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1

Improving the permeability characteristic of nickle oxide/yttria stabilized zirconia anode through thermal decomposition of organic porous support as sustainable material for green hydrogen ecosystem

Febriandyono Muhammad Faesal, Sulistyo, Tauviqirrahman Mohammad, Calista Rayhan, Rahman Reza Abdu

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

270--279

EN

Modification of the anode for fuel cell is essential to achieve the effective conversion rate at desired level. It is influenced by the gas distribution during the process. The compact profile of the anode is a direct impact for using sintering as reliable production method, making further material modification is demanded to solve the issue. At this work, practical solution is conducted to maintain the effective gas diffusion for anode, which is achieved through surface decoration enhancement. The study uses organic porous support (PS) as one sustainable and applicable method. The organic PS is made from flour, which evaporates during the sintering process. The diffraction profile for the produced anode indicates no substantial changes in the structural and physical characteristics. The morphology observation implies various models on the pore formation, including an elongated gap, achieved by a higher PS ratio (15 wt%). It promotes the highest permeability up to 0.425 m2, with maximum partial pressure difference only 4.53 kPa. It shows the achievement of surface modification is reliable to provide substantial improvement on the gas distribution throughout the conversion process. Thus, the contribution of this work is possible for applied as reliable method to improve the pores formation.

2

Qualitative Studies of Selected Types of Composts

Grąz Katarzyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

700--706

EN

More and more waste is being generated in the world. One form of waste processing is the composting process. This work aims to study the morphological composition of selected composts to determine the amounts of the various fractions contained therein. In the present work, four types of composts are presented to study their morphological composition. Composted grass, backyard compost, soil improver formed after composting green waste, and stabiliser – waste formed due to mechanical-biological processing of municipal waste taken from the Municipal Waste Mechanical-Biological Treatment Facility – were studied successively. Fifty samples of 2 kilograms each were taken from each group of composts, respectively. Each sample was divided into seven fractions: organic waste, plastics, ceramics, paper and cardboard, glass, metal and others. After analysis, it can be concluded that it is very difficult to obtain homogeneous compost due to the heterogeneity of the raw material. The results are accurately presented in tables with the distinction of the different fractions. It was found that mowed grass contained the most organic matter, while stabiliser contained the least. The least amount of plastic was found in backyard compost, and the most in stabiliser.

3

Synthesis, structural, thermal, and morphological characterization of Ru(III) complex with gatifloxacin and its utility to obtain RuO2 nanostructures

Althubeiti Khaled

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 1

80--87

EN

In this work, the reaction between the drug gatifloxacin (as a ligand) with Ru(III) ions was investigated and the resulting complex was structurally and morphologically characterized. The structural properties of the complex were assessed using elemental analyses, molar conductance, thermogravimetry, UV-Vis, and IR spectroscopies, where the morphological characteristics were evaluated using SEM-EDX and XRD methods. The analyses suggested that two ligand molecules were coordinated to the Ru(III) ion via the nitrogen atoms of piperazine rings. The complex was formulated as [Ru(L)2(Cl)2]Cl, where the Ru(III) ion has a six-coordinate mode, and the coordination sphere is complemented by chlorine atoms. The interaction of the ligand with the Ru(III) ions leads to the product having an organized smooth plate-like structure with a main diameter of 39.42 nm. The RuO2 oxide in the nanoscale range was generated by the thermal decomposition of the [Ru(L)2(Cl)2]Cl complex at 600°C for 3 hours. SEM micrographs indicated that the RuO2 material possesses uniform and organized microstructures with many internal cavities enabling it to be used as a catalyst for the heterogeneous degradation of dyes and organic pollutants.

4

PLA/PBAT blends for blown film extrusion

Ostrowska Justyna, Sadurski Waldemar, Paluch Magdalena, Dębowski Maciej, Wrona Olga, Sołtan Karolina, Tyński Piotr

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 7-8

420--429

EN

Films of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blends with PBAT content of 10–90 wt% were obtained by extrusion blowing. PLA/PBAT blends were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, TGA and SEM. Tensile properties and tear strength of the films were also determined. It was shown that despite thermodynamic immiscibility of PLA and PBAT, addition of PBAT in amounts above 50 wt% allows obtaining films with good functional properties. Optimal properties were obtained with PBAT content of 60 or 70 wt%. Tensile strength was 36.7–38.7 MPa, elongation at break 357–388% and tear strength 11–22 N/mm.

PL

Metodą wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem otrzymano folie z biodegradowalnych mieszanin PLA/PBAT, w których zawartość PBAT wynosiła 10–90% mas. Mieszaniny PLA/PBAT scharakteryzowano za pomocą FT-IR, DSC, TGA i SEM. Określono również właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie folii. Wykazano, że pomimo termodynamicznej niemieszalności PLA i PBAT, dodatek PBAT w ilości powyżej 50% mas. umożliwia otrzymanie folii o dobrych właściwościach użytkowych. Optymalne właściwości uzyskano przy zawartości PBAT wynoszącej 60 lub 70% mas. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie wynosiła 36,7–38,7 MPa, wydłużenie przy zerwaniu 357–388%, a wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie 11–22 N/mm.

5

Morphological variability of otolith organs in three congeneric Pagellus species

Bostanci Derya, Yedier Serdar, Türker Dilek, Işmen Ali

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 1

88--101

EN

Morphological features of sagittal otoliths in Pagellus acarne, P. bogaraveo, and P. erythrinus samples collected from the Aegean Sea were used to assess the variability both between Pagellus species and between otolith pairs employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contour shape analysis. Twenty-one otolith morphological characters were compared in detail using SEM analysis. Twelve of these characters differ between Pagellus species and are suitable for distinguishing between the three congeneric Pagellus species. Wavelet functions of otolith contour shape were compared for six Pagellus groups. The wavelet functions obtained from the contour shape analysis showed high variability in the antero-dorsal, postero-dorsal, and antero-ventral regions of otoliths among the six groups analyzed. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the wavelet data provided a clear distinction between the groups under study. Cluster analysis supported the PCA results and basically divided them into two main branches. One of these branches contained only P. erythrinus, while P. acarne and P. bogaraveo were present in the other branch. This is the first study to provide detailed morphological characters and wavelet analysis of left- and right-side otoliths in these three congeneric Pagellus species from the Aegean Sea.

6

Experimental investigation of stereolithography and digital light processing additive manufactured pallets

Bairapudi Anil, Sastry C. Chandrasekhara, Krishnaiah J., Sundeep Dola, Eswaramoorthy K. V.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

1--31

EN

Pallets are a tertiary form of packaging used for stacking, storing, protecting, or transporting goods in supply chains. They are utilized as a base for the unitization of goods for logistics and warehousing. Moreover, pallets can be manufactured using wood, plastic, metal, and corrugated paper, which can be used as material-handling equipment. With several products being transported worldwide and with year-on-year growth, it would be beneficial to make lightweight pallets. Such pallets are recyclable, easy to clean, cheap, and durable to maintain and store. Though most of the pallets are widely available for basic purposes, applications involving high-end bio-packings and transportation of special chemicals require specialized pallets to be manufactured like polymers to ensure a negligible chemical reaction, light in weight, and attenuation in freight capacity, thereby widespread reduction in wastage. With advancements, job to job and immediate requirements, additive manufacturing has the potential to close the gap for jobs with short lead times. If the design process of new pallets has limits the creation of specific codes, the transitions will be smoother in rapid prototyping. This work describes the development of polymer pallets by taking advantage of stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technology for 3D printing pallets in correlation to injection moulding. After the pallets are designed and manufactured, AM technologies can be applied to specified standards, and the pallets then undergo tensile strength, elongation, and hardness tests. The analysis was carried out for configurable geometries adapting to fork lifting, conveyor, racking, and stacking conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions were carried out to understand the stress and deflections for each geometry and its wide range of applications for pallets.

7

Corpus-based measures discriminate inflection and derivation cross-linguistically

Haley Coleman, Ponti Edoardo M., Goldwater Sharon

Journal of Language Modelling

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2024

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Vol. 12, No. 2

477--529

EN

In morphology, a distinction is commonly drawn between inflection and derivation. However, a precise definition of this distinction which reflects the way it manifests across languages remains elusive within linguistic theory, typically being based on subjective tests. In this study, we present 4 quantitative measures which use the statistics of a raw text corpus in a language to estimate to what extent a given mor-phological construction changes the form and distribution of lexemes. In particular, we measure both the average and the variance of this change across lexemes. Crucially, distributional information captures syntactic and semantic properties and can be operationalised by word embeddings. Based on a sample of 26 languages, we find that we can recon-struct 89±1% of the classification of constructions into inflection and derivation in UniMorph using our 4 measures, providing large-scale cross-linguistic evidence that the concepts of inflection and deriva-tion are associated with measurable signatures in terms of form and distribution that behave consistently across a variety of languages. We also use our measures to identify in a quantitative way whether categories of inflection which have been considered non-canonical in the linguistic literature, such as inherent inflection or transpositions, appear so in terms of properties of their form and dis-tribution. We find that while combining multiple measures reduces the amount of overlap between inflectional and derivational construc-tions, there are still many constructions near the model’s decision boundary between the two categories. This indicates a gradient, rather than categorical, distinction.

8

Alignment everywhere all at once : applying the late aggregation principle to a typological database of argument marking

Inman David, Witzlack-Makarevich Alena, Chousou-Polydouri Natalia, Steiger Melvin

Journal of Language Modelling

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2024

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Vol. 12, No. 2

287--347

EN

This article presents the structure of the ATLAs Alignment Module, a typological database designed to exhaustively capture language-internal variation in argument marking (indexing and flagging). The flexible design of our database can be extended to cover further aspects of morphosyntactic alignment. We demonstrate with a small diversity sample how the database can be queried and the data aggregated at different levels of structure (e.g. for a language as a whole or for in-dividual referential types in the form of alignment statements) for the purposes of cross-linguistic comparison. The database is made avail-able in the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats (CLDF), and we provide code that generates an array of aggregations.

9

Study of Morphogenesis and Anatomical Structure of Arctium tomentosum Mill. Native to Kazakhstan

Nurmahanova Akmaral, Akhmetova Aigul, Atabayeva Saule, Sadyrova Gulbanu, Childibayeva Assel, Kyrbassova Elzira, Imanova Elmira, Parmanbekova Meruyert, Chunetova Zhanar, Tynybekov Bekzat

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

325--335

EN

The article presents the biological features of Arctium tomentosum Mill. in natural and sowing conditions, the changes in morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs in ontogenesis. The growth rate of the germinal root was quite active, and the formation of many lateral roots was observed at the juvenile stage of life. There was an increase of the neck of the germinal root in the immature state, the formation of primary and secondary lateral roots in length, and an increase in the level of growth of the germinal root in the virginal age state. In the generative state, in the second year of life, the lateral roots form two distinct layers. The seed shell in the natural environment is lamellar, without protein, the seed is well ripened. In the next juvenile state, it was observed that the components of the xylem and phloem were not fully formed in the leaf-like cotyledon, with an underdeveloped mesophyll, of a homogeneous type. The first anatomical features in the root structure have been clarified. The size and shape of mesophyll cells are stable, columnar and loose parenchyma are determined, conductive tissues are formed. The anatomical structure of the root undergoes a period of over-development. In the generative state, the size of the central cylinder increased in the structure of the root, the layer of cutin thickened on the leaves, and the layer of columnar mesophyll containing chlorophyll grains increased. There was an accumulation of idiotic cells and needle-like calcium oxalate druzes in the root.

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Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park Complex as a Habitat for Rare and New to Poland Pinnularia Species

Noga Teresa, Skubisz Jolanta, Poradowska Anita

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

203--214

EN

The peat bog areas in southeastern Poland are a habitat for many interesting, often endangered, and rare or even new diatom species for Poland. Research conducted in the years 2022–2023 in three landscape parks (Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park, Południoworoztoczański Landscape Park, and Janowskie Forests Landscape Park) has allowed the identification of numerous rare and endangered species from the Pinnularia genus, including some that are new to Poland. The paper provides a detailed morphological and ecological characterization of six rare or endangered Pinnularia species, among which two were found to be new for Poland (Pinnularia lokana and P. esoxiformangusta).

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Enhanced wear and corrosion performance of stainless steel 316L with addition of different weight percentages of GNP

Veeramallu Kalyanamanohar, Krishna Alluru Gopala

Composites Theory and Practice

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2024

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R. 24, nr 1

25--32

EN

The present study reports on the significant improvement in the wear and corrosion resistance of SS316L by adding Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of varying wt.% (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75), composites which were prepared by the pressureless sintering technique. The GNP addition can significantly improve the wear and corrosion resistance of SS316L. The wear and corrosion rates for the 0.5 wt.% GNP composite were reduced by 43% and 98%, respectively. The corrosion morphology showed that pitting corrosion was reduced by reinforcing 316L with 0.5 wt.% GNP. Moreover, the intergranular sites were more vulnerable to the corrosion medium when GNP was used at 0.75 wt.%. The worn surface morphology revealed that the tribofilm reduces the coefficient of friction and wear rate due to the lubricating nature of GNP. The presence of GNP was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy in terms of the tribofilm.

12

Synergistic toughening and strengthening of an epoxy resin modified by simultaneous use of two different modifiers

Białkowska Anita, Suroń Patryk, Kucharczyk Wojciech, Hanulikova Barbora, Bakar Mohamed

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 3

art. no. e149176

EN

The present work investigates the effect of modifying an epoxy resin using two different modifiers. The mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated as a function of modifier type and content. The structure and morphology were also analyzed and related to the measured properties. Polyurethane (PUR) was used as a liquid modifier, while Cloisite Na+ and Nanomer I.28E are solid nanoparticles. Impact strength (IS) of hybrid nanocomposites based on 3.5 wt% PUR and 2 wt% Cloisite or 3.5 wt% PUR and 1 wt% Nanomer was maximally increased by 55% and 30%, respectively, as compared to the virgin epoxy matrix, exceeding that of the two epoxy/nanoparticle binaries but not that of the epoxy/PUR binary. Furthermore, a maximum increase in IS of approximately 20% as compared to the pristine matrix was obtained with the hybrid epoxy nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt% Cloisite and 1 wt% Nanomer, including a synergistic effect, due most likely to specific interactions between the nanoparticles and the epoxy matrix. The addition of polyurethane and nanoclays increased the thermal stability of epoxy composites significantly. However, DSC results showed that the addition of flexible polyurethane chains decreased the glass transition temperatures, while the softening point and the service temperature range of epoxy nanocomposites containing nanofillers were increased. FTIR analysis confirmed the occurrence of interaction between the epoxy matrix and added modifiers. All SEM micrographs showed significant roughness of the fracture surfaces with the formation of elongated platelets, explaining the increase in mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix.

13

Możliwość wykorzystania technik mikroskopowych do oceny przebiegu procesu koagulacji

Turlej Tymoteusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 11

1228--1231

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących możliwości wykorzystania technik mikroskopowych do oceny przebiegu procesu koagulacji. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie zautomatyzowanego analizatora wielkości i kształtu ziaren Morphologi 4. Próbki zawiesiny rzecznej zostały poddane analizie, zarówno bez, jak i z dodatkiem koagulantu PAX 16. Przeprowadzono pomiary mikroskopowe za pomocą komórki wet-cell dla obu próbek. Ocena przebiegu procesu koagulacji została przeprowadzona przez porównanie obrazów zawiesiny bez i z dodatkiem koagulantu. Porównanie tych obrazów pozwoliło na ocenę skuteczności procesu koagulacji i zrozumienie wpływu koagulantu na morfologię cząstek. Wyniki tego badania mogą mieć zastosowanie w optymalizacji procesów koagulacji oraz w ocenie jakości wody w różnych zastosowaniach, takich jak uzdatnianie wody pitnej i oczyszczanie ścieków.

EN

Suspended river water samples were coagulated with PAX 16 and then morphol. analyzed using wet-cell microscopic measurements. The effectiveness of the coagulation process was evaluated by comparing images of the suspension without and with the addn. of coagulant. This method can be successfully used to evaluate the optimization of the coagulation process and the selection of coagulant dose.

14

Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene towards alfa-functionalized polystyrene latex: parameters and process conditions

Tercki Dariusz, Orlińska Beata, Słotwińska Dominika, Sajdak Marcin

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 4

206--214

EN

Polymerization conditions in the Pickering emulsion of colloidal silica-stabilized polystyrene latex were optimized. The influence of process conditions on various parameters, including particle size and distribution was investigated. Monomodal particles distribution was obtained by conducting the process at a temperature of 80°C in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 5), while maintaining fast monomer conversion. It has been shown that the amount of stabilizer used in the polymerization process affects the rate of polymerization, therefore the temperature of the process should be adjusted to the amount of colloidal silica used in the process.

PL

Zoptymalizowano warunki polimeryzacji w emulsji Pickeringa lateksów polistyrenowych stabilizowanych krzemionką koloidalną. Zbadano wpływ warunków procesu na m.in wielkość i rozkład cząstek. Monomodalny rozkład cząstek uzyskano prowadząc proces w temperaturze 80°C w środowisku lekko kwaśnym (pH = 5), przy zachowaniu szybkiej konwersji monomeru. Wykazano, że ilość stabilizatora użytego w procesie polimeryzacji wpływa na szybkość polimeryzacji, dlatego też temperatura procesu powinna być dostosowana do ilości używanej w procesie krzemionki koloidalnej.

15

Morphological asymmetry in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus (Family: Sparidae) and Planiliza klunzingeri (Family: Mugilidae), collected from brackish and freshwater environments in southern Iraq

Jawad Laith A., Al-Saboonchi Azhar A., Musa Zainab J., Nazal Azhar M., Al-Dirawi Ahmed M. H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 2

228--239

EN

Morphological asymmetry was analysed in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri,in brackish and freshwater habitats in southern Iraq. For bothspecies, specimens from the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal exhibited greater asymmetry values for snout length. In both locations examined, the levels of asymmetry of the physical traits increased as the fish grew. The high levels of asymmetry in the two fish species may be linked to heavy metal pollutants in the two aquatic environments studied.

16

Investigation of additive manufactured micro-lattice structures for defence applications

Shaik Ameer Malik, Reddy Bobbili Veera Siva, Sastry C. Chandrasekhara, Krishnaiah J., Ramakrishna B.

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 2

383--400

EN

This study investigates the blast mitigation capabilities of A286 steel micro-lattice structures produced through additive manufacturing. The research explores the effects of different manufacturing conditions, such as stress relief and heat treatment, on the mechanical properties and blast resistance of honeycomb and gyroid lattice structures in correlation with armour steel structures. Comprehensive evaluations, including surface morphology, corrosion resistance, and compressive residual stress analysis, reveal notable findings for micro-lattice structures. Micro-lattice structures demonstrated 57.23% higher corrosion resistance compared to conventional materials, presently available in the form of rolled homogeneous armour, medium hardness armour, and high-nitrogen steel. Additionally, honeycomb lattice structures exhibit compressive residual stresses of up to 581.90 MPa, providing significant advantages in blast mitigation potential. These results underscore the significance of lattice geometry, material microstructure, and residual stress in enhancing blast resistance. The research offers valuable insights into optimizing additive manufactured structures as an alternative modular solution for defence applications.

17

Comparative Anatomical and Morphological Study of Three Populations of Salvia aethiopis L. Growing in the Southern Balkhash Region

Nurmahanova Akmaral, Ibisheva Nazerke, Kurbatova Natalia, Atabayeva Saule, Seilkhan Ainur, Tynybekov Bekzat, Abidkulova Karimi, Childibaeva Assel, Akhmetova Aigul, Sadyrova Gulbanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

27--38

EN

The manuscript presents the results of morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of Salvia aethiopis L. S. aethiopis L. is a promising medicinal plant of flora of Kazakhstan, which is able to grow under certain soil and climatic conditions. According to its anatomical and morphological features, S. aethiopis L. is a drought-resistant plant that does not tolerate excess moisture. The aim of the study was to investigate the morpho-anatomical structure of S.aethiopis L. plants growing in three different populations of the South Balkhash region of the country. As a result of the study of the morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of the studied plants, the following features of xeromorphic structure of S.aethiopis L. were noted: strong pubescence of all above-ground parts of plants by simple, globular and glandular hairs, well expressed cuticle with small spinules, presence of cuticular thickening of guard cells, large number of stomatal apparatus on lower epidermis. A comparative analysis of the structure of plants of three different populations showed that in the stem of plants of population № 1 the primary cortex and the diameter of the central cylinder are more pronounced in comparison with plants growing in populations № 2 and № 3, which is due to the growing conditions of these populations. In plants of population № 1, an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade as well as inclusions of essential oils, which are localized in single or paired essential oil passages, were noted. In plants of populations № 1 and № 2, the more essential oil passages were observed. The studied plants of population № 1 have the most pronounced thickness of the primary bark than plants of populations № 2 and № 3. The revealed changes in the morpho-anatomical structure of plants are associated with the influence of various environmental and anthropogenic factors depending on the location of the studied plants.

18

Study of Si morphology in AlSi21CuNiMg cast alloy using col our and deep etching

Tillová Eva, Chalupová Mária, Kuchariková Lenka, Bonek Mirosław, Uhríčik Milan, Pastierovičová Lucia

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

art. no. e144618

EN

The effect of possible modification and refining effect of Al-Cu-P-based pre-alloy combined with Fe on the microstructure and the silicon morphology change in hypereutectic Al-Si cast alloy was studied. The samples in the as-cast state were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The 3D morphology of both primary and eutectic silicon was observed by using colour and deep etching in detail. The results showed that the AlCu19P1.4 pre-alloy (1.07 wt.%) combined with the addition of Fe (0.02 wt.%) has a significant effect on the change of the amount, size and morphology of primary Si. This is significantly refined and changes the shape from a coarse irregular star-shaped, polyhedral, or plate-like shape to a fine polyhedral shape. The average size of the primary Si is reduced by about of 78 % from 135 μm to 28 μm and the number of primary Si particles increased from 7.4 to 237. No change in the morphology of the eutectic Si was observed; a refinement of the structure from a coarse needle/plate-like to a fine plate-like structure was seen. The depth etching method using HCl was very effective in the study of the 3D silicon morphology observed, which could be observed in detail without the presence of artefacts.

19

Mechanical properties and Mullins effect in rubber reinforced by montmorillonite

Białkowska Anita, Przybyłek Małgorzata, Sola-Wdowska Marta, Masař Milan, Bakar Mohamed

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

art. no. e147059

EN

The present work investigated the properties of rubber vulcanizates containing different nanoparticles (Cloisite 20A and Cloisite Na+) and prepared using different sonication amplitudes. The results showed that a maximum improvement in tensile strength of more than 60% over the reference sample was obtained by the nanocomposites containing 2 wt.% Cloisite 20A and 1 wt.% Cloisite Na+ and mixed with a maximum amplitude of 270 µm. The modulus at 300% elongation increased by approximately 18% and 25% with the addition of 2 wt.% Cloisite 20A and 3 wt.% Cloisite Na+, respectively. The shape retention coefficient of rubber samples was not significantly affected by the mixing amplitude, while the values of the softness measured at the highest amplitude (270 µm) were higher compared to those of mixtures homogenized with lower amplitudes. The loading-unloading and loading-reloading processes showed similar trends for all tested nanocomposites. However, they increased with increasing levels of sample stretching but were not significantly affected by filler content at a given elongation. More energy was dissipated during the loading-unloading process than during the loading-reloading. SEM micrographs of rubber samples before and after cycling loading showed rough, stratified, and elongated morphologies. XRD results showed that elastomeric chains were intercalated in the MMT nanosheets, confirming the improvement of mechanical properties. The difference between the hydrophilic pristine nanoclay (Cloisite Na+) and organomodified MMT (Cloisite 20A) was also highlighted, while the peaks of the stretched rubber samples were smaller, regardless of the rubber composition, due most probably to the decrease of interlayer spacing.

20

Flammability and morphology of Agel leaf fibre- epoxy composite modified with carbon powder for fishing boat applications

Kurniasih P., Wirawan W. A., Narto A., Pribadi O. S., Imron N. A., Rachman N. F., Pradipta A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 122, nr 1

13--21

EN

Purpose: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites have been extensively developed to construct fishing vessels. This study reports on the successful development of the Agel Leaf Fibre (ALF)- Epoxy composite reinforced with carbon powder and fabricated using the Vacuum Infusion method. Design/methodology/approach: The composites were prepared by varying the carbon powder filler content at volumes of 0%, 10%, and 30%. The fire resistance of the composites was investigated using a burning test according to ASTM D-3014 standards. The morphology of the composites was observed through SEM analysis and analysed using ImageJ software. Findings: The research findings reveal that adding 30% carbon powder in the HCP composite reduced the burning rate by 42.624 mm/sec and the time to ignition by 17.33 seconds, indicating improved fire resistance properties. The carbon powder inhibited flame propagation and reduced the combustion rate by 0.49%. The SEM examination confirmed that the fibre porosity decreased, resulting in a denser composite with enhanced fibre-matrix adhesion. Therefore, the implementation of fire-resistant composite materials in fishing vessel construction can be realised. Research limitations/implications: The present study primarily examined the immediate effects of carbon powder additions on the morphology of the composites. However, it is crucial to consider these composites’ long-term stability and durability. Future research should investigate the ageing behaviour, considering environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and UV radiation, to assess their impact on the morphology and flammability resistance of the composites. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that other factors, including fibre orientation, fibre length, and matrix properties, can significantly influence the overall performance of the composites. Practical implications: The enhanced flammability resistance of Agel Leaf Fibre-Epoxy composites with carbon powder additions holds significant benefits for fishing boat applications. In marine environments, the risk of fire incidents on fishing boats is high, making materials with good fire resistance highly desirable. Therefore, implementing fire-resistant composite materials in fishing boat construction can be realised to reduce the risk of fire incidents in high-seas fishing vessels. Originality/value: Composites with added carbon powder exhibited smaller flames, slower burning rates, and a lack of significant flame propagation. This suggests that adding carbon powder acts as an oxygen barrier and reduces the availability of fuel within the composite.