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1

Shifting fossil fuel dependence to biodiesel alternative: Understanding the feasibility

Ireen Dirisha, Neog Dhrubajyoti

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 6

169--179

EN

Biodiesel is a promising renewable energy carrier, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum diesel. Produced primarily through the transesterification of oils and fats into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), biodiesel offers several environmental and performance advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, carbon neutrality, biodegradability, and a higher cetane number. Despite its technical feasibility and established commercial applications, large-scale adoption is constrained by production costs, feedstock limitations, and fuel property challenges such as cold flow behaviour. This review consolidates current knowledge on biodiesel production with a particular focus on the role of feedstocks, technological methodologies, and process equipment. This review work compares edible and non-edible vegetable oils, animal fats, waste oils, and microalgae with respect to their advantages, limitations, and sustainability profiles. Production techniques—including base-catalysed transesterification, acid esterification, supercritical alcohol processes, and thermochemical routes—have been critically examined alongside reactor designs, separation units, and purification systems. The review also highlights quality testing standards such as ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, which govern biodiesel commercialization. The findings of this research work suggest that future development of biodiesel depends on diversifying sustainable feedstocks, advancing catalysts and reactor technologies, and integrating cost-effective waste valorization strategies. This work finally concludes with the observation that biodiesel can become a cornerstone in achieving low-carbon transport systems supporting the global transition to renewable energy.

2

Centric forms in architecture and urban planning in analogues to primary biological structures

Piesik Jarosław

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 223

447--467

EN

Purpose: The article is part of the current issues of human ecology, and particularly the biophilia trend, which focuses on the relationships between humans and nature and their adaptation to the environment, which enables them to survive and function freely in it. The aim of the research is to compare the structures of primary microorganisms from the algae group (diatoms and green algae) and architectural forms produced by humans in terms of the occurrence of radial symmetry as well as centric forms, which humans have used to consciously shape the nearest space since the beginning of their existence. Design/methodology/approach: The article analyses the spatial structures of algae organisms from the diatom and green algae classes, as well as spatial structures produced by humans in the period from the 2nd millennium BCE to the 19th century CE. The comparison was made by examining individual elements of the composition responsible for harmony, maturity and beauty, which are: compositional axes, rhythms (produced by single and repeatable structural elements) and the central point, which are always derived from the occurrence of radial symmetry in nature. Findings: The results revealed the occurrence of similar spatial structures in both algae forms and human structures. Basically, two types of forms were distinguished: Type no. 1: the structure of the organism based on a star-shaped plan; elongated and slender arms with constant proportions are the basic elements of a two-dimensional composition; radial symmetry consists of several axes and does not exceed eight-radius symmetry; the central point at the base of the composition is built on a circular plan and is small in size. Type no. 2: the structure of the organism based on a circular plan. Algae are characterized by a compact and concentrated form created from many identical cells, which in space constitute elementary particles, permanent modules responsible for the cohesion and balance of the composition; the number of axes of radial symmetry that can be distinguished in individual species is much greater than in representatives of the first type and ranges from a dozen to several dozen axes of symmetry; structures of the system built on the radii of several circles, the central point of which is the center of the composition; individual spatial points spaced at the same distance from each other create a fixed module based on the same proportions, which, processed in fixed rhythms and in various spatial arrangements, creates the structure of the organism. Research limitations/implications: Only two of the six groups of algae were accepted for the study, which constitute only one of the five kingdoms occurring in nature. It is probable that they represent only a narrow fragment of reality. Considering the fact that the natural world is based on radial symmetry in many aspects, the study of the structure of individual primary groups of organisms should be extended to other kingdoms and groups. Social implications: Man subconsciously strives to imitate the structures of nature and create usable forms, among others, based on radial symmetry. The method of shaping space based on the composition of primitive algae presented in the article can be used, among others, in urban planning to create city plans and shape functional and harmonious spaces. Compositions based on star symmetry are always legible, determine spatial dominants and increase the comfort of life of its inhabitants. Radial symmetry can also be helpful in creating contemporary architectural objects, which will be based on repeatable rhythms and a central point, which will allow for a clear and logical layout of space. Radial symmetry not only organizes space, but also creates a universal pattern that is naturally understandable and comfortable for humans. The repeatability and proportions typical of radial symmetry resemble systems found in nature, which has a positive effect on the psyche of users. All this means that radial symmetry can become a tool for designing universal, repeatable and scalable architectural solutions. It can be used both on a small scale, from detail to large-scale urban layouts. Originality/value: The article presents an attempt to analyze and systematize the structural features of the original group of organisms with centric forms, such as algae, in terms of compositional features based on radial symmetry and relating these results to spatial structures created by humans. This type of research can influence a better understanding and dissemination of the idea of radial symmetry in design, where we will always find tools responsible for the sense of beauty such as: composition, rhythm and proportions. The article is addressed primarily to architects and planners who are responsible for maintaining spatial order in the urbanized environment, creating a space that is harmonious with nature.

3

Osuszanie i rewaloryzacja budynków po powodzi

Karyś Jerzy

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 3

50--57

4

Katastrofa na Odrze w 2022 r.

Satora Leszek

Gospodarka Wodna

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2025

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Nr 3

24-27

5

Influence of lower blends of algae biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions

Patil Vijay Rajaram, Bhoomkar Manmohan M., Kulkarni Pravin G., Thipse Sukrut S.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2025

|

Vol. 108, nr 2

5--23

EN

In this study, we explore the effects of utilizing lower blends of algae biodiesel (B05, B07, B10) as well as B20 and compare their performance to that of conventional diesel fuel. The blending process involves the use of the transesterification method, which has been identified as suitable for this purpose. A single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine with a compression ratio (CR) of 18:1 is employed for the performance and emission analysis. Various performance parameters, including Torque, Brake Power (BP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and Brake Thermal Efficiency (Bth), are assessed. Additionally, emission parameters, including Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions, are measured. The obtained results are then compared with the performance and emissions of pure diesel fuel. It is observed that there is minimal variation in torque and brake power when compared to diesel fuel. Furthermore, both brake power and brake thermal efficiency show slight improvements for B05, B07, and B10 blends as compared to pure diesel fuel. The BSFC remains relatively consistent across all lower blends. Notably, the emissions of Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) exhibit considerable reductions in the B05 and B07 blends compared to pure diesel fuel, as well as B10 and B20 blends. However, as the percentage of algae in the blend increases, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions become more pronounced.

6

Jakość i bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne novel food – wiodący trend ostatnich lat

Markowska Joanna, Tyfa Agnieszka, Drabent Anna

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2024

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T. 78, nr 9

40--48

PL

Novel food, nowa żywność (NF), niezależnie od indywidualnych preferencji żywieniowych, religii czy społecznych uwarunkowań, wpływa na rozwój przemysłu spożywczego. Biorąc pod uwagę aspekty związane z dobrostanem zwierząt i produkcją mięsa, eksploatacją zasobów naturalnych, wylesianiem i globalną emisją gazów cieplarnianych, NF ma na celu zaspokojenia popytu na żywność w sposób zrównoważony. Bezpieczeństwo żywności jest kluczowym aspektem w produkcji i postrzeganiu przez konsumentów mięsa z hodowli komórkowych, mikroalg, jadalnych owadów czy żywności opartej na precyzyjnej fermentacji. W publikacji przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące wybranych rodzajów novel food, ich funkcjonalności i zastosowań, bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, a także preferencji konsumentów.

EN

Novel food (NF), regardless of individual dietary preferences, religion or social circumstances, is influencing the development of the food industry. Taking into account aspects related to animal welfare and meat production, natural resource exploitation, deforestation and global greenhouse gas emissions, NF aims to meet the demand for food in a sustainable manner. Food safety is a key aspect in the production and consumer perception of cultured meat, microalgae, edible insects or foods based on precision fermentation. The publication presents issues concerning selected types of novel foods, their functionality and applications, health safety, as well as consumer preferences.

7

System badawczy do modelowania biotechnologicznych metod usuwania składników biogennych z przemysłowych cieczy poużytkowych

Dziosa Karolina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 4

519--524

PL

Przedstawiono koncepcję oraz budowę fotobioreaktora rurowego do hodowli glonów. Zbudowany system składa się z czterech reaktorów rurowych, układu mieszania barbotażowego, modułu doświetlającego oraz modułu pomiarowo-sterującego. W ramach przeprowadzonych prac przygotowano testową hodowlę glonów Chlorella sp. w zbudowanym reaktorze. W czasie trwania eksperymentu z produkcyjnych ścieków mleczarskich, które stanowiły podłoże hodowlane, glony przyswoiły 36,6% N ogólnego oraz 98% P ogólnego. Przyrost komórek glonów monitorowany na podstawie pomiarów gęstości optycznej na koniec hodowli wynosił 1,046. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie pozwoli na zwiększenie skali produkcji biomasy glonów oraz zagospodarowanie większej ilości ścieków mleczarskich.

EN

A four-section tubular photobioreactor for the removal of biogenic compds. from dairy industry wastewater using Chlorella sp. algae culture was developed and constructed. The efficiency of algae multiplication was monitored based on the content of biogenic elements (N and P) and optical d. measurements. During the experiment, the algae absorbed 36.6% of total N and 98% of total P from dairy wastewater. The proposed soln. allowed to increase the scale of algae biomass prodn. and managing a larger amt. of dairy wastewater.

8

Checklist of freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta) in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Šovran Sanja, Knežević Ana, Mašić Ermin

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

127--143

EN

The paper provides an overview of all freshwater red algae species recorded to date in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on fieldwork and analysis of all available previously published data, it was determined that a total of 15 taxa from eight genera have been recorded to date: Bangia (1), Audoinella (3), Batrachospermum (2), Peludicola (1), Shaethia (1), Lemanea (4), Paralemanea (2) and Hildenbrandia (1). All taxa were found in clear, cold, well-oxygenated water. Bosnia and Herzegovina is very rich in different types of aquatic habitats. More than 100 sites were visited during the field research, but there are still many potential habitats where freshwater red algae can be found, which will be explored in the coming years. This work is the first step toward establishing long-term monitoring and listing of protected and threatened red algae in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

9

Nowe metody oznaczania grzybów i glonów w budownictwie

Komar Michał, Szulc Justyna, Gutarowska Beata

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 5

26--30

PL

Mikroorganizmy zasiedlają materiały budowlane od pierwszych dni ich użytkowania. Powodują biodeteriorację i przyczyniają się do strat ekonomicznych, a w przypadku wnętrza budynków mogą negatywnie oddziaływać na zdrowie mieszkańców. Istotne jest wczesne wykrywanie grzybów i glonów na materiałach budowlanych. Poniższy artykuł zawiera przegląd literaturowy metod wykrywania grzybów i glonów na materiałach budowlanych oraz przedstawia nową metodę oceny trwałości powłok przed porastaniem.

EN

Microorganisms inhabit building materials from the first days of their use. They cause biodeterioration and contribute to economic losses, and in the case of building interiors, they may negatively affect the health of residents. Early detection of fungi and algae on building materials is important. The following article contains a literature review of research methods for detecting fungi and algae on building materials and presents a new method for assessing the resistance of coatings against fouling.

10

Jak zbadać farby i lakiery pod względem bakteriobójczym?

Richter Agnieszka

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2024

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nr 3

40--44

PL

W artykule opisano laboratoryjną metodę badania skuteczności powłok lakierowych i pokrytych grubą farbą przed rozwojem grzybów i glonów na podstawie norm PN-EN 15457 i PN-EN 15458. Przedstawiono zarówno przedmiot badawczy, jak i poszczególne etapy przeprowadzenia badań wraz z kryteriami oceny skuteczności.

EN

The article describes a laboratory method for testing the effectiveness of paint coatings against the development of fungi and algae based on the standards PN-EN 15457 and PN-EN 15458. The research object as well as individual stages of the tests are presented along with the criteria for assessing effectiveness.

11

Removal of Lambda-Cyhalothrin from Aqueous Solution Using Algae – Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies

Ali Dania K., Mohammed Ahmed A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

282--291

EN

The present study aims to determine the ability of algae in sequestering Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C) from aqueous solution. A series of experiments were carried out in batch mode to find equilibrium data for sorption of Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C), FTIR analysis was utilized to investigate the impacts of functional groups of algae in the biosorption process. Pseudo second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.991) well describe the kinetics of adsorption of L-C onto algae sites while the adsorption mechanisms was controlled by external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion. Langmuir isotherm model better fit the experimental data than Freundlich isotherm model. The higher adsorption capacity was found to be 6.954 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters indicating that sorption of L-C onto algae was endothermic in nature. Only 40% reduction in the sequestration efficiency was noticed after five sequential regeneration cycles. The maximum sorption efficiency was found to be (95.6%) under the best conditions adsorbent dosage = 1 g/100ml, pH = 7, initial L-C concentration = 10 mg/l with a contact time of 60 minutes at 25 °C. This work demonstrated that algae are a promising adsorbent for L-C removal from aqueous solution.

12

Optimization of Seaweed Harvesting for Maximum Antimicrobial Activity – Impact of Seasonal Variation, Temperature, and Salinity

Farid Younes, Jaatit Loubna, Chennaoui Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

244--249

EN

Algae are highly adaptable and can thrive in different environments, making them ideal for synthesizing effective and affordable antibacterial compounds. To optimize the harvesting of marine algae and determine the period during which the algae display maximum activity, the effect of seasonal variation (during a closed year) as well as temperature and salinity on the antimicrobial activity of fifteen species of algae (four species belonging to the Chlorophyceae class, two species belonging to the Phaeophyceae class and four species belonging to the Rhodophyceae class) was studied. These algae were tested for their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. neoformens. These observations revealed that the optimal harvesting season for phaeophyceae and rhodophyceae extracts is spring, whereas that for chlorophyceae is during the summer period, when temperature and salinity are at their highest. In this study, it was found that the largest inhibition diameter of algae extracts occurs during summer.

13

Results of the Study of Algae and Cyanobacteria in Various Ecotipes of Soils in Adjara, Georgia

Shainidze Otar, Mikeladze Zurab, Mamuladze Merab, Lominadze Shota, Lamparadze Shota, Beridze Nodar, Chkubadze Guram

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

|

Vol. 1, no. 1

453--464

EN

The publication deals with the studies on the diversity of species composition of Algae and cyanobacteria in various layers of soils (yell, red, soilsod-podzolic, marsh, urban) of the Adjara. The aim of the study was to identify and determine the composition of Algae and cyanobacteria; Establishment of the scale of development and spread of algoflora; Assessment of the ecological state of the Algae and cyanobacteria in adverse and favorable conditions. The diversity of algae and cyanobacteria was studied in soil cultures using the method of fouling glasses. Each treatment included 5 ste-rile cover glasses for micropreparations; cultures were wetted with distilled water. The presence of algoflora was detected in various soil samples based on morphological characteristics, percentage frequency, growth rate, and colony forming units. The study has found 171 species and subspecies of soil Algae and cyanobacteria, belonging to the divisions of Ochrophyta (59 species), Chlorophyta (51 species), Xanthophyta (8 species), Eustigmatophyta (1 species) and Cyanobacteria (52 species). Classes Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Cyanophyceae were considered polymorphic among the leaders. 11 species of algoflora involved in algoflora of the consortium have been specified as well. The most widely distributed algoflora in soil samples were of the genera Chlamydomonas (20 species), Eunotia (17 species), Phormidium (11 species), Pinnularia (11 species), Tetracystis (10 species), Leptolyngbya (9 species), Nitzschia (9 species), Chlorococcum (8) species, Nostoc (7) species and Oscillatoria (6 species) were dominant flora in all soil samples. Frequency percentage algoflor showed that from all of the soil, the maximum quantities of algoflora and cianobacteria in marsh soil that was 65.49%, in sod - podzolic soil 34.51%, in yell soil 19.88, in red soil 18.71%, the lowest frequency of occurrence of algoflora and cianobacteria was shown in urban soil 9.35%. Due to seasonal changes in soil and air temperature, there are 71 species (41.52%) in spring, 65 (38.95%) in summer, 78 (45.61%) in autumn, and 53 (30.99%) in winter. A lower level of biological activity in the urban soils was found. Morphometric trait differences in test objects activated on the soil samples have been observed. The study was found specialized species of Algal-cyanobacterial communitiesfrom each ecotype of soil. The soil samples collected from polluted sites were more affected by waste water which affected the population densities of Algal-cyanobacterial communities. Found that Adjara support a large and diverse community of Algal-cyanobacterial on soil, many species of which are previously undiscovered and undescribed. On this basis, works of longer duration and more intensive sampling are needed to obtain data regarding Algal-cyanobacterial communities, with more attention to specific variables such as microclimate, soil moisture, soil type, soil pH and vegetation types.

14

Obtaining of Gold from Slovak Concentrate by Using an Innovative Method

Ficeriová Jana, Dutková Erika

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

669-673

EN

The complicated processing of concentrates with low gold content and the long-time use of non-ecological methods was the motion for finding a more efficient process for this noble metal obtaining. From this point of view, this research was focused on obtaining of nano gold from the concentrate White Hill (Detva, Slovakia) using mechanical activation and mechano-biological activation in a molecular hydrogen solution. Gold in this complex concentrate occurs physically enclosed in the intercrystalline space of minerals and is also isomorphic and fills defects in their structure. The exclusion of gold from such complex mineral matrixes of the concentrate can be achieved using a mechano-biological process. This innovative method for obtaining of nano gold with the application of a molecular hydrogen solution is an advantageous alternative to the non-environmental reagents used. Compared to the most used worldwide toxic cyanide reagent, a solution with molecular hydrogen represents a low-cost and above all completely harmless reagent with very good kinetics. Mechanical processes use high-energy milling, which has an effect on the more intensive formation of surface and bulk defects in solid substances. The main advantage of mechanical processes is a smaller number of technological operations, a shorter time required to obtain the desired product at favorable environmental temperatures, and also the formation of nanostructures. The use of a biological process with the application of limnetic algae showed that algae with siliceous structures make it possible to obtain gold from the White Hill concentrate with nanoscale size. Limnetic algae (diatoms, golden algae) are part of aquatic ecosystems and create the largest matter of biomass from all plants on the Earth. The mechano-biological process is a method that enabled to obtain of gold nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm from the Slovak gold-bearing concentrate from the White Hill deposit (BV-1). Mechanical activation of this concentrate and siliceous shells of the specified limnetic algae (Dinobryon, Surirella) in a molecular hydrogen solution caused changes in the physical-chemical properties of gold minerals as well as in the constituents of algae minerals. These structural changes had a decisive influence on the exclusion of gold nanoparticles into the molecular hydrogen solution under the defined reaction conditions. The gold nanoparticles were subsequently fixed in the cellular matrix of mechanically activated algae shells. The explanation of this phenomenon was the action of biomolecules, which the algae cells secreted in the course of reactions with metal ions present in the molecular hydrogen solution. Gold nanoparticles from the investigated concentrate were obtained by a new mechano-biological procedure already for four hours. In the case of mechanical activation of the concentrate, but without activation of the used algae, gold nanoparticles were excluded after sixteen hours. It follows from this knowledge that the application of an absolutely ecologically harmless aqueous solution enriched by molecular hydrogen and the use of limnetic algae confirmed the suitability of the innovative method for obtaining of nano gold from the concentrate. From the achieved research results significantly more effective kinetics is evident in the case of activated algae. Nanoparticles of gold obtained by the mentioned procedure can have important practical utilization, such as accelerating of the decomposition of dangerous substances or neutralizing pollutants in contaminated water, soil, and air. Simultaneously, obtaining of gold nanoparticles would also be beneficial for removing algae from the aquatic environment, where they are very dangerous for all living organisms.

15

Exploration of Antimicrobial Potential in Oualidia Algae – Unveiling Cystoseira Humilis as a Promising Source of Bioactive Molecules

Farid Younes

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 1

203--208

EN

The potential of seventeen marine seaweed extracts (five Chlorophyceae, six Pheophyceae, six Rhodophyceae) was investigated to determine their antibacterial activity, aiming to evaluate their viability in pharmaceutical applications. The assessment of their bioactivity involved utilizing crude extracts from dried samples against five Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungus using the disk diffusion technique. These samples were collected from Oualidia, situated along Morocco’s Atlantic coast. Out of the diverse macroalgae studied, 36% of the extracts exhibited activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. This outcome strongly supported the notion of leveraging algae extracts as a promising source of antibacterial compounds. In particular, extracts from Cystoseira humilis, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Asparagopsis armata showed zones of inhibition greater than 17 mm. Purification of the compounds responsible for the inhibitory activity against several types of C. humilis microorganisms was performed using chromatography and thin layer chromatography.

16

Application of geostatistical methods in the study of algae in water reservoirs: a review

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

|

Vol. 31, nr 4

473--491

EN

The growing pollution of aquatic environments, primarily of anthropogenic origin, combined with global climate change, has led to significant increases in eutrophication. This process often results in harmful algal blooms (HABs) of phytoplankton and algae in various water bodies, including inland lakes, marshes, rivers, seas, and oceans. These blooms pose a serious threat not only to aquatic ecosystems but also to human health. Understanding phytoplankton and algal blooms is inherently complex, as these phenomena manifest on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Comprehensive studies of phytoplankton and algae require the collaboration of scientists from diverse scientific disciplines, including biology, ecology, and environmental science. One of the critical tools in this multidisciplinary approach is geostatistics, an advanced and continuously evolving branch of statistics that specialises in analysing spatial and temporal phenomena. Geostatistics is particularly well-suited for the study of phytoplankton and algal blooms due to its ability to handle data that varies across different scales and locations. This review presents and discusses selected studies that employ geostatistical methods to investigate plankton and algae in various water bodies. It highlights the most significant scientific works that, in the authors’ opinion, represent milestones in the application of these studies. Furthermore, various geostatistical methods are explored, ranging from variography to spatiotemporal modelling, providing insights into spatial and temporal patterns and their variability of phytoplankton and algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems.

17

Algal biochar in dairy wastewater treatment

Dziosa Karolina, Makowska Monika

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

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2024

|

Vol. 45, nr 2

art. no. e58

EN

The article presents a novel solution based on dairy wastewater sorption on a biochar substrate obtained through thermal decomposition of Chlorella sp. algae biomass. The algal biomass obtained in the culture medium containing wastewater from dairy production was separated from the culture medium through sedimentation and centrifugation and then freeze-dried. After freeze-drying, the dry biomass was pyrolysed at 600 °C in a CO 2 atmosphere.The EDS analysis showed that the oxygen-tocarbon (O/C) and nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios in the obtained material averaged 0.24 and 0.54 respectively. The arrangement and structure of the obtained biochar was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The observed spectra revealed the presence of D bands located at 1346–1354 cm -1 and corresponding to disordered carbon structures, as well as G bands located at 1585–1594 cm -1 and corresponding to tensile vibrations. The D/G intensity ratio was determined at 0.28. The next phase of the research involved sorption of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes containing 1 g of the obtained biochar using solid phase extraction. The study results confirmed high sorption efficiency of the obtained algal biochar. Turbidity was reduced by 93%, suspension by 88%, sulphates by 61%, chlorides by 80%, and organic carbon by 17%. The research confirmed the possibility of using wastewater from dairy production as a natural culture medium for Chlorella sp. algae cultivation to manufacture valuable biochar, which could be used as a sorption bed in the treatment of dairy wastewater from cleaning processes.

18

The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorber in heat production industry

Kupczak Paweł, Kulig Sylwester

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

|

Vol. 50, no. 1

13--18

EN

There are approximately 15 million users of system heat in Poland, but unfortunately nearly 70% of the fuel used in heat production is fossil fuel. Therefore, the CO2 emission reduction in the heat production industry is becoming one of the key challenges. City Heat Distribution Enterprise Ltd. in Nowy Sącz (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o.) has been conducting a self-financed research and development project entitled The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorbers at MPEC Nowy Sącz. The project deals with postcombustion CO2 capture using Chlorella vulgaris algae. As a result of tests conducted in a 1000 l hermetic container under optimal temperature and light conditions, the recovery of biomass can be performed in weekly cycles, yielding approximately 25 kilograms of biomass per year. Assuming that half of the dry mass of the algae is carbon, it can be said that 240 grams of carbon is bound in one cycle, which, converted to CO2 , gives 880 grams of this gas. Our results showed that around 45.8 kilograms of CO2 per year was absorbed. Additionally, it is possible to use waste materials and by-products of technological processes as a nutrient medium for algae.

PL

W Polsce z ciepła systemowego korzysta ok. 15 mln osób, lecz niestety blisko 70 proc. paliw zużywanych do produkcji ciepła to paliwa węglowe. Zatem redukcja emisji CO2 w ciepłownictwie staje się jednym z kluczowych wyzwań. Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o. w Nowym Sączu realizuje projekt badawczo-rozwojowy finansowany ze środków własnych pn. Zastosowanie alg jako absorbera dwutlenku węgla w MPEC Nowy Sącz. Projekt związany jest z wychwytywaniem CO2 po spalaniu z wykorzystaniem alg Chlorella vulgaris. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań w szczelnym zbiorniku o pojemności 1000 l w optymalnych warunkach temperatury i oświetlenia odzysk biomasy można prowadzić w cyklach cotygodniowych, uzyskując ok. 25 kg biomasy rocznie. Przyjmując, że połowa suchej masy alg to węgiel, można przyjąć, że w jednym cyklu związane zostaje 240 g węgla, co w przełożeniu na CO2 daje 880 g tego gazu. W skali roku można zatem zaabsorbować ok. 45,8 kg CO2. Dodatkowo jako pożywkę dla alg można stosować materiały odpadowe i produkty uboczne z procesów technologicznych.

19

Alternatywne źródła białka w produkcji żywności

Drużyńska Beata

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 9

28--31

PL

Prawidłowe żywienie człowieka uzależnione jest od spożycia wielu składników odżywczych obecnych w diecie. Białko stanowi nieodłączną część tej diety. Może ono pochodzić z wielu źródeł i różnić się pod względem biodostępności czy profilu aminokwasowego. Najczęściej źródłem pełnowartościowego białka jest żywność pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Współcześnie hodowla zwierząt generuje jednak wysokie koszty i jest szkodliwa dla środowiska. W obliczu stale rosnącej populacji światowej aktualnym wyzwaniem jest poszukiwanie białka ze źródeł spełniających aspekty żywieniowe, środowiskowe i społeczne. Najlepszymi alternatywami wydają się być białka jednokomórkowców, organizmów morskich oraz owadów jadalnych. Białka te charakteryzują się wysoką wartością odżywczą i wysoką strawnością. Obecnie głównymi problemami, które ograniczają wykorzystanie tych białek w żywności są wysokie koszty produkcji, bezpieczeństwo oraz brak akceptacji tego typu żywności ze strony konsumentów.

EN

Proper human nutrition depends on the intake of many nutrients present in the diet. Protein is an integral part of this diet. It can come from many sources and differ in terms of digestibility and amino acid profile. The most common source of protein is food of animal origin. Nowadays, livestock farming generates high costs and is harmful to the environment. In the face of a constantly growing world population, the current challenge is to search for protein from sources that meet nutritional, environmental and social aspects. The best alternatives seem to be proteins from unicellular organisms, marine organisms and edible insects. They are characterized by high nutritional value and high digestibility. Currently, the main problems that limit the use of these proteins in food are high production costs, safety and lack of acceptance of this type of food by consumers.

20

Defense responses of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to the vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles

Kalehjahi Hanifeh Akbarian, Kosari-Nasab Morteza, Amini Mojtaba, Movafeghi Ali

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

446--460

EN

Although vanadium-based nanomaterials have found extensive use in industry, their influence on ecosystems and living organisms is not yet well investigated. In this study, hydrothermal methods were utilized for the synthesis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles (V2O5 NPs). The gained NPs were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, EDS, DLS, SEM and TEM techniques. Subsequently, the toxic effects of V2O5 NPs on the model green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated. According to the obtained results, V2O5 NPs caused a significant reduction in cell number and biomass production of algae in a dose and time dependent manner. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis confirmed a reduction in the quantity of living cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed plasmolysis and deformation of the cells after exposure to nanoparticles. The photosynthetic pigments and phenolics content exhibited a decrease in comparison with the control sample. Although, non-enzymatic antioxidant system in C. vulgaris displayed an average action, antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed a dose dependent increasing trend. These intercellular reactions designated the activation of the antioxidant defense system in response to the induced oxidative stress by V2O5 NPs.