Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Implications of dry port development in Nigeria: Empirical evidence from the southeast zone of Nigeria

Ogbuka Josiah, Nwanmuoh Emmanuel, Ogbo Anastasia, Ugwu Constance

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2025

|

nr 81 (153)

67--75

EN

International trade has skyrocketed in recent decades, with global trade expected to grow by 3.5 between 2017 and 2050. There have been diverse scholarships in the study of inland nodes to enhance seaport-inland connectivity and efficient global supply chain. A dry port is described as the most common inland node. However, research on dry ports is mostly lacking in developing nations like Nigeria, with developed economies dominating the space. We used mixed methods, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches for data collection, analysis, and interpretation to evaluate seaport efficiency and competitiveness indicators. A 5-point Likert scale structured questionnaire was administered to 478 respondents (the sample size), including logistics companies, importers, distributors, and marketers. A total of 383 respondents completed and returned their questionnaires. The study shows that existing seaports lack fully effective and functional conditions to support growing trade demands. Secondly, the study showed high interest in dry ports as complementary facilities that enhance logistical efficiency and regional competitiveness. Thirdly, space inadequacy, congestion, and challenges in handling high cargo volumes drive dry port development. Fourthly, dry port development can enhance seaport-inland transportation networks, improve seaport-inland access, provide adequate space for containerized cargo, expand seaport facilities to the hinterland, extend customer and value-added services inland, improve seaport flexibility and reliability, reduce inland distribution costs, and increase ship call frequency in Nigeria, particularly the southeast zone. These findings can shape regulatory and policy landscapes for implementing dry ports in other developing jurisdictions to expand research and data limitations on dry port operations in developing nations. We recommend replicating this study in other data-constrained locations and land-locked areas to promote seaport efficiency and competitiveness.

2

Potential options for international trade

Stadnicki Jerzy, Bashynska Yuliia

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2025

|

z. 218

609--620

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of the article was to perform a critical analysis of existing theories of international trade and develop proposals for their improvement, which will allow to make the right decisions regarding trade policy in the future and to qualitatively predict the trends in the development of international trade and its impact on the socio-economic state of countries, regions and enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: The main research methods in the article were the method of critical literary analysis and the method of morphological analysis. Findings: Among all the theories of international trade, the most well-founded are those that explain it by natural and geographical differences between countries and differences in the costs of producing the same goods in different countries. The remaining theories of international trade require additional justification or interpret differently the influence of natural and geographical differences between countries and differences in the costs of producing the same goods in different countries. Research limitations/implications: Further research is promising in the following areas: developing a methodology for determining the share of each of the two causes of international trade in terms of the total volume of international trade of individual countries and in terms of bilateral trade between countries; assessment of the existing distance resistance and forecasting its changes for various goods in bilateral trade between countries in terms of regions, modes of transport and time; activities of firms that can, in order to optimize taxes, carry out real or fictitious actions in the field of international trade; the impact of the national security factor on international trade. Originality/value: There are only two reasons for international trade and, accordingly, only two most well-founded theories of international trade, which makes it possible to have three options for international trade for a single country or between any two countries.

3

The impact of Russia’s foreign trade on its Actual Open Emissions of CO2

Fortuński Bartosz, Bernaciak Arnold

Economics and Environment

|

2025

|

No. 1

art. no. 1022

EN

This article analyses the impact of Russia's trade with 78 selected countries on Russia’s Actual-Open CO₂ Emissions (EAO) from 2000 to 2020, especially concerning the European Union’s CO₂ emission reduction policies active during that period. The countries selected for analysis were identified based on trade significance, emissions data availability, and consistency with BP statistical reports. The methodological approach relies on the Actual-Open CO₂ Emissions (EAO) model, which reveals a significant influence of Russia's foreign trade on its CO₂ emissions. Results indicate that Russia’s international trade substantially affected its emissions, primarily because Russia was a major CO₂ emitter and exported a considerable portion of its GDP. While the results also indicate emission shifts affecting Russia’s trade partners, the analysis does not provide full EAO calculations for EU countries or others—only trade-attributed impacts are assessed. Differences indicate the presence of emission transfers via trade, complicating efforts to achieve emission reduction targets within the EU, which aimed for a 20% reduction by 2020. The findings of this study are particularly relevant in the context of the EU’s current "Fit for 55" policy, which targets a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, underscoring the need to account for emission transfers in trade policy considerations.

PL

Głównym problemem tego artykułu jest analiza wpływu handlu Rosji z 78 głównymi partnerami handlowymi na rzeczywistą emisję CO2 (EAO) w latach 2000-2020 w odniesieniu do wymogu UE dotyczącego redukcji emisji CO2 o 20%. Rozwiązaniem problemu może być wykorzystanie modelu EAO, który wskazał, że handel zagraniczny Rosji znacząco wpłynął na jej emisję CO2 w latach 2000-2020. Badania przeprowadzone w artykule opierają się na zasadzie modelu przepływu okrężnego. Wyniki tego badania pokazują, że wpływ handlu Rosji na emisje CO2 był znaczący, ponieważ Rosja była bardziej znaczącym emitentem CO2 i eksportowała znaczną część swojego PKB. Sytuację tę spowodowały cztery czynniki: PKB Rosji, procent eksportowanego PKB z Rosji, procent importowanego PKB do Rosji z wybranego kraju oraz wielkość oficjalnej emisji CO2 (EOC), które są danymi wyjściowymi do obliczeń w przypadku Rosji i wybranego kraju. Spowodowało to znaczną różnicę między EOC i EAO w Rosji, UE i innych krajach, co mogło negatywnie wpłynąć na realizację unijnego celu redukcji emisji CO2. Wyniki niniejszego badania są również kluczowe w kontekście „Fit for 55” Które jest nową polityką UE i ma na celu zmniejszenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych o 55% do 2030 roku

4

New logistic regression approach for identification factors affecting the partition of costs and risk in the international trade

Sternad Marjan, Dragan Dejan

LogForum

|

2024

|

Vol. 20, no. 4

483--496

EN

Background: The selection of the right Incoterms is crucial for minimising risks and costs in international trade. This paper aims to develop a model that identifies the key factors influencing the selection of Incoterms. The main contribution of the research is the creation of a new statistical modelling process that effectively identifies the variables impacting trade costs and risk. The study uses import and export data from non-EU countries in the context of a Slovenian case study. Methods: A novel model selection mechanism is developed, combining the logistic regression (logit) modelling with Monte Carlo simulations to identify influential factors in Incoterms selection. This mechanism incorporates heuristic techniques, which guide a sequential process of gradually searching through logit model candidates to determine the best-fit model for both import and export scenarios. Results: The application of the new logit modelling procedure reveals that the delivery location is the most significant factor affecting Incoterms selection. Additionally, the value of goods and the type of transport (containerised vs. non-containerised) also have a considerable influence. For imports, the mass of goods is found to be a significant factor as well. Conclusions: The research results offer valuable insights for companies formulating their international business strategies. By selecting the appropriate Incoterm, companies can reduce transportation risks and costs. Managing costs and risks is especially important for higher-value goods. The research finds that, for lower-value goods, sellers often take on associated costs and risks. This pattern is particularly notable with imports, where sellers are more likely to assume responsibility for lighter-weight goods.

5

Economic development and the energy consumption nexus in developing countries: evidence from five South Asian countries

Nisha Sabrina Akter, Ahmed Zobayer, Faruque Omar, Hasan Kamrul, Hossain Arafat

Polityka Energetyczna

|

2023

|

T. 26, z. 1

111--132

EN

This paper investigates the relationship between energy use and economic development in five South-Asian countries using national-level panel data from 1990 to 2014. Although many studies have already addressed the nexus between energy consumption and economic growth, there is a mixed finding. According to many researchers, South Asian countries have expanded energy consumption since the 1990s. Therefore, energy consumption as a variable for a specific period is considered for the countries of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Furthermore, foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade (IT) are also considered to be related variables in this study. Pooled ordinary least squares, random effects, and fixed effects estimation techniques are used to provide a reliable estimation, offsetting the country fixed effects. The fixed effect model is the most effective model that reveals the association between electricity usage and growth factors, as per the specification test and Hausman test. A statistically significant correlation was found between international trade, FDI, economic growth, and power usage. FDI has the highest impact on the rising power demand, followed by global commerce and per capita GDP (gross domestic product). More specifically, the study findings reveal that increased power consumption causes more investment, which results in increased economic growth in South Asian countries. The findings of the study further show that FDI significantly impacted upon power consumption and the area of SAARC’s energy demand, resulting in the entry of new technology and an increase in both economic growth and energy consumption. Future policies may focus on investment in the energy sector to promote economic development.

PL

W niniejszym artykule zbadano związek między zużyciem energii a rozwojem gospodarczym w pięciu krajach Azji Południowej na podstawie danych panelowych na poziomie krajowym w latach 1990–2014. Chociaż wiele badań dotyczyło już związku między zużyciem energii a wzrostem gospodarczym, wyniki są mieszane. Według wielu badaczy kraje Azji Południowej zwiększyły zużycie energii od lat 90. W związku z tym zużycie energii, jako zmienna dla określonego okresu, jest rozpatrywane dla krajów Bangladeszu, Indii, Nepalu, Pakistanu i Sri Lanki. Ponadto bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne (BIZ) i handel międzynarodowy (IT) są również uważane za powiązane zmienne w tym badaniu. Aby zapewnić wiarygodne oszacowanie, kompensując efekty stałe kraju, stosuje się połączone techniki najmniejszych kwadratów, efekty losowe i efekty stałe. Model z efektem stałym jest najbardziej efektywnym modelem, który ujawnia związek między zużyciem energii elektrycznej a czynnikami wzrostu, zgodnie z testem specyfikacji i testem Hausmana. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotną korelację między handlem międzynarodowym, BIZ, wzrostem gospodarczym i zużyciem energii. Największy wpływ na rosnące zapotrzebowanie na energię mają BIZ, a następnie światowy handel i PKB per capita (produkt krajowy brutto). Dokładniej, wyniki badania pokazują, że zwiększone zużycie energii powoduje więcej inwestycji, co skutkuje zwiększonym wzrostem gospodarczym w krajach Azji Południowej. Wyniki badania pokazują ponadto, że BIZ znacząco wpłynęły na zużycie energii i obszar zapotrzebowania SAARC na energię, powodując wejście nowych technologii i wzrost zarówno wzrostu gospodarczego, jak i zużycia energii. Przyszłe polityki mogą koncentrować się na inwestycjach w sektorze energetycznym w celu wspierania rozwoju gospodarczego.

6

Second-hand clothing trade: achieving circular economy in the fashion sector through international cooperation

Encino-Munoz Ana Gabriela, Morone Piergiuseppe

Acta Innovations

|

2023

|

no. 49

75--91

EN

This paper explores the global dynamics of second-hand clothing (SHC) in light of the circular economy to identify gaps and suggest pathways to reduce negative impacts on the sector. The analysis identifies current global patterns of SHC international trade and the main hotspots, in order to build a framework for action. The framework incorporates the main stakeholders and a set of actions aimed at reducing the environmental and social issues associated with the international trade of SHC. The analysis suggests that the framework may reduce risks and facilitate the transition to a just circular economy in the SHC sector.

7

International Trade, Corruption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan Countries

Aderounmu Busayo, Ayoade Eniola, Oni Emmanuel

Problemy Ekorozwoju

|

2022

|

Vol. 17, nr 2

161--165

EN

Sustainable development goal 17 emphasizes the importance of international trade in achieving inclusive growth. Likewise, countries with high level of corruption will experience limited growth. In order to examine the causality, this study considers the impact of international trade and corruption on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries (Angola, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa) from the period 2000-2019. The granger causality test and fixed effect method of estimation were adopted. The result of the granger causality tests shows that there is no causality between import and economic growth, there is unidirectional causality between export and economic growth and there is no causality between control of corruption and economic growth. Furthermore, it was discovered that export, import, and control of corruption have a positive impact, 25.4%, 32%, 45.5% respectively, on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries. Hence from these findings, policies towards export promotion should be encouraged as export is crucial for the economic growth of these countries and policies to curb corruption should be implemented in order to promote economic growth in the selected sub-Saharan African countries.

8

Alternative directions of coal supply to Poland as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war

Stala-Szlugaj Katarzyna, Grudziński Zbigniew

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

|

2022

|

T. 38, z. 3

31--47

EN

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of other alternative directions of coal supply to Poland following the February 2022 embargo on coal imports from Russia. Due to the dominant role of steam coal in imports to Poland, the authors focused on this type of coal. Analysis of the share of Russian steam coal imported into Poland in domestic consumption and production suggests that this commodity has played a relatively important role in the Polish market. In 2010–2021, between 4.8 and 12.9 million tonnes were imported annually from Russia to Poland, accounting for 8–25% of domestic steam-coal consumption. In 2018–2021, steam coal imported into Poland accounted for 22–29% of the volume of coal shipped by Russia to all EU -27 countries. In order to fill the gap left by Russian coal, this article considers alternative routes of coal supply to Poland, namely from Australia, Indonesia, Colombia, South Africa and the US , and presents the qualitative characteristics of the coal offered by these alternative routes of coal supply and traded on the international market. Between 2010 and 2021, steam-coal-price offers from these countries followed a consistent trend, with the difference between the minimum and maximum offer ranging from USD 5–32/tonne. As the steam coal supply of each of the analyzed routes of supply is fraught with some risk, the authors have also identified in the article those directions that may present some difficulties. It was found that coal offerings from Australia, South Africa, Indonesia and Colombia have low sulphur content (less than 1%), while coals from Australia and South Africa have relatively high ash content (from 12% to nearly 25%). Towards the end, the article also addresses issues related to the transport of coal to Poland and its dispatching within the country. As the analyzed alternative directions of coal imports involve importing this commodity by sea, the authors also analyzed the reloading capacity of Polish seaports and the rail transport fleet.

PL

Celem artykułu było przybliżenie innych, alternatywnych kierunków dostaw węgla do Polski, spowodowanych wprowadzeniem w lutym 2022 r. embarga na import węgla z Rosji. Ze względu na dominującą rolę węgla energetycznego w imporcie do Polski, autorzy skupili się na tym rodzaju węgla. Analizując udziały sprowadzonego do Polski rosyjskiego węgla energetycznego w krajowym zużyciu i produkcji można wysnuć wniosek, że surowiec ten odgrywał relatywnie istotną rolę na polskim rynku. W latach 2010–2021 rocznie z Rosji sprowadzano do Polski od 4,8 do 12,9 mln ton, co stanowiło 8–25% krajowego zużycia węgla energetycznego. W latach 2018–2021 sprowadzany do Polski węgiel energetyczny stanowił 22–29% wolumenu wysłanego węgla przez Rosję do wszystkich krajów UE 27. W celu wypełnienia luki po węglu rosyjskim, w niniejszym artykule rozważono alternatywne kierunki dostaw tego surowca do Polski, a mianowicie: Australię, Indonezję, Kolumbię, RPA i USA. Przedstawiono charakterystykę jakościową węgla (oferowanego przez te alternatywne kierunki dostaw) oraz będącego przedmiotem handlu na rynku międzynarodowym. W latach 2010–2021 oferty cenowe węgla energetycznego z tych państw utrzymywały się w zgodnym trendzie, a różnica między ofertą minimalną a maksymalną zawierała się w granicach 5–32 USD/tonę. W związku z tym, że dostawy węgla energetycznego każdego z analizowanych kierunków obarczone są pewnym ryzykiem, w artykule autorzy wskazali również te, które mogą stanowić pewne utrudnienie. Stwierdzono, że oferty węgli z Australii, RPA, Indonezji i Kolumbii charakteryzują się niską zawartością siarki (poniżej 1%), a węgle z Australii i RPA posiadają relatywnie wysoką zawartość popiołu (od kilkunastu do blisko 25%). Pod koniec w artykule poruszono także kwestie związane z transportem węgla do Polski oraz jego ekspedycją wewnątrz kraju. W związku z tym, że analizowane alternatywne kierunki importu węgla wiążą się ze sprowadzeniem tego surowca drogą morską, autorzy również przeanalizowali zdolności przeładunkowe polskich portów morskich oraz park wagonowy w transporcie kolejowym.

9

Rola kontroli w wykrywaniu zjawiska przestępczości w międzynarodowym obrocie towarowym na wybranych przykładach

Chackiewicz Małgorzata

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

|

2022

|

nr 3

31--40

PL

W artykule omówiono rolę procesów kontroli, realizowanych w międzynarodowym obrocie towarowym, w wykrywaniu zjawiska przestępczości. Kontrole dokonywane są m.in. przez funkcjonariuszy Krajowej Administracji Skarbowej, przedsiębiorców i firmy ubezpieczeniowe. W artykule przedstawiono dane dotyczące popełnianych przestępstw, szeroko opisane w raportach: TAPA, IMPACT, TT Club i BSI oraz w raporcie w sprawie egzekwowania przez organy celne praw własności intelektualnej w Unii Europejskiej w 2019 r. Omówiono dane statystyczne pozyskane z monitoringu zewnętrznej granicy Unii, dotyczące ilości zatrzymanych przez KAS: papierosów, paliwa, alkoholu, liczby prowadzonych postępowań karno-skarbowych oraz kwot pochodzących z wystawionych mandatów karnych. Celem artykułu jest sformułowanie na tej podstawie zaleceń poprawiających bezpieczeństwo w międzynarodowym obrocie towarami.

EN

The article discusses control in detecting the phenomenon of crime, which is used in international trade in goods. Checks are made, i.a. by officers of the National Revenue Administration, entrepreneurs and insurance companies. Data on the crimes committed were presented, widely described in reports, e.g. TAPA, IMPACT, TT Club and BSI, and in the report on the enforcement of intellectual property rights in the European Union by customs authorities in 2019. Statistical data included in the monitoring of the external border of the European Union was discussed. the number of detained by KAS: cigarettes, fuel, alcohol, the number of penal and fiscal proceedings and the amounts from issued fines. The aim of the article is to formulate recommendations on this basis to improve safety in international trade in goods.

10

Bioeconomy as an economic area influencing the economic balance of international trade in Poland

Firlej Chrystian

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2021

|

z. 152

17--33

EN

Purpose: The main aim of the article is to characterize the concept of the bioeconomy from the theoretical point of view and to present its impact on the economic balance of international trade in Poland in 2008-2017. SWOT analysis of the bioeconomy in Poland was presented as an additional aim of the paper. Design/methodology/approach: The annual reports published by the Central Statistical Office in Poland were used to assess the impact of the bioeconomy on the results of international trade in Poland. Findings: Based on the analysis, it was found that all areas of the Polish bioeconomy have a positive impact on the level of Polish imports and exports. In the analyzed period the balance of foreign trade has significantly improved, despite the fact that employment in this area has decreased. Practical implications: Bioeconomy and its areas as a factor positively influencing the development of the whole country should be further developed and skillfully managed while maintaining appropriate means of financing its activities. Originality/value The article emphasizes the importance of the issue of the bioeconomy and outlines the directions of considerations for further analysis of the studied sector.

11

The impact of macroeconomic and control of corruption on foreign direct investment inflows

Nguyen My-Linh Thi, Doan Thu-Trang Thi, Bui Toan Ngoc

Polish Journal of Management Studies

|

2021

|

Vol. 24, No. 1

236--249

EN

The study aims to analyze the impact of macroeconomic and control of corruption on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Admittedly, a healthy macroeconomic will be a firm foundation to attract FDI inflows. This effect has been reported in lots of empirical studies in different economies. However, there exists a big gap in the current literature due to the lack of empirical studies examining the impact of control of corruption on FDI inflows. In other words, by considering control of corruption as a determinant, the study is expected to bring more unprecedented findings than previous studies, being one of its novelties. The data were collected in six ASEAN economies, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, from 2002 to 2019. By using the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), the study found the significant impact of the macroeconomic and control of corruption on FDI inflows in ASEAN economies. Specifically, FDI inflows are positively affected by GDP growth and trade openness. In addition, control of corruption has a positive effect on FDI inflows. These prove that a healthy macroeconomic and efficient control of corruption are essential to attract FDI inflows, which is another novelty of this study. These findings are important empirical evidence to researchers as well as the ASEAN economies.

PL

Celem badania jest analiza wpływu makroekonomicznego i kontroli korupcji na napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) w krajach członkowskich Stowarzyszenia Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschodniej (ASEAN). Trzeba przyznać, że zdrowa makroekonomiczna będzie solidnym fundamentem do przyciągania napływu BIZ. Efekt ten został odnotowany w wielu badaniach empirycznych w różnych gospodarkach. W aktualnej literaturze istnieje jednak duża luka ze względu na brak badań empirycznych badających wpływ kontroli korupcji na napływ BIZ. Innymi słowy, biorąc pod uwagę kontrolę korupcji jako determinantę, oczekuje się, że badanie przyniesie więcej bezprecedensowych wyników niż poprzednie badania, będąc jedną z jego nowości. Dane zostały zebrane w sześciu gospodarkach ASEAN, w tym w Indonezji, Malezji, Filipinach, Singapurze, Tajlandii i Wietnamie, w latach 2002-2019. Wykorzystując uogólnioną metodę momentu (GMM), badanie wykazało znaczący wpływ makroekonomiczny i kontroli korupcja na napływie BIZ w gospodarkach krajów ASEAN. W szczególności na napływ BIZ pozytywnie wpływa wzrost PKB i otwartość handlu. Ponadto kontrola korupcji ma pozytywny wpływ na napływ BIZ. Świadczą one o tym, że zdrowa makroekonomiczna i skuteczna kontrola korupcji jest niezbędna do przyciągania napływu BIZ, co jest kolejną nowością tego badania. Odkrycia te są ważnymi dowodami empirycznymi dla naukowców, a także dla gospodarek krajów ASEAN.

12

The impact of exchange rate on fisheries production: international evidence from selected countries

Tepe Resul, Kayiran Burhan, Açik Abdullah

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2020

|

nr 63 (135)

87--96

EN

One of the most important factors affecting international trade is exchange rate fluctuations. To date, studies that have analyzed the effect of exchange rates have shown that the effect can vary from sector to sector and from country to country. The fact that this relationship has not been extensively studied in the fisheries industry is the motivation for this study. In this regard, the aim of this study is to determine whether changes in the real exchange rates of countries affect their fisheries production levels. Accordingly, we used the causality test developed by Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011), which takes into account both cross-sectional dependencies and heterogeneity. The data set used in this study consisted of 27 annual observations from 38 countries from 1990–2016. The results revealed that changes in the real exchange rate affected fisheries production. This situation shows that changes in exchange rates may affect the international demand for fisheries and serve as a source of motivation for producers.

13

Międzynarodowy obrót masami celulozowymi i papierem

Graczyk Tomasz

Przegląd Papierniczy

|

2020

|

R. 76, nr 5

240--243

PL

Międzynarodowy handel jest jednym z najważniejszych fundamentów zwiększenia produkcji i optymalizacji zysków w przemyśle celulozowo-papierniczym. W niektórych regionach świata miejscowi producenci obawiają się wpływu importu na ich rentowność. W innych, znalezienie nowych klientów poza granicami jest głównym motorem wzrostu i zwiększa wykorzystanie zdolności produkcyjnych.

14

The role of the foreign trade in ensuring food sacurity in the countries of the world: an empirical analysis

Baryshnikova Natalia, Klimecka-Tatar Dorota, Kiriliuk Olga

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

|

2019

|

Vol. 1, nr 1

867--874

EN

Trade in agricultural products is one of the most dynamically developing segments of the global market. The feature of the contemporary stage of world food trade development is that the leading exporters are also the largest food importers, combining the benefits of the international division of labor with the development of domestic agricultural production. In the paper, the role of foreign trade in ensuring food security has been evaluated by comparing the global index of food security and the share of imported food in the domestic market. As a result, the countries of the world have been divided into 4 groups. The first two groups include countries that ensure their citizens a high level of food security through imports, as well as or through their own efficient agricultural production. The third and fourth groups include countries which are not agrarian developed. The problems of hunger and malnutrition in these countries can potentially be solved with the help of foreign trade and increased efforts of the international community.

15

Effective Protection of Information Systems and Networks Against Attacks in the Era of Globalization

Witczyńska Katarzyna

Logistics and Transport

|

2019

|

Vol. 41, No. 1

51--55

EN

In the era of globalization, more and more threats to the IT systems of many global companies will be observed. More and more attacks are effective and the losses caused by intrusions are systematically growing. The problem of ensuring the security of networks and computer systems is one of the most important issues of modern computer science. Today, more research is being done around the world to ensure the security of operating systems and applications.

16

Znaczenie korporacji transnarodowychw handlu międzynarodowym

Witczyńska K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2018

|

z. 130

681--688

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyse the role of transnational corporations in the economy and global trade, and in particular to analyse the mutual relations between flows of productive capital in the form of foreign direct investment and international trade exchange.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza roli korporacji transnarodowych w gospodarce i handlu światowym, a zwłaszcza przeanalizowanie wzajemnych relacji między przepływami kapitału produkcyjnego w formie bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych a międzynarodową wymianą handlową.

17

The effectiveness of logistics development and its impact on the economies of the countries along the silk road passing through Kazakhstan

Raimbekov Z., Syzdykbayeva B., Rakhmetulina Z., Zhenskhan D.

Transport Problems

|

2018

|

T. 13, z. 4

127--142

EN

In modern global conditions, the revival of the economic belt of the Great Silk Road as a whole opens up new significant opportunities for countries along the route to develop the economies of these countries. Nowadays, the main factors for the integration of these countries are logistics, international trade, and tourism. The relevance of the study lies in the very methodological approach of assessing the logistics factors affecting the economy of a number of countries along the economic belt of the Silk Road. A group of preliminary countries, through which lie main routes of the economic belt of Silk Road, including Kazakhstan, were selected. An analysis was carried out on the efficiency of development of logistics and trade, impact of development of logistics on international trade. Based on the analysis of international indices of logistics efficiency, international trade conditions and regression models, problems and reasons for lagging have been identified that affect the economic development of countries along the Silk Road routes. Priority initiatives have been identified to overcome restrictions that impede the development of logistics and increase trade capacity in the countries of the Silk Road, in particular the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including Kazakhstan.

18

Is president Donald Trump’s current trade policy a real threat to internationaltrade order? : legal and policy assesment

Kobielski P.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

|

2018

|

R. 8, Nr 14

463--476

EN

The purpose of this article is to answer the question whether the current trade policy of the President Donald Trump’s administration, aimed at greater protectionism and isolationism in international trade, may result in undermining or even dismantling international trade order as we know it for the last several decades. Taking into account unfolding trade war between the United States and the People’s Republic of China special focus is given to potential new trade war between the US and the European Union. In order to narrow the scope of the paper’s analysis and to best illustrate the prospect of the EU-US trade war special attention is given to historical and current trade disputes between both parties over agri-food products, including hormone-treated beef, bananas, GMOs, poultry meat treated with bactericidal substances, Spanish olives and American soybeans. In conclusion of this paper it is explained that due to several reasons the new US-EU trade war is highly unlikely. This said it is also concluded that current stance in international trade taken by the White House, although very controversial and openly confrontational, poses no real threat to modern international trade order.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obecna polityka handlowa administracji prezydenta Donalda Trumpa, zmierzająca do większego protekcjonizmu i izolacjonizmu w handlu międzynarodowym, może stanowić zagrożenie dla dotychczasowego międzynarodowego porządku handlowego. Biorąc pod uwagę narastający konflikt handlowy między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Chińską Republiką Ludową, szczególny nacisk w artykule położono na ryzyko ewentualnego rozwoju analogicznego konfliktu w stosunkach USA z Unią Europejską. Ilustracją rozważań w tym zakresie są historyczne i aktualne spory handlowe wokół produktów rolno-spożywczych, w tym wołowiny poddanej obróbce hormonalnej, bananów, organizmów zmodyfikowanych genetycznie, mięsa drobiowego oczyszczanego substancjami bakteriobójczymi, oliwek hiszpańskich, jak również amerykańskiej soi. Na końcu wyjaśniono, że z wielu powodów perspektywa nowej wojny handlowej między USA a UE jest mało prawdopodobna. Stwierdzono również, że obecne stanowisko Białego Domu w sprawie handlu międzynarodowego, choć bardzo kontrowersyjne i otwarcie konfrontacyjne, nie stanowi realnego zagrożenia dla dotychczasowego międzynarodowego porządku handlowego.

19

Standardization and certification of the wooden packaging in international trade

Frąś J., Olsztyńska I., Scholz S.

Research in Logistics & Production

|

2018

|

Vol. 8, No. 1

25-37

EN

Standardization of requirements is a common practice in the trade of many products. The developed international standards and systems for wooden packaging (EPAL, UIC and ISPM15:2009) provide a unified standard for quality and safety that is updated and complemented by best practices and technologies. Confirmation of meeting the standard is to obtain a certificate or license. These standards have been recognized by logistics organizations, state administrations and packaging manufacturers in many countries in the world. The labeling of packaging meeting the requirements of the standards is recognizable and fulfills the function of confirming the legality of their origin and safety for the environment.

20

Nationality of a company within an international framework

Hurta H., Koplyay T., Malouin M., Motaghi H.

Polish Journal of Management Studies

|

2018

|

Vol. 17, No. 2

75--86

EN

In today’s globalized world nationality has become a dynamic concept. During the period of nation state stability the flag under which a firm operated was fairly stable, however with the advent of firm mobility, extensive cross border mergers and acquisitions and global supply chains along with equally multinational distribution channels, the colour of the flag becomes often blurred. Furthermore, the rise and the collapse of international trade treaties and the agglomeration and occasional fracturing of nation super states, such as the European Union (EU), makes the problem a critical one. This article proposes an encompassing framework for evaluating nationality of a firm and examines the contentious status of several well-known firms where the colour of nationality is rapidly changing.

PL

W dzisiejszym zglobalizowanym świecie narodowość stała się pojęciem dynamicznym. W okresie stabilizacji państwa bandera pod którą firma działała była dość stabilna. Jednak wraz z pojawieniem się mobilności, szerokich transgranicznych fuzji i przejęć, globalnych łańcuchów dostaw, także z wielonarodowymi kanałami dystrybucji, kolor flagi stał się często zamazany. Co więcej, wzrost i upadek międzynarodowych traktatów handlowych oraz aglomeracja i okazjonalne rozbicie superpaństw narodowych, takich jak Unia Europejska (UE), sprawia, że problem jest krytyczny. W tym artykule zaproponowano obszerne ramy dla oceny narodowości firmy i przeanalizowano stan sporny kilku dobrze znanych firm, w których kolor narodowości szybko się zmienia.