1%) w głębszych warstwach gleby. Większość próbek powierzchniowych zawierała materię organiczną w ilościach przekraczających tę granicę, co klasyfikuje te gleby jako normalne. Co ciekawe, zawartość węgla organicznego cechowała zmienność przestrzenna zarówno w powierzchniowych, jak i podpowierzchniowych warstwach gleby. Mniejszą zawartość materii organicznej i węgla organicznego stwierdzono w podpowierzchniowych warstwach gleby z południowej i południowozachodniej części plantacji. Gleby na plantacji mogą doświadczać dalszego spadku zawartości SOC i SOM, jeśli obecne wysycenie gleby wodą będzie występowało w przyszłości. Podsumowując, wyniki badań wskazują na potrzebę minimalizowania opalania trzciny cukrowej przed zbiorem oraz podejmowania działań zmierzających do zmiany metod nawadniania, aby usprawnić retencję węgla organicznego w glebie i łagodzić środowiskowe skutki emisji gazów cieplarnianych, a przez to polepszyć jakość gleb w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej.

15

Soil Quality under Agroforestry Trees Pattern in Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia

Mulyono Asep, Suriadikusumah Abraham, Harriyanto Rachmat, Djuwansah Muhammad Rahman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

203--213

EN

This paper discusses the setting up of a multivariate statistical method in selecting the useful soil quality indicators for soil quality assessment under agroforestry pattern. The of soil quality has been recognized as a tool to determine the sustainability of land resources, especially in agroforestry development. The study was carried out at Upper Citarum Watershed of Bandung district, West Java province, Indonesia. The soil samples were taken with purposive sampling under agroforestry pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as the multivariate statistical method to identify the minimum data set (MDS); scoring of each indicator, and data integration in the index of soil quality. The MDS consisted of four soil chemical indicators and represented 83.6% of the variability of data, i.e., pH, and exchangeable Calcium (exch Ca), organic Carbon (org C), and exchangeable Natrium (exch Na) respectively. The soil quality index (SQI) was categorized under agroforestry pattern as moderate. The artificial agroforestry-based coffee with an intercropping system (timber woods, multi purpose trees and horticultures) provides better soil quality.

16

Zastosowanie metod wskaźnikowych do oceny jakości gleby na terenach poszukiwania i eksploatacji gazu z niekonwencjonalnych złóż węglowodorów

Kukulska-Zając E., Holewa-Rataj J., Król A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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Tom 20, cz. 2

1656--1675

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania szybkich polowych metod wskaźnikowych do wstępnej oceny jakości gleby na terenach prowadzenia prac poszukiwawczych i eksploatacyjnych węglowodorów pochodzących ze złóż niekonwencjonalnych, w tym węglowodorów ze złóż typu shale gas. Jako metody wskaźnikowe służące do wstępnej oceny jakości gleby przetestowane zostały takie metody jak pomiar pH, przewodność elektryczna właściwa, pomiar zawartości jonów chlorkowych metodą Mohra oraz pomiar zawartości węglowodorów metodą spektrofotometryczną. Metody te zostały dobrane w taki sposób, aby stanowiły dobry wskaźnik typowych zanieczyszczeń organicznych i nieorganicznych gleby, które mogą wynikać z prowadzenia prac poszukiwawczych i eksploatacyjnych niekonwencjonalnych złóż węglowodorów. Metody te, mimo iż znane od dawna i w znacznej mierze znormalizowane zostały poddane procesowi optymalizacji w stosunku do metod pierwotnych. Proces optymalizacji miał przyczynić się do zwiększenia możliwości zastosowania poszczególnych metod w warunkach terenowych oraz skrócenia czasu ich realizacji. Z tego względu wśród optymalizowanych parametrów znalazły się takie parametry jak sposób i czas ekstrakcji analitów oraz konieczność suszenia próbki. Po zakończeniu procesu optymalizacji, każda z metod wskaźnikowych została poddana procesowi walidacji w zakresie niezbędnym do przeprowadzenia oceny czy proponowana metoda może zostać wdrożona do prowadzenia badań w warunkach terenowych. Walidacji poddano takie parametry jak poprawność, zakres pomiarowy, precyzja, selektywność oraz elastyczność metody, a w przypadku metody wskaźnikowego oznaczania zawartości węglowodorów metodą spektrofotometryczną również liniowość metody. Otrzymanie zadawalających rezultatów walidacji poszczególnych metod wskaźnikowych pozwoliło na uzyskanie pewności, że wybrane metody mogą być stosowane do wstępnej oceny jakości gleby na terenach prowadzenia prac poszukiwawczych i eksploatacyjnych węglowodorów pochodzących ze złóż niekonwencjonalnych. Pełne wdrożenie do stosowania w warunkach terenowych metod wskaźnikowych wymagało, oprócz przeprowadzenia procesów optymalizacji i walidacji, wytypowania wartości granicznych, których przekroczenie wskazywać będzie na występowanie na danym obszarze zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Wartości graniczne dla każdej z czterech przetestowanych metod wskaźnikowych określono na podstawie informacji uzyskanych w procesie walidacji, danych literaturowych dotyczących zmienności poszczególnych parametrów gleby, dopuszczalnych zawartości poszczególnych substancji określonych prawem oraz maksymalnych zawartości, które nie powodują negatywnego wpływu na funkcjonowanie ekosystemu. Przekroczenie określonych wartości granicznych nie tylko wskazuje na możliwość występowania zanieczyszczenia gleby na danym terenie, ale stanowi również wskazówkę, że badania jakości gleby prowadzone na danym terenie powinny zostać uzupełnione o szczegółowe badania laboratoryjne. W związku z tym dla każdej z czterech metod wskaźnikowych wytypowano uzupełniające badania laboratoryjne, które powinny zostać wykonane po przekroczeniu ustalonych wartości granicznych dla poszczególnych metod wskaźnikowych. Badania laboratoryjne mają na celu potwierdzenie występowania zanieczyszczenia oraz dokładne określenie jego charakteru. Opracowane metody wskaźnikowe wraz ze zdefiniowanymi wartościami granicznymi oraz zakresem uzupełniających badań laboratoryjnych stanowią wystarczające narzędzie do szybkiej oceny stanu środowiska glebowego na terenach prowadzenia prac poszukiwawczych i eksploatacyjnych węglowodorów pochodzących ze złóż niekonwencjonalnych.

EN

The paper presents the possibility of using quick field indexing methods for initial soil quality assessment in the areas of exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon origin from unconventional fields, including hydrocarbon from shale gas fields. As methods for the initial assessment of soil quality, methods such as pH measurement, conductivity, chloride ion measurement by Mohr method and measurement of hydrocarbon content by spectrophotometry were tested. These methods was selected to provide a good indicator of typical organic and inorganic soil contamination that may result from exploration and exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. These methods, although known for a long time and to a large extent, were subjected to an optimization process with respect to primary methods. The optimization process was supposed to help increase the applicability of particular methods in field conditions and to shorten the time needed to implement them. For this reason, parameters such as the method and time of extraction of analytes and the necessity of drying the sample were included among the optimized parameters. At the end of the optimization process, each indicator method was subjected to a validation process to the extent necessary to evaluate whether the proposed method could be implemented in field trials. Validation parameters such as correctness, measuring range, precision, selectivity and elasticity of the method were validated and the linearity of the method was used in the case of the hydrocarbon indicator for the determination of hydrocarbon content by spectrophotometric method. Obtaining satisfactory results of validation of individual indicator methods made it possible to assure that the selected methods can be used for preliminary assessment of soil quality in exploration and exploitation areas of unconventional hydrocarbons. Full implementation for field application of indicator methods required, in addition to the optimization and validation processes, the designation of limit values which would indicate the presence of environmental polution in the area. The limit values for each of the four tested indicator methods are based on the information obtained from the validation process, the literature data on the variability of the individual soil parameters, the permitted content of the individual substances and the maximum content that does not adversely affect the functioning of the ecosystem. Exceeding certain limits not only indicate the potential for soil contamination in a given area, but also serve as an indication that soil quality tests conducted in a given area should be supplemented by detailed laboratory tests. Consequently, for each of the four indicator methods, supplementary laboratory tests were selected which should be performed after exceeding the established limit values for the different indicator methods. Laboratory tests are designed to confirm the presence of contamination and to accurately determine its nature. The developed indicator methods along with defined limit values and the scope of complementary laboratory tests provide a sufficient tool for rapid assessment of the state of the soil environment in the exploration and exploitation areas of unconventional hydrocarbons.

17

Soil - a valuable environmental resource - quality, health, ecosystem services

Kuczuk A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 60, nr 4

21--29

EN

Soil is an environmental resource adapted to agricultural use. It is often treated as a renewable resource, since cultivated with maintaining proper practices is a living organism and a good substrate for the biomass production. On the other hand, it is the product of a very complex process, therefore especially if it is constantly subjected to the processes of exposing to degradation, can become a non-renewable resource. From the point of view of the preservation of its quality and regenerative capacity, farms should consider not only economic, but also agro-ecological characteristics of the habitat in which they operate. This means that the effects on achieved yields are not the only ones that should be considered in the analysis of the costs and benefits of agricultural activities. Soil is a living product, a useful resource, not only for production, but also for environment and society. Its welfare is important for the quality and quantity of food production as well as to maintain a balance in the environment. The paper is a review article, discussing the importance of soil as an environmental resource, through the prism of its quality, health and capacity to develop ecosystem services. It also treats of the problem of environmental and economic losses resulting from the degradation of the soil environment and the benefits of its maintenance. The examples of actions conducive to raising and maintaining the quality of soil and its health were discussed.

PL

Gleba jest zasobem środowiska przystosowanym do użytkowania rolniczego. Często traktowana jest jako zasób odnawialny, gdyż uprawiana z zachowaniem prawidłowych praktyk rolniczych stanowi żywy organizm i dobre podłoże dla produkcji biomasy. Z drugiej jednak strony jest wytworem bardzo złożonego procesu, przebiegającego powoli i z tego względu, zwłaszcza jeśli stale podlega procesom narażającym ją na degradację, może stać się zasobem nieodnawialnym. Z punktu widzenia zachowania jej jakości i zdolności do odtwarzania, gospodarstwa rolne powinny rozważać nie tylko ekonomiczne, ale i agroekologiczne cechy siedliska, w którym prowadzą działalność. Oznacza to, że efekty w osiąganych plonach nie są jedynymi, jakie należy rozważać w analizie kosztów i korzyści działalności rolniczej. Gleba jest żywym tworem, zasobem użytecznym, pełniącym funkcję nie tylko produkcyjną, ale także środowiskową i społeczną. Jej dobrostan jest istotny dla jakości i ilości produkowanej żywności, jak również dla zachowania równowagi w środowisku. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, omawiający znaczenie gleby jako zasobu środowiskowego, poprzez pryzmat jej jakości, zdrowia i możliwości pełnienia funkcji ekosystemowych. Przybliżono ponadto problem środowiskowych i ekonomicznych strat wynikających z degradacji środowiska glebowego oraz korzyści, jakie niesie jej konserwacja. Podano przykłady działań sprzyjających podniesieniu i zachowaniu jakości gleby oraz jej zdrowia.

18

Quality assessment of reclaimed disposal areas of strip mines, by example of Piaseczno mine dump

Bykov R., Eckes T., Trafas M.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 2

33-53

EN

The present paper aims to perform a detailed analysis of all available results of physical and chemical testing of recultivated land, in order to determine which of them significantly influence their quality, and should thereby form the basic criteria for the evaluation and for the development of the methods of management of lands subject to recultivation. The samples of soil from Piaseczno dump area were tested. The test results have allowed to state that the method proposed by Gruszczyński, based on the physical properties of soil, with special respect to the water and air properties and sorption abilities, allows to properly evaluate the quality of such soil. The method allows also to take account of changes in soil quality, occurring as a result of the soil-creation process initiated by the recultivation.

PL

Celem niniejszego opracowania było przeprowadzenie szczegółowej analizy wszystkich dostępnych wyników badań właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych gruntów rekultywowanych w celu ustalenia, które z nich mają istotny wpływ na ich jakość i tym samym powinny stanowić podstawowe kryteria oceny przy opracowaniu metodyki gospodarowania utworami podlegającymi rekultywacji. Badania przeprowadzono na próbach gruntów ze zwałowiska Piaseczno. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na stwierdzenie, że zaproponowana przez Gruszczyńskiego metoda, bazująca na właściwościach fizycznych gruntów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem właściwości powietrzno--wodnych oraz zdolności sorpcyjnych, umożliwia prawidłową ocenę jakości gruntów. Daje ona także możliwość uwzględnienia zmian jakości gruntów, zachodzących pod wpływem procesu glebotwórczego zainicjowanego w wyniku rekultywacji.

19

Próba oceny zależności plonów pszenicy w latach 1975-2007 od jakości gleb, wapnowania i melioracji drenażowych

Siuta J., Żukowski B.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2009

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Nr 21

15-24

PL

W publikacji porównano agroekologiczną jakość gleb, wyrażoną w punktach - opracowanych w instytucie naukowym dla całego kraju, zużycie wapna nawozowego (w przeliczeniu na CaO) procentowe udziały zdrenowanych gruntów ornych i plony pszenicy w 49 województwach byłego i 16 województwach obecnego podziału administracyjnego kraju. Wymienione dane dotyczą lat 1975-2007 i zostały pozyskane z roczników Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Zróżnicowanie jakości gleb w 49 byłych województwach waha się w przedziale 48,4 do 89,8 punktów, całkowite zużycie CaO (w latach 1975-1998) wyniosło 6,8 do 49,3 q/ha (średnia krajowa 23,6 q), grunty zdrenowane stanowiły 6,3 do 57,6 % w poszczególnych województwach. W licznych województwach stwierdzono wyraźny związek między zużyciem CaO i udziałem gruntów zdrenowanych a plonami pszenicy. Nie stwierdzono natomiast wyraźnej zależności plonów pszenicy od wskaźnika jakości gleby. W latach 1998-2007 poważnie zmniejszono zużycie CaO i NPK, ale najwyższe plony pszenicy uzyskano w województwach stosujących od dawna wysokie dawki wapna i mających 38,2-53,2 % gruntów zdrenowanych (np. Wielkopolska).

EN

A comparison was made of i) agro-ecological quality of soils based on a point system developed by a research institute for the entire country, ii) consumption of fertilizer lime (recalculated to CaO), iii) percent proportions of drained arable land and iv) wheat yields in former 49 and present 16 voievodeships according to the administrative division of the country. The aforementioned data which cover the years 1975-2007 were derived from annals of the Central Statistical Office. The soil quality in 49 former voievodeships fluctuated within the range from 48.4 to 89.8 points while the total CaO consumption (in the years 1975-1998) attained 49.3 q/ha (the country average was 23.6 q), and the share of drained land constituted from 6.3 do 57.6% in respective voievodeships. Wheat yields in many voievodeships were found to be apparently related to the CaO consumption and the share of drained arable land. However, no distinct relationship was found between the wheat yield and the soil quality index. The consumption of CaO and NPK was significantly reduced in the years 1998-2007, but the highest wheat yields were obtained in the voievodeships where high doses of lime were applied for many years and shares of drained land were from 38.2 to 53.2% (e.g. in Wielkopolska Province).

20

The analysis of the patterns of land classification in terms of the application in the valuation of soilless areas

Gruszczyński S.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 1

25-40

EN

The goal of the initiated studies is to define the rules of the transformation of the existing table of land classes into the set of rules or calculation algorithm, allowing the estimation of the validation of lands without basic classification attributes. The main problem is defining the relationships between determinable soil characteristics and soil position in the validation order. The difficulty results from the diversity of the origin of mineral substance in reclaimed objects: from raw lands to technogenic materials. In looking for a proper model of drawing conclusions several algorithms of classification and regression were studied.

PL

Celem podjętych badań jest określenie zasad transformacji istniejącej tabeli klas gruntów na zbiór reguł lub algorytm obliczeniowy pozwalający na oszacowanie bonitacji gruntów pozbawionych podstawowych atrybutów klasyfikacyjnych. Głównym problemem jest określenie relacji możliwych do oznaczenia cech glebowych do pozycji w szeregu bonitacyjnym. Trudność wynika z różnorodności pochodzenia tworzywa mineralnego rekultywowanych obiektów: od surowych gruntów do materiałów technogennych. W poszukiwaniu odpowiedniego modelu wnioskowania przebadano kilka algorytmów klasyfikacji i regresji.