Badania laboratoryjne mające na celu identyfikację betonu metodą ultradźwiękową, wykonuje się na elementach o małych wymiarach, których ograniczenia geometryczne i ewentualna segregacja skladników są czynnikami zakłócającymi propagacją fal. Najmniejsze zakłócenia występują w strefach środkowych, w których można uzyskiwać porównywalne wyniki badań. W badaniach konstrukcji żelbetowych elementami zakłócającymi propagację fal jest zbrojenie, zarysowanie betonu, a także wysoki poziom naprężeń. Poznanie charakteru tych zakłóceń umożliwia wykorzystanie ich do szeroko pojętej ultrasonografii konstrukcji żelbetowych.
EN
Laboratory tests aimed at concrete identification by means of ultrasonic waves are performed on elements of small dimensions, geometric constraints of which and possible components segregation in which, present factors interfering with propagation of waves. The least interferences occur in the middle zones where comparable test results may be obtained. The propagation of ultrasonic waves in reinforced concrete constructions under test may be interfered by the reinforcement, crackings in the concrete and also by a high level of stresses. Investigating the character of these interferences will improve the ultrasonography of reinforced concrete constructions.
Przedstawiono wyniki ultradźwiękowego badania belek żelbetowych w strefie ściskania i rozciągania w czasie zwiększającego się obciążenia oraz wyniki ultradźwiękowych badań kostek betonowych w czasie próby wytrzymałościowej na ściskanie.
EN
The results of ultrasonic investigations of RC beams in the tension and compression zone in time of increasing loading concrete cubes and in time of investigation resistance on compression.
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Praca niniejsza nawiązuje do stosowanych obecnie metod określania wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie badań ultradźwiękowych, ale głównym jej celem jest badanie propagacji fal ultradźwiękowych w strefie zbrojenia, ograniczeń geometrycznych i zarysowania betonu. Są to badania inspirujące rozwój defektoskopii ultradźwiękowej żelbetu, a ich realizację umożliwia współczesna aparatura pomiarowa.
EN
Concrete quality testing by means of the ultrasonic method is justifiable in the process of reinforced concrete construction execution, in the period of operational use of the object, in situations connected with its adaptation to other purposes and, more frequently, in the emergency states. The ultrasonic testing may then constitute a tool to assess the technical condition of a construction regarding its strength, deformability parameters, concrete corrosion damage and the state of reinforcement and cracks. This work is of an experimental nature and it takes into account problems connected with applied research procedures, as well as the need of their directing to the flaw detection of reinforced concrete constructions. It includes the expansion of knowledge within the scope of empirical relationships between the structure of concrete and its strength and ultrasonic properties. Furthermore, the work includes a wave velocity measuring technique for various situations when there is a limited access to constructions and wave velocity tests carried out within the concrete reinforcement zone. New issue here is the depth testing methodology for concrete cracks, worked out with taking into account the reinforcement with keeping its continuity in the plane of cracking. Concretes with much wider range of structural parameters than the most commonly produced normal concretes have been tested. The changes in concrete porosity within the maximum range and the accompanying changes in spatial structure of air pores have an effect on all mechanical and acoustic properties of concrete. The experiments have confirmed the linear nature of relationship between the ultrasonic wave velocity and the concrete cavity and the theoretically justified hyperbolic form of functions describing the dependence between the strength of concrete and the wave velocity with the quantitatively and qualitatively changing porosity. Concrete strength assessment on the basis of ultrasonic tests for constructions and samples cut out of them makes the most reliable method. At the same time one should take into account the differences between the results obtained from measurements of wave velocity and strength for the cut out samples and for samples having been technologically formed. Ultrasonic wave attenuation in well compacted concretes is not a sufficient measure of their strength. Results of tests on wave velocity in concrete depend on the length of pulse path and on the measuring technique - type of ultrasonic transducers and their mutual arrangement on surfaces of the tested element. The work also includes a comparison of results for the wave velocity measurements at the co-axial arrangement of transducers on opposite surfaces of concrete with results obtained for other arrangements allowed by the access to the tested construction, namely: - eccentric arrangement of transducers on opposite surfaces, - angular arrangement on mutually perpendicular surfaces, - parallel arrangement of transducers on the same surface of concrete. The most advantageous one is the angular arrangement of transducers for which the results are slightly lower in comparison with the wave velocity determined at their co-axial arrangement and which do not have to be corrected in many test situations. Testing in the case of other arrangements of transducers require correcting or performing measurements with their unchanged arrangement set out experimentally. There are also possible hodographic tests the results of which can be easier corrected. Different acoustic properties of steel and concrete cause that in a steel bar embedded in concrete the ultrasonic wave velocity is lower than in a free (not embedded) rod, whereas the ultrasonic wave velocity in the concrete surrounding a steel rod is higher than in the plain concrete. The work contains results of the wave velocity tests in free, smooth and ribbed, steel rods of various diameters and lengths. Results of the wave velocity tests in concrete models with embedded steel rods are also presented, in the form of ultrasonograms which unequivocally show the location of the rod and roughly its diameter. Comparison was made of ultrasonograms for concrete models with smooth and ribbed rods of various diameters, which were obtained from measurements performed by means of flat and spherical ultrasonic transducers in the co-axial and eccentric arrangements, that is to say from measurements taken parallel to the reinforcement and radial in directions being oblique to the reinforcement. Measurement of the crack depth in reinforced concrete elements is possible thanks to utilizing the ultrasonic wave diffraction phenomenon. Measuring circuit has been mathematically formulated through the equation of an ellipse with its foci coinciding with the location of transducers on concrete surface on both sides of the crack and its radius vectors corresponding with the path of ultrasonic wave pulse diffracted on the edge of the crack. Concrete reinforcement while keeping its continuity in the plane of crack allows the passage of wave to the receiving transducer in a shorter time than the diffracted wave. This is a disturbance which renders a direct measurement of the transit time of a diffracted wave on the edge of crack impossible. Two various measurements with amplitude vs time recording of received pulses, performed in such a way that the time of wave passage along the reinforcement be the same, enable filtering out of such a disturbance. The methodology of measuring and filtering the received pulses was worked out with making use of concrete models having technologically formed cracks of a regular geometric shape, with keeping the reinforcement continuity. Possibilities of measuring the transit time during which the diffracted wave reaches the receiving transducer with filtering out the disturbances, for symmetric and unsymmetric arrangements of transducers in relation to the crack, are presented. The method has been verified during depth testing of a crack caused by bending of a reinforced concrete beam.
Wykorzystanie efektów dyfrakcji fal ultradźwiękowych umożliwia pomiar głębokości szczeliny lub rysy w betonie. W strefie zbrojenia betonu występują zakłócenia spowodowane najwcześniej odbieranym sygnałem przejścia fali wzdłuż zbrojenia. Można je odfiltrować na podstawie dwukrotnego pomiaru ultradźwiękowego.
EN
Diffraction of ultrasonic wave effects enables measurement of scratch or gap depth in concrete. In concrete reinforced zone some interference occures involving by the earliest signal of wave transmition along the reinforcement. By double ultrasonic measurements, the defiltration of interference can be achieved.
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Methodology of ultrasonic investigation of a natural crack or purposely-formed slot is based on taking advantage of the effect of wave diffraction at crack end. In reinforced concrete structures steel reinforcement placed across the crack is an element of medium continuity, and is a cause of difficulty in investigations. Direct transmission of ultrasonic pulse along the reinforcement is producing the earliest reception effect. This is interfering with time-amplitude recording of waves diffracted at the slot bottom or in crack decay zone and presents an important difficulty for investigations. The subject of this paper is indication of filtering-off possibility of this interference in crack depth investigations on the basis of two independent measurements. Eccentric arrangement of transducers relative to the slot is preferred, as well as two pulse transmission measurements over the same path, but in opposite directions. Pulse reflection effects by the opposite and side walls of the investigated element do not cause additional interference in time measurements of the longitudinal wave diffracted at the crack end.
PL
Metodyka badań ultradźwiękowych głębokości rysy naturalnej w betonie lub szczeliny uformowanej w dowolny sposób, bazuje na wykorzystaniu zjawiska dyfrakcji fal na linii jej zakończenia. W konstrukcji żelbetowej zbrojenie stalowe usytuowane poprzecznie do rysy jest elementem ciągłości ośrodka i powoduje utrudnienie badań. Bezpośrednia transmisja impulsu ultradźwiękowego wzdłuż tego zbrojenia wywołuje najwcześniejszy efekt odbiorczy. Zakłóca to rejestrację czasowo-amplitudową fali ugiętej na krawędzi szczeliny lub w strefie zanikania rysy, co jest dużym utrudnieniem badań. Treścią niniejszej pracy jest wskazanie możliwości odfiltrowania tych zakłóceń w badaniach głębokości szczeliny, na podstawie dwóch niezależnych pomiarów. Preferowany jest mimośrodowy układ głowic względem szczeliny oraz dwa pomiary transmisji impulsów na tej samej trasie, lecz w przeciwne strony. Efekty odbicia impulsów od przeciwległej i bocznej ściany badanego elementu nie powodują dodatkowych zakłóceń w pomiarach czasu odbioru fali podłużnej ugiętej na krawędzi szczeliny.
Kątowe ustawienie głowic ultradźwiękowych w betonie na dwóch przylegających do siebie powierzchniach konstrukcji stwarza odmienne warunki badania w porównaniu ze współosiowym usytuowaniem głowic na przeciwległych powierzchniach betonu. Zastosowanie płaskich głowic do transmisji ukośnej powoduje wystąpienie innych efektów fizycznych związanych z emisją i odbiorem fal, na które należy zwrócić uwagę w badaniach, sposobie określania prędkości i interpretacji wyników. Na przykładzie szczegółowych badań ultradźwiękowych modelu betonowego przedstawiono kilka sposobów określania prędkości fal w transmisji ukośnej i uzyskiwane wyniki porównano z prędkością określoną przy współosiowym ustawieniu głowic.
EN
Angled positioning of transducers on two adjacent surfaces of a construction creates different testing conditions in comparison to a situation with coaxial positions of transducers on opposite surfaces of concrete. When flat transducers are used for skew transmission other physical effects connected with emission and reception of waves occur. They should be taken into consideration at the stages of testing, speed determination and interpretation of results. While describing detailed ultrasonic tests of a concrete model some methods of determination of wave speed in skew transmission have been presented. Obtained results have been compared with the value of speed determined with coaxial positio
Prędkość fal ultradźwiękowych w betonie określana metodą betonoskopową zależy od długości odcinka pomiarowego oraz od kierunku transmisji przy mimośrodowym ustawieniu głowic. Wyniki pomiarów bezpośrednich można skorygować do wartości wzajemnie porównywalnych.
EN
The velocity of ultrasonic waves in concrete is estimeted by wave detector and is depending upon the transmission direction in the case of abaxial location of heads. There is possible to make correction of direct measurements what enables to recive mutual comparative values.
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