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Quality Assessment Through Land Use Change, Land Surface Temperature – An Environmental Factors Analysis

Dreshaj Adem, Orqusha Nimet, Berlajolli Violeta, Osmanaj Arben

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 6

200--207

EN

The study of soil physico-chemical properties is an important field related to the aspect of climate change and the storage of organic carbon in soil. This field of scientific research aims to identify the impact of land management practices on the physico-chemical parameters of soil composition. This study is based on laboratory analysis and various observations of various soil physicochemical parameters, such as pH-H2 O, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), soil organic carbon (SOC), SOC t/ha, and specific gravity (BD) g/cm3 . This study helps develop strategies to implement improved land management sustainably. The soil specific gravity averages 1.38 g/ cm3, with low variability (Std. Dev. = 0.03337), the coefficient of variation (CV) is 2.410378%, indicating a low variation about the mean, while the skewness is negative (-0.78464), while the kurtosis is positive (1.766186). Some of the differences (OM, SOC, SOC t/ha) have a high variability, while others have a lower variability (EC μS/cm, pH 1:2.5, BD g/cm3). This may indicate that some soil characteristics are more stable, while others have a higher degree of variability.

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Environmental Protection and Improvement of Water Quality as a Factor in the Development of Tourism in the Erenik River

Gashi Bardha, Kuqi Beke, Dreshaj Adem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

333--340

EN

This paper examines the impact of urban discharges on the water quality of the Erenik River in the city of Gjakova, Kosovo which is the most of key factor in developing the tourism. The primary goal of this project-based research was to provide results through water analysis in order to show the impact of urban discharges on the water quality for the tourists coming. The research was carried out by taking water samples at the entrance and exit of the Erenik River, while the measured parameters of the analyses were: temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, turbidity, permanganates, phosphorus; and chlorides. Due to the conditions, measurements were not performed for: biological and chemical expenditure, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity of the water. In order to achieve reliable results, the experimental research model was used, applying the techniques and methods of water analysis during the period of November-December 2021. The analyzed water result and the final findings showed that urban wastes affect the water quality, in particular the pollution from the discharges in the river potentiating the condition in which the Erenik River is found.

3

The Impact of Climate Conditions on the Yield of Some Fall Barley Cultivars for the Production of Beer in the Kosovo Plain

Shala Nexhdet, Dreshaj Adem, Hoxha Ibrahim, Sejfijaj Osman, Millaku Bedri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

261--268

EN

Barley is a plant in Europe that occupies an important place in the structure of cultivated plants. The main use of barley is for brewing beer. Even in Kosovo, the main part of barley production is used in the beer industry. The beer industry in Kosovo produces beer prepared from barley; it is liked by the consumer, not only in Kosovo but also in Albania. Our brewing industry mainly uses locally grown barley. Our farmers have planted the traditional cultivars of barley but, recently and in the future, new cultivars have been introduced and introduced, preferring those that give high yields but also with good chemical and technological indicators. Our study aimed to determine the influence of climatic (temperature and humidity) and soil factors on the yield and quality of barley production in both areas of its cultivation. The presence of mineral elements in the soil are necessary for barley such as: Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc and climatic factors for the production of beer barley.

4

The Effect of the Addition of Pumpkin Flour on the Rheological, Nutritional, Quality, and Sensory Properties of Bread

Hoxha Ibrahim, Hoxha Besiana, Xhabiri Gafur, Shala Nexhdet, Dreshaj Adem, Durmishi Namik

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

178--185

EN

Bread in Kosovo and beyond is still the most consumed food product, but the increase in consumer awareness of healthy foods has stimulated interest in the addition of various ingredients to improve its nutritional value and sensory properties. This study aimed to identify the ideal percentage of adding pumpkin flour through its influence on the rheological, nutritional, qualitative, and sensory properties of bread. Breads were produced with different amounts of pumpkin flour (control, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%). The results of the rheological properties with the Brabender farinograph and extensograph devices showed that the pumpkin flour pulp had an impact on the delay in dough formation, thus affecting the increase in water absorption, development time, stability, resistance, and energy of the dough. The falling number was very high for all types of bread over 350 seconds, and there were no significant differences between them (p < 0.05). The content of nutrients in the bread, such as fat, cellulose, and ash, increased along with the content of pumpkin flour, while the protein content decreased. Also, the content of iron, magnesium, potassium, and calcium increased along with pumpkin flour addition, while the content of zinc and manganese decreased. The bread with 5% pumpkin flour had the best specific volume, while the control bread and the bread with 5% pumpkin flour had better acidity. The bread with 5% pumpkin flour and control bread had better sensory properties, but even the breads with 10% pumpkin flour had good sensory properties. Therefore, using less than 10% pumpkin flour is suggested in the production of bread without compromising the quality or sensory properties of the bread.

5

Research of Some Varieties of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare), EU Region, Redimenets in the Agroecological Conditions of Kosovo

Shala Nexhdet, Hoxha Ibrahim, Dreshaj Adem, Sejfijaj Osman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

19--25

EN

The object of the study are 6 varieties of spring barley from the region and the EU: Tunika, Ortega, Josefina, Astor, Jaran Askona. The plots where parameters for two different agro-climatic areas and pedological differences are researched are: Dukagjini field in Pejë. The research of the Agricultural Institute of Kosovo and the Kosovo Plain, as in Pestovo, which is privately owned land, in Kosovo. Barley is a strategic crop which is planted every year on an area of 5000–10000 ha. The average yield realized during the last years is about 2.5 t/ha. The agroclimatic and pedological data of Kosovo, compared to the yields obtained in barley culture, show that the genetic potential of barley production is great. Kosovo has an area of 1.1 million ha, of which 53 percent is under cultivation, 41 percent from forests. About 88% of agricultural land is privately owned, while the rest is owned by social enterprises. Of the 577,000 ha of agricultural land, about 300,000 ha are planted with agricultural crops. Cereals are cultivated on 44% of the surface, of which wheat 45%, corn 44%, oats 8%, barley 3% and rye less than 1%.

6

Analysis and Influence of Barley Protein Content for Beer Production in Kosovo

Shala Nexhdet, Dreshaj Adem, Hoxha Ibrahim, Elshani Arsim, Kuqi Beke, Delijaj Armend

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

146--152

EN

Barley is a plant that occupies an important place in the structure of cultivated plants in Europe. The main use of barley is for brewing beer. Even in Kosovo, the main part of barley production is used in the beer industry. The beer industry in Kosovo produces beer prepared from barley; it is liked by the consumer, not only in Kosovo but also in Albania. Our brewing industry mainly uses locally grown barley. Our farmers have planted the traditional cultivars of barley, but recently and in the future, new cultivars are being introduced, preferring those that give high yields but also with good chemical and technological indicators. The introduction of new cultivars has laid the need for their study, both quantitatively, i.e. for the amount of production per unit of surface area, but also for qualitative indicators. Such a study needs to be undertaken not only because of the new cultivars but also because of the fact that in our country, in our cultivation conditions, there has not been any real study in these directions.

7

Soil Pollution Factors Affecting the Quality of Crops (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

Dreshaj Adem, Millaku Bedri, Shala Abazi Albona, Gashi Arian

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

109--115

EN

The circulation of heavy metals in nature is characterized by high toxicity. However, the effects depend on the amount of toxic, the form of exposure to toxicity, the types of species exposed, age, sex, genetics and nutritional status, and on the consequences in ecosystems. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the environmental situation in some regions has deteriorated even more due to poor monitoring by state institutions. The challenges that await us in the future are complex and hence we risk not knowing how to meet the future challenges. The situation with toxicity and pollution is complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which for the first time in this century has turned into a global pandemic. Although we were not prepared to cope with this pandemic, still we succeeded to manage it better than the previous pandemics. High concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and nickel are among the metals that are dangerous for the public health of citizens. Metallic elements are characterized by toxic effects, especially with the consumption of food products. High concentrations cause great damage to human and animal organs but sometimes even small concentrations of it can have harmful effects. The increase in toxic concentration has affected industrial development, poor waste management, the release of toxic gases from industrial activities, as well as use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture. High toxicity causes health damage, e.g. resulting from human exposure to metal toxicity and the use of contaminated foods. The heavy metals present in the environment such as Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, Co, Cr, are essential nutrients required for various biochemical and physiological functions.

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Concentration of Toxic Metals in Agricultural Land and Wheat Culture (Triticum Aestivum L.)

Dreshaj Adem, Millaku Bedri, Gashi Arian, Elezaj Elvis, Kuqi Bekë

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 2

18--24

EN

Concentrations of heavy metals in the soil such as: (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr), play a role in contamination of agricultural crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Roads in the Republic of Kosovo are congested with traffic; in addition, over 55% are more than 20 years old. The agricultural land near roads in Kosovo is cultivated with agricultural products, especially wheat. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of toxic metals in soil and wheat crops due to vehicle emissions. In this research are examined the physico-chemical factors that affect the mobility of metals in the soil of the research area as; pH, concentration of organic carbon and heavy metals such as: (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr). Analytical research shows that the content of toxic metals decreases with increasing distance or along highways. The concentration tests of toxic metals near roads and lands planted with analyzed agricultural crop of corn showed that heavy metal deposits also depend on atmospheric conditions and emissions from vehicle traffic.

9

Analysis of the Impact of Industrial Waste on River Water Quality Towards Using the Dynamics of Land Quality

Dreshaj Adem, Shala Albona, Hyseni Mimoza, Millaku Bedri, Gashi Arian

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

191--196

EN

Natural resources are the basis of all material goods which are of special importance for the life and development of mankind. Therefore, sustainable management of natural resources is of great importance for modern society. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil such as: (Cu, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Zn), have a negative impact on the contamination of crops. Human activity should be developed on the basis of the principles of environmental sustainability to achieve economic and social prosperity and environmental protection as well as, improve the environment polluted by human activity. Natural resources must be preserved and regenerated. Moreover, well-being, environmental management and maintaining the purity of the environment in the future enable the production of safe food. Preservation of good quality water resources creates security and maintains soil quality. Recently, there has been a marked increase in awareness of natural resources, especially the preservation of water quality, soil, and their importance to our lives. The study included various methodologies, qualitative and quantitative analyses, and statistics.

10

Analysis of the Impact of Ferronicel Industrial Activity on Drenica River Quality

Abazi Albona Shala, Gashi Barie, Spahiu Mimoza Hyseni, Bytyçi Pajtim, Dreshaj Adem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

312--322

EN

Today, environmental water degradation all over the world comes about due to the growth of urban, industrial and agricultural activities. As a result of these discharges without any prior treatment, the quality of river waters in Kosovo has deteriorated greatly. On the basis of the research that has been done so far in the rivers of Kosovo, it was shown that Drenica is one of the rivers that are constantly exposed to the discharge of industrial waters. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of water discharged from Feronikeli on the water quality of the Drenica River and the possibility of its protection. The realization of this study is focused on the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of the water of the Drenica River, the content of heavy metals in the water, the analysis and comparison of the results obtained using the standard for the assessment of the ecological status of surface waters of Romania (GD 161). Laboratory assays were developed according to standard analysis methods (APHA). The results obtained, analyzed and compared with the values of the parameters according to the standard referred to in this research, confirm that the water of the Drenica River belongs to the class of water with “good quality” only in the source area, while in other flow stations river, especially in the third station S3 (Ferronikel industrial zone), water has “poor quality”, passing into the category of “very poor quality”. Therefore, in order to improve the current situation, it is recommended to apply the best environmental practices and proper management of industrial waste.

11

Water Quality Analysis, the Content of Minerals and Heavy Metals in the Drin I Bardh and Iber River

Dreshaj Adem, Shala Nexhdet, Selimaj Afrim, Hoxha Ibrahim, Osmanaj Arben

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

130--137

EN

Water resources management in Kosovo faces many problems such as economic, legal, lack of experts in the field of environment, and various factors for the management of water basins. The study is a special feature for presenting the current, important, situation of water resources in Kosovo. The results of the research show the current state of the rivers, especially the two largest basins such as the river Drin I Bardh and Iber. Water management is of particular importance for the health of flora and fauna. Drinking water quality monitoring, to be analyzed with compliance over 95%, compliance with microbiological water quality standards, and 97.0% with international chemical standards. Assessing the quality of rivers is finding the solution to the problem of water treatment to fully meet the needs of aquatic ecosystems. Determination of physico-chemical parameters such as: (pH, TDS, TH, EC, etc.), are necessary for water quality analysis. Water quality depends on the management of industrial waste, especially heavy metals such as (Pb, Hg, As, Zn, Fe, etc.), determination of parameters of other elements such as: (Na, K, Mg, Ca, etc.), indicate the hardness of the water. The study included different methodologies: qualitative, quantitative analysis, and statistics.