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1

Zróżnicowanie form i układów zieleni na poznańskich placach miejskich

Łukasik B.

Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe

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2016

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T. 1

235--247

PL

Place miejskie to ważne elementy struktury każdego miasta. Wśród wielu elementów ich zagospodarowania duże znaczenie ma zieleń, która pojawia się w tych miejscach jako uzupełnienie wnętrza urbanistycznego lub główne jego wypełnienie. Celem pracy była identyfikacja form i układów roślin występujących na poznańskich placach, określenie udziału zieleni w strukturze ich zagospodarowania, ocena walorów kompozycji oraz ustalenie pożądanych kierunków ich przekształceń. Badania wykazały duże zróżnicowanie funkcji i sposobów zagospodarowania placów. Stwierdzono, że zieleń ma stosunkowo duży udział w kształtowaniu tych przestrzeni. Najczęściej występujące formy i układy to grupy krzewów, trawniki i rzędy drzew. Kompozycje na placach przedstawiają różną wartość. Niektóre sprawiają wrażenie dużej przypadkowości. Warto byłoby zwrócić większą uwagę na ich spójność i czytelność.

EN

City squares are important elements of the structure of each city. Among the many elements of their management, the green has a great significance. It appears in these places as a supplement to the urban interior or its main complement. The aim of the study was to identify the forms and compositions of plants occurring in Poznan squares, to determine the contribution of the green in the structure of their arrangement, to evaluate values of the composition and to determine the desired directions of their transformations. Studies have shown a great diversity of functions and ways of managing squares. It was found that green has a relatively large contribution to the development of the space. The most common forms and systems are groups of shrubs, lawns and rows of trees. The compositions of the squares represent varied values. Some give the impression of a high randomness. It would be worthwhile to pay more attention to their cohesion and readability.

2

Parki miejskie w strukturze i krajobrazie Poznania

Łukasik B., Wilkaniec A.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2016

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T. 44

319--328

PL

Praca dotyczy parków miejskich oraz ich znaczenia w strukturze i krajobrazie Poznania. Badania objęły 38 obiektów parkowych, o różnej genezie, wielkości, charakterze. Ocenie poddano równomierność rozmieszczenia parków w granicach aglomeracji, kształt zarysu planu (charakter linii granicznej) oraz ich otoczenie.

EN

The work concerns city parks in Poznan and their importance in the structure and landscape of the city. The research included 38 park objects of various origin, size and nature. There were evaluated the uniformity of parks’ distribution within the agglomeration, the shape of the outline of the plan (the nature of the border line) and their surroundings.

3

Dziedzictwo przyrodniczo-kulturowe Złotowa – przeszłość i teraźniejszość zapisana w krajobrazie miasta

Łukasik B., Rydzewska A.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2016

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nr 26

361--374

PL

Przeszłość Złotowa została zapisana w jego krajobrazie. Ważne kulturowo i przyrodniczo elementy stanowią parki, zieleńce, cmentarze i inne obszary cenne krajobrazowo. Celem niniejszego opracowania była ocena stanu aktualnego i określenie znaczenia krajobrazowego wybranych obszarów zieleni Złotowa. W wyniku prac ustalono dalsze wytyczne, pozwalające na ochronę krajobrazu kulturowo-przyrodniczego miasta.

EN

The past of the Złotów was also written in its landscape. Parks, lawns, cemeteries and other areas of scenic value are important elements due to their cultural and natural values. The aim of this study was to assess the status quo and to determine the scenic significance of selected green areas in Złotów. The study resulted in further guidelines for the protection of the cultural and natural landscape of the town.

4

Możliwości rozwoju silników turbinowych z detonacyjną komorą spalania

Wolański P., Kalina P., Balicki W., Rowiński A., Perkowski W., Kawalec M., Łukasik B.

Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa

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2016

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Nr 3 (244)

202--214

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano obszerne badania zastosowania wirującej detonacji w silniku turbinowym. Stanowisko badawcze umożliwiało dostarczenie powietrza o wydatku 2,5 kg/s i ciśnieniu 2,5 bara z możliwością jego podgrzewania do ponad 100°C. Wykonano układ zasilania stanowiska paliwem podgrzewanym do 170°C oraz dodatkowo gazowym wodorem. Stanowisko badawcze wyposażone było w układy pomiarowe i sterowania: wydatkiem powietrza i paliwa oraz w system akwizycji danych w tym szybkozmiennych przebiegów cisnień w komorze spalania. Szeroko zakrojone badania wirującej detonacji realizowane były na otwartych i zdławionych komorach spalania oraz po dołączeniu ich do turbowałowego silnika GTD-350. Przedstawiono warunki uzyskania stabilnej detonacji. Stwierdzono, że w przypadku wirującej detonacji w silniku zasilanym gazowym wodorem sprawność cieplna może być podwyższona o 5-7 % w porównaniu do sprawności silnika z deflagracyjną komorą spalania.

EN

Extensive and complex studies of the application of continuously rotating detonation (CRD) to gas turbine are presented. Special installation of high pressure preheated air supply system was constructed which allows to supply air at rate of a few kg/s, preheated to more than 100°C and at initial pressure up to 2,5 bar. Supply system for Jet-A fuel which could be preheated to 170°C was also constructed. Additionally gaseous hydrogen supply system was added to the installation. Also measuring system for controlling air flow and measurements of detonation parameters was installed and data acquisition and control system implemented. Extensive research of conditions in which CRD could be established and supported in open flow detonation chambers, throttled chambers and finally in detonation chambers attached to the GTD-350 gas turbine engine where conducted. Condition for which stable detonation was achieved are presented. It was found that for conditions when the GTD-350 engine was supplied by gaseous hydrogen, thermal efficiency of the engine could be improved even by 5-7% as compare to the efficiency of the base engine.

5

Full-electric, hybrid and turbo-electric technologies for future aircraft propulsion systems

Łukasik B., Wiśniowski W.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

305--310

EN

Recently a huge progress in the field of electrical machines makes them more available for aviation. Assuming a big leap forward of electric technology in the near future, many research institutes around the World examine a revolutionary propulsion system which employs electrical machines. This idea can be a perfect response to a drastically growing air traffic and its demands about emission and fuel consumption reduction. There are already manufactured full electric, ultralight airplanes, which show that the technology is promising and future-proof. What is more it seems to be a key enabler for the development of the other technology that will influence the future of aircraft design and will allow introducing completely new airplane architectures. That is why Institute of Aviation in collaboration with The Ohio State University conducts investigation and analysis on feasibility of using such systems for aircraft propulsion. For this task a completely new tool based on Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) environment is being developed. It will enable to analyse the electric devices conjugated with turbine engine as a whole propulsion system in the matter of its performance characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the most promising ideas and already accomplished analysis of different kinds of architectures. The analysis and optimization of the system, as well as cost effectiveness will be presented.

6

Manor parks and gardens in Poznań – problems and potential

Wilkaniec A., Łukasik B., Szczepańska M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2016

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Y. 113, iss. 1-A

35--58

EN

In the 20th century Poznań extended its limits and annexed many manor farms surrounding the historical city. At present the residences, parks and gardens which used to be part of manor farms are an element of the city landscape. Some of them still exist but others were degraded. This paper focuses on the condition of historical manor parks and gardens in Poznań, their problems and difficulties and methods of their use and protection in a modern city.

PL

Poznań, poszerzając swoje granice, wchłonął wiele majątków otaczających historyczne miasto. Związane z nimi założenia rezydencjonalno-parkowe w zróżnicowany sposób funkcjonują dzisiaj w przestrzeni i krajobrazie miasta. Część parków i ogrodów podworskich nadal istnieje, inne uległy degradacji. Należy zadać pytanie o ich dzisiejszą kondycję. Zapytać o problemy i możliwości ich wykorzystania, a także ich ochronę we współczesnym mieście.

7

Aviation piston engines on-condition maintenance – proposal

Głowacki P., Łukasik B.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

52--63

EN

The article presents a proposal of the established in the institute of aviation program and tools that are to enable General aviation operators in our country to perform on-condition maintenance of piston engines. Program apart from the existing (strictly supervised) Engine Manual tasks, introduces new mandatory maintenance activities such as: monitoring of engine parameters during cruise and climb, with determination of their diagnostic tolerance limits (never been performed in the maintenance practice), oil spectrographic analysis, also with determination of tolerances and oil particle size monitoring. The article shows results of half year long monitored exploitations of Continental IO-240-B engines installed on Diamond Da20-C1 „Katana” aircraft.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje opracowaną w Instytucie Lotnictwa koncepcję umożliwiającą operatorom lotnictwa ogólnego w Polsce eksploatację lotniczych silników tłokowych według stanu technicznego. Program obsługi, oprócz ściśle monitorowanych obowiązujących już czynności obsługowych wprowadza nowe, jak: zapis i monitorowanie parametrów pracy silnika podczas wznoszenia i lotu poziomego z wyznaczeniem ich granic tolerancji diagnostycznej, analizę spektrograficzną oleju silnikowego z wyznaczeniem dopuszczalnych wielkości zawartości charakterystycznych pierwiastków i monitorowanie wielkości opiłków ferromagnetycznych. W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty nadzorowanej półrocznej eksploatacji silników IO-240-B firmy Continental zainstalowanych na samolotach Diamond Da20-C1 „Katana”.

8

The study of the continuously rotating detonation combustion chamber supplied with different types of fuel

Łukasik B., Czyż S., Irzycki A., Rowiński A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 3

259--266

EN

The paper summarizes research that was conducted last year as part of the project of “Turbine engine with detonation combustion chamber”. In this project, throughout 2012 and early 2013, tests were carried out on a test stand connected to the compressed air system. Research, of the rotating detonation phenomena, was carried out for a number of detonation chambers with different interior channel geometry. In addition, for each geometry configuration, tests were carried out for different levels of choking of the chamber outlet and hence for different pressures conditions inside the detonation chamber. This article presents the results of tests carried out for gaseous (hydrogen), hybrid (hydrogen + kerosene) and liquid (Jet-A) fuels, using different types of fuel injectors and for different fuel injection configuration settings (inside the chamber, or in front of the chamber). During these tests, parameters such as pressure behind the detonation wave (using piezoelectric sensors), the static pressure in front of and inside the detonation chamber and temperature: before, inside and at the outlet of the chamber, were measured. Research was performed for the various mass flow rates of air and fuel injected into the chamber that means for the different air-fuel equivalence ratios (Lambda). The main achievement of this study was to obtain a stable and reproducible rotating detonation of air and heated kerosene (Jet-A) mixture, thus the results presented in this paper presents mainly these tests as the most interesting to the reader

9

Measurements of pressure in front of shock wave : assessment of methodology influence on the measurement results on the basis of experiments with the shock tube

Perkowski W., Irzycki A., Kawalec M., Łukasik B., Snopkiewicz K.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

333--340

EN

The experiments, described in the article, are related to research of a rotating detonation that has been conducted in the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw since 2009, under the OPIE project: “Turbine engine with detonation combustion chamber”. Measurements of the shock wave parameters, are among the most difficult in the art. This is due to high speed of the wave transition, and above all, a very small thickness of the shock wave. For the purposes of the mentioned project, a methodology for measuring pressure on the rotating detonation wave was developed. It included the type of sensors, their location and their protection from heat and flames. In order to determine the capabilities, limitations and accuracy of the method that was used, a series of experiments were planned and carried out. They enabled the assessment of the impact, on the measurement of pressure in the shock wave, of the following factors: the location of the sensor (frontal and lateral) relative to the shock wave front, protrusion or retraction of the sensor in its housing, the covering of the sensor with a protective layer (such as a high temperature silicon). This paper presents the results of the experiments that were carried out with use of a small shock tube of a simple design. The high-pressure part of the tube (so-called “driver”) was charged with the compressed nitrogen gas. The membrane was designed to be torn by pressure and pressure magnitude of the shock wave were measured by a “twin pair” of the Kistler 603B type piezoelectric sensors, one of which was always the reference sensor.

10

Initiation of rotating detonation in experimental combustion chamber : practical realization

Kawalec M., Perkowski W., Irzycki A., Snopkiewicz K., Wróblewski W., Bilar A., Łukasik B.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

163--168

EN

Since 2009 in the Institute of Aviation, Warsaw a project that aim is to develop combustion chamber with rotating detonation for turbine engine has been carried out. Desired fuel is aviation kerosene (Jet-A) detonated in air. One of the most important problems to be solved was the initiation of rotating detonation in combustible mixture, which requires the fulfilment of several conditions: 1) good mixing of combustible mixture components, 2) properly fast flow of combustible mixture in the cylinder-shaped channel, 3) the appropriate height of the flow channel, associated with detonation cell size for the combustible mixture, 4) use of a source of detonation initiation with an appropriate energy and power for a given combustible mixture. There were considered and tested, in practice several different types of initiators: a) spark electric discharge in air, b) plasma electric discharge (the so-called "exploding wire"), c) micro-explosive charges, d) blank ammunition, e) gas initiator (with detonation of acetylene-oxygen stoichiometric mixture induced by spark electric discharge). The paper summarizes the theoretical energy parameters of several types of initiators, and the results of their comparative research on the test bench. In the course of these researches, the pressures of the shock wave generated by the initiators and recorded by a fast pressure sensor located at a distance from the initiator were compared.

11

Testing of initiation of rotating detonation process in hydrogen - air mixtures

Balicki W., Irzycki A., Łukasik B., Snopkiewicz K.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

25-34

EN

The paper presents results of some research work done in the project, which aims to apply of an innovative combustion chamber to the turbine engine. Expected benefits of using of a new chamber in which classical deflagration type combustion process would be replaced with a detonation combustion type, arise from greater efficiency of FickettJacobs cycle, which corresponds to rotating detonation combustion, in comparison to "classical" Brayton cycle, characteristic of deflagration combustion. The presented task concerned fundamental research carried out on test bench designed and built at the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. To initiate the detonation combustion in the fuel-air mixtures the ignition device of appropriately high energy is necessary. The released energy should be directed to the area where the mixture has proper constitution - preferably close to stoichiometric one. Four different ignition manners were examined in the course of research: electrical ignition system adapted from turbine engine (semiconductor spark plug), powder charge ignition (handgun cartridges), detonation primer ignition using pentryt, and high voltage discharge (plasma jet). The appearance of detonation type combustion was identified on the basis of combustion gas pressure run, measured using piezoelectric sensors at a frequency of 1 MHz.

12

Study of combustion chamber with a rotating detonation

Łukasik B., Rowiński A., Irzycki A., Snopkiewicz K.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

313-320

EN

Institute of Aviation in Warsaw realizes the project concerning the application of the phenomenon of combustion with rotating detonation to the combustion chamber designed and destined for turbine engines. The test chamber is adapted for supplying both with liquid (aviation kerosene) and gaseous fuels in the form of mixture with compressed air. It is equipped with a probe for pressure and temperature measurements inside the flame tube as well as at its inlet and outlet sections. The measuring system allows measurement of physical phenomenon at low (1 kHz) and high (1 MHz) frequencies. Electric signals representing temperature and pressure sensor's measuring quantities, fuel and compressed air supply systems parameters and ignition-triggering values are collected using data acquisition system controlled by a computer. The prototype of the combustion chamber was examined at the especially designed test facility to determine at quasi-static operating conditions its following characteristics: speed of inside shock wave, exhaust gas thermodynamic parameters and ignition and going-out limits of gaseous fuel. In this article construction of test bench, schematic diagrams of measurement and power supply systems as well as the research process, the way of measurement data analysis recorded during the carried-out experiments and data validation manner are detailed described. The method of measurement data processing, the resulting graphs, and the conclusions of the study are presented as well.

13

Przedogródki niczyje – problem zagospodarowania przestrzeni publiczno-prywatnej na przykładzie otoczenia luksusowych kamienic w zespole zabudowy Maxa Johowa

Łukasik B.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 10

78--86

EN

The text concerns on the quarter of buildings (between: Wyspianska st Ułańska st Grottgera st and Matejko st) the authorship of Max Jahow, ones of front poznanian architects start of XX century. Terrain localized behind disassembly them brickwork of city was designed under buildings of representative apartment‐house for mainly official, military, doctors and barristers. Traced streets were divided whole area on smaller lodgings newly. The draughts of tenements along their sides were raised. The inseparable unit of complex of buildings the pattern on Berlinian solutions, the spacious internal court as well as magnificent front gardens became – today mostly untidy. For a years 2006–2012 was planned of realization – ʺThe municipal Program of Revitalization for city of Poznan ”, which include for ex. the revaluation of area in region Matejko st (at one time Nowoogrodowa st) as well as the antique townplanning aggregate of Max Johow. Aim of this act is the restoration of foundation of these rules the aggregate of buildings of lost architectural powers of historical the art nouveau tenements as well as the improvement of conditions of residence. The necessity of growth of integration local community was underlined thereat in rules on thing of revitalization. Except tenements the programme of revitalization has to hug their surroundings, and it ties special evener to new management of internal court. The sentence of authoress of present publication the too small pay attention was turned on area of gardens situated before fronts of buildings. Therefore the opinion of state of survival is the aim of present running, the compositive values and natural the as well as aesthetical powers the front garden of tenements, and also opinion of so far participation the part exists occupants this area. The conclusions concern the directions more far the conduct from areas the front garden – they would make up still the green binding of in the style buildings. Range and possibility of the occupantsʹ part were qualified in care over these terrains simultaneously.

14

Laser scanning vibrometry applied to evaluate the quality of valve plates in LPG injection system

Łukasik B., Breaban F., Wendeker M., Boulet P.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2006

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nr 3

41-44

EN

The article presents the basics of laser vibrometry and basics of introducing LPG injection system into ordinary car engine. It also shows examples of research results conducted using laser vibrometry in order to evaluate the quality of LPG injection bus. All the measurements where taken using Polytec vibrometer and this article presents the principles of conducting research using this equipment.

15

Cyclodextrins as chiral additives for chromatographic separation of some mandelic acid esters into enantiomers

Bielejewska A., Łukasik B., Duszczyk K., Sybilska D.

Chemia Analityczna

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2002

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Vol. 47, No. 3

419-427

EN

Chromatographic behaviour of mandelic acid and its (methyl, ethyl,n-propyl and n-butyl) esters have been studied in RP-HPLC system modified with alfa, beta, gama-cyclodextrins and permethylated alfa-cyclodextrin. It has been found that although native cyclodextrins form with esters a relatively stable complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry, which do not recognize enantio-mers. On the contrary, permethylated alfa-cyclodextrin permits efficient separation of optical isomers. Improved separations have been observed with the lengthening of aliphatic chain in an ester molecule. The enantiomers of esters have been always eluted with the same sequence: first R(-) enantiomer, second the S(+) one, while the order was inverse for free mandelic acid optical isomers. This difference may suggest dissimilar manner of attachment. The attempts to discuss the results in the light of Dalgliesh three point attachment concept have been undertaken. It was assumed that hydrophobic interactions between methyl groups of permethylated Beta-cyclodextrin and alkyl group of ester produce diversity in attachment of enantiomers. In optimization procedure/.e. to obtain base line separation at the shortest time of analysis three parameters have been taken into account; temperature, methanol concentration and native/Beta-cyclodextrin addition. In effect the use of addition of Beta-cyclodextrin is worth to recommendation.

PL

Zbadano chromatograficzne zachowanie się kwasu migdałowego i jego estrów (metylowego-, etylowego-, /n-propylowego i n-bultylowego) w układach RP-HPLC zmodyfikowanych alfa, beta, Gamma- cyklodekstrynami i permetylowaną Beta-cyklodekstryną. Stwierdzono, że naturalne cyklodekstryny tworzą z estrami stosunkowo trwałe kompleksy o stechiometrii 1:1. Nie następuje jednak rozróżnianie enancjomerów estrów. Skuteczne rozdzielanie izomerów optycznych badanych estrów umożliwia natomiast permetylowana Beta-cyklodekstryna Wzmocnienie enancjoselektywności obserwowano wraz z wydłużeniem łańcucha bocznego estrów. Enancjomery estrów były wymywane zawsze w tej samej kolejności; R(+) pierwszy, a drugi S (-), podczas gdy porządek wymywania enancjomerów kwasu migdałowego był odwrotny, co może sugerować różny sposób zaczepienia. Podjęto próby rozpatrzenia wyników w świetle idei trójpunktowego zaczepienia Dalgliesha. Przyjęto, że hydrofobowe oddziaływania między metylowymi grupami pennetylowanej Beta-cyklodekstryny i alkilami estrów sąpodstawązróżnicowania zaczepienia enancjomerów. W toku optymalizacji, aby otrzymać rozdzielenie do linii podstawowej w najkrótszym czasie analizy, wzięto pod uwagę trzy parametry: temperaturę, stężenie metanolu i dodatek Beta-cyklodekstryny. W rezultacie dodatek Beta-cyklodekstryny okazał się godny polecenia.