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1

Wpływ wybranych ciągów komunikacyjnych na jakość powietrza wokół kampusu uczelni

Kwiatkowska Ewa, Dobrzański Maciej, Cichowicz Robert

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2025

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T. 56, nr 1

31--35

PL

Jakość powietrza atmosferycznego wzdłuż ciągów komunikacyjnych jest istotna zarówno ze względu na zdrowie przemieszczających się ludzi, jak i dla osób uprawiających różnego rodzaju sporty, a także może wpływać na zdrowie mieszkańców przebywających w okolicznej zabudowie. Dlatego w niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań stężenia zanieczyszczeń pyłowych w rejonie dwóch wybranych ciągów komunikacyjnych w okolicy kampusu uczelnianego. Celem mobilnych pomiarów było wyznaczenie jakości powietrza oraz numeryczne opracowanie uzyskanych wyników. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, występowanie licznych stref zawietrznych i nawietrznych przy budynkach oraz akumulację zanieczyszczeń w niższych partiach przestrzeni, co było spowodowane wysokością okolicznej zabudowy i utrudnionym przepływem powietrza. Równocześnie w wyniku badań nie stwierdzono bezpośredniego wpływu ruchu drogowego na występowanie pyłowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza. Natomiast zauważono, że na jakość powietrza zewnętrznego w znacznej mierze wpływała struktura i wysokość okolicznej zabudowy oraz rodzaj źródeł zasilania jej w ciepło. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że maksymalne stężenie pyłu PM10 w powietrzu wyniosło 26-28 μg/m3, natomiast stężenie pyłu PM2.5 14-20 μg/m3. Ponadto, stwierdzono napływ zanieczyszczeń zgodnie z występującym kierunkiem wiatru i rozprzestrzenianie się ich w analizowanym obszarze.

EN

Atmospheric air quality along traffic routes is important both for the health of people outdoors (as part of their movement) and for people engaged in various physical activities, and can also affect residents working/living/studying in the surrounding development. Therefore, this article presents the results from the conducted studies of air quality in terms of particulate pollutants for two selected traffic routes located in the vicinity of the university campus. In effect, the study included the performance of mobile air quality measurements and numerical processing of the obtained results. As a result of the analyses, it was found, the occurrence of numerous leeward and windward zones next to buildings and the accumulation of pollutants in the lower parts of the space due to the height of the buildings and the obstructed air flow. At the same time, there was no direct link between the occurrence of air pollution and traffic. On the other hand, it was noted that outdoor air quality was largely influenced by the structure and height of surrounding buildings and accompanying sources of heat supply. Air quality studies showed maximum concentrations of PM10 pollution at 26-28 μg/m3, while PM2.5 at 14-20 μg/m3. In addition, the influx of pollutants was found in accordance with the prevailing wind direction and spread to the analyzed area.

2

The Analysis of Parameters Affecting Indoor Air Pollution and Noise Levels Under the Applied Theory of Covariance Functions

Paliulis Dainius, Grubliauskas Raimondas

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

658--671

EN

Analysis variations in the intensity of vectors estimating indoor air pollution (PM2.5, PM10 and CO2) and noise levels are presented. The research was conducted in an office room during COVID-19. The theory of covariance functions was used to analyse changes in the intensity of the vectors of determined parameters. The estimates of the cross-covariance functions of digital vectors and the autocovariance functions of the individual vectors of air pollution and noise recording sensor parameters were calculated in line with the random functions of data arrays measuring the vectors of air pollution sensor parameters. The approximations of covariance functions were calculated by changing the quantisation interval on a time scale and applying software created based on the Matlab procedure package. The stochastic interdependence of the vectors of air pollution and noise level recording sensor parameters and variations in vectors on the time scale was established.

3

Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution Levels: A Five-Year Analysis of PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOX, CO, and SO2

Srivastava Rohan, Khan Abdul Rahman, Asiri Abdullah, Khan Saimah

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

|

Tom 26

366--373

EN

The study conducted on the air quality of five highly polluted cities in India over the last five years (2015-2020) sheds light on the detrimental effects of air pollution and the need for monitoring and mitigation. The research focused on six major air pollutants: PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOX, CO, and SO2. The study's findings reveal that the concentrations of these air pollutants consistently exceeded the limits set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2009 and the World Health Organization's Ambient Air Quality Standards. This indicates that the air quality in these cities was consistently poor and posed a significant health risk to the population. The study emphasises that certain subpopulations, such as the elderly, young children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions like asthma, are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollutants. Elevated levels of pollutants in the air can lead to severe health effects and contribute to the development of serious diseases. Furthermore, the study highlights that the air quality significantly improved in 2020 due to the nationwide lockdown imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions on mobility and industrial activities resulted in reduced emissions, leading to a temporary improvement in air quality. These conclusions underscore the critical importance of understanding the harmful effects of air pollutants and taking measures to protect human health and preserve the quality of the environment.

4

Wpływ stężenia pyłów PM10 oraz PM2,5 w środowisku zewnętrznym na jakość powietrza wewnątrz pomieszczeń

Nowak-Dzieszko Katarzyna

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 1

34--38

PL

W związku z tym, że większość ludzi spędza w pomieszczeniach 80 - 90% czasu, bardzo istotne jest zrozumienie mechanizmu transportu zanieczyszczeń pomiędzy wnętrzem i otoczeniem budynku. Oczekuje się, że skuteczna wymiana powietrza w budynku pozwoli na utrzymanie dobrej jakości powietrza w pomieszczeniu, m.in. przez ograniczenie stężenia dwutlenku węgla, wilgotności powietrza, zanieczyszczenia chemicznego itp. Jednocześnie, w okresach bardzo dużego stężenia pyłów zawieszonych (PM) w atmosferze, zamierzona wymiana powietrza powoduje wzrost stężenia pyłów wewnątrz pomieszczenia. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ warunków zewnętrznych na jakość powietrza wewnętrznego w dwóch pomieszczeniach edukacyjnych z grawitacyjnym systemem wentylacji. Analiza statystyczna otrzymanych odczytów pozwoliła określić opóźnienie czasowe, po jakim możemy się spodziewać wzrostu stężenia pyłów wewnątrz pomieszczeń. Wniosek ten może być wskazówką do sposobu użytkowania pomieszczeń w okresie podwyższonego poziomu stężenia pyłów zawieszonych.

EN

Since most of the people spend 80 - 90%of their time indoors, it is important to understand the mechanism of transport of pollutants between the interior and exterior of a building. It is expected that effective ventilation of the building interior will allow maintaining good air quality in the room, among others by limiting the concentration of carbon dioxide, air humidity, chemical pollution, etc. At the same time, during periods of very high PM concentration in the atmosphere, intentional air exchange causes an increase in dust concentration inside the room. The article analyzed the impact of external conditions on the quality of indoor air in two educational rooms with a gravity ventilation system. Statistical analysis of the obtained readings allowed us to determine the time delay after which we can expect an increase in internal concentrations. This conclusion may be an indication of how rooms should be used during periods of increased levels of suspended dust concentrations.

5

Indoor Air Quality in Schools Located in Poland, Lublin Province

Dumała Sławomira Maria, Guz Łukasz, Badora Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

17--26

EN

The quality of indoor air in educational institutions is a critical determinant of the health and well-being of students. The purpose of the study was indoor air quality monitoring carried out for different age groups of students in grades IV–VIII or college classrooms (students used the classroom according to the schedule, the same group uses the room for up to 2 classes), I–III (students stay in the classroom for all classes, leaving only during breaks), kindergarten “0” (students are practically in one and the same room all day). The individual measurements included measurement of CO2 concentration, concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), along with monitoring of changes in temperature and humidity in the classroom. The results indicate that children are exposed to elevated levels of these pollutants for a significant portion of their school day, which can have implications for their health and well-being. The findings reveal significant deviations from the recommended levels, emphasizing the need for improved ventilation and monitoring practices.

6

Impact of COVID-19 on PM2.5 concentrations in Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand: Cluster Analysis and Generalized Additive Mixed Models

Wong Ming Wong, Tzeng Shian-Yang, Mo Hao-Fan, Su Wunhong

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 4

116--126

EN

This paper examines the influence of COVID-19-related factors on PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5) in Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand from January 2018 to December 2021. Using data from four sources, cluster analysis based on six socioeconomic indices was employed to select these countries for focused analysis. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) were applied to assess associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 factors, including new cases, deaths, vaccinations, stringency index, time series (STOL), and COVID-19 status (dummy variable). Results show that PM2.5 levels in Singapore and Indonesia were significantly impacted by COVID-19 measures, with F-statistics for new cases (22.875, p < 0.001), deaths (12.563, p = 0.012), as well as significant associations for vaccinations (t = 5.976, p < 0.001), stringency index (t = 5.124, p < 0.001), and the dummy variable (t = 6.624, p < 0.001). In contrast, PM2.5 levels in Thailand were unaffected by these factors, likely due to seasonal pollution sources. The model explains 90.3% of the variation in PM2.5 (adjusted R² = 0.872). This paper offers important insights for policymakers on incorporating air quality into health policies and highlights how pandemic responses varied across countries. By examining the impact of COVID-19 factors on PM2.5 in different nations, the study enhances understanding through detailed data and averaging periods. It reveals differences in how countries’ air quality responded to the pandemic, contributing to discussions on environmental management and public health. These findings inform policy decisions and facilitate discussions on better managing environmental and health challenges during global crises.

7

A six-year measurement-based analysis of traffic-related particulate matter pollution in urban areas: the case of Warsaw, Poland (2016-2021)

Starzomska Aleksandra, Strużewska Joanna

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 2

75--84

EN

This study used PM10 and PM2.5 measurements from the State Environmental Monitoring stations in Warsaw and its suburban areas. Analysis of variability characteristics at the traffic and urban background stations was carried out for 2016-2021. A six-year analysis (2016-2021) of air quality in Warsaw, Poland, focusing highlights the persistent impact of transportation on particulate matter concentrations. Comparing a city centre traffic station with urban background locations reveals consistently higher PM10 concentrations at the traffic station throughout the year, with an annual traffic-related increase of 12.6 μg/m³ (32%). PM2.5 concentrations at the traffic station are also consistently about 1.5 µg/m³ (7%) higher. For monthly averages, the highest PM10 concentrations at the traffic station were noted in March, which may be related to the resuspention of sand and salt left over from winter snow removal processes. In the case of PM2.5, the typical annual cycle with maximum concentrations in winter and minimum concentrations in summer was not observed. Diurnal variability patterns show elevated PM10 concentrations at the traffic station from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., attributed to the resuspension process. PM2.5 patterns exhibit a smaller amplitude at the traffic station, with nighttime accumulation due to inflow. This study emphasizes the lasting impact of transportation on air quality, providing insights into pollution control strategies in urban areas.

8

Variation of air pollutants during COVID-19 lockdown phases in the mega-city of Lahore (Pakistan); Insights into meteorological parameters and atmospheric chemistry

Qayyum Fazzal, Tariq Salman, Nawaz Hasan, ul-Haq Zia, Mehmood Usman, Babar Zaeem Bin

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 3

2083--2096

EN

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in 2019 and spread rapidly to the whole world. Lockdown policies were adopted by Pakistan to control the rapid dispersion of COVID-19. These lockdown measures restricted economic and human activities immensely to lower number of the COVID-19 cases and associated illnesses. Additionally, air pollution and meteorological conditions also play a crucial role in the spread of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on the changes in concentrations of selected air pollutants (coarse particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Ozone (O3)) along with meteorological parameters (relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed) during March 1 to April 25 from 2018 to 2020. The present study acquired available air pollutants data from Environmental Protection Department, meteorological parameters from the wunderground, vertical profiles and backward trajectories from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) portal. Ground-based observations showed a decline in the mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 by 51.3 and 65.7% and an increase in concentrations of O3 and SO2 by 82.6 and 21.1%, respectively in 2020 compared to those measured in the year 2019. During phase 4 (lockdown) of 2020, PM10 and PM2.5 decreased by 88.0 and 82.9% compared to 2019 and 2018, respectively. Moreover, the SO2 concentrations were reduced by 59.1% in phase 3 of 2020 compared to those measured in 2019. In phase 4, O3 concentrations decreased by 29.4% in 2020 compared to 2018 but no reduction was observed in O3 compared to 2019. The findings indicate a decline in concentrations of air pollutants during the lockdown due to the restrictions on human, transportation, commercial and industrial activities. These results would be important for policymakers to develop some air pollutant control action plans to mitigate air pollution problems in Pakistan.

9

Case Study of the PM2.5 and PM10 Local Elimination Device – The Impact on Indoor Air Quality

Szatyłowicz Ewa, Siemiończyk Emilia, Hawrylik Eliza

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

32--39

EN

Due to its irritating, allergenic, toxic, pathogenic, and carcinogenic effects, suspended particulate matter (PM) seriously threatens human health. Therefore, it seems obvious to control the level of concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles and their reduction in the indoor environment such as homes, workplaces, or public utilities. In the following work, an attempt was made to determine the efficiency of a home air purifier based on the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles at selected measurement points in a teaching room located in the building of the Bialystok University of Technology. The tests were carried out in March and in April 2021, using the DT-96 meter, which measured the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in the air. The study included the time and intensity of air purifier operation. In addition, reference was made to the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in outdoor air, which was measured at measuring stations in the city of Bialystok. The obtained test results made it possible to assess the initial state of air quality in the test room, as well as to determine the parameters affecting the best efficiency of the air purifier and to notice the dependencies in changes in the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 between the indoor and outdoor environment.

10

Assessment of Exposure to Particulate and Microbiological Contaminants in a Lecture Room

Guz Łukasz, Dumała Sławomira M., Badora Anna, Gaweł Dariusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

87--98

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of particulate and microbial contaminants, i.e. bacteria and fungi found in indoor air in a lecture hall in one of Lublin's universities and their classification. In the research part, the amount of particulate and microbial pollutants was measured. Bioaerosols were investigated using an Andersen cascade impactor, which was located in the central part of the room at a height of 1–1.5 m, and single-level impactors. Identification of the microorganisms present in indoor air was carried out. The air in the room was sampled before the start of class to determine the "background," i.e. the concentration level of microbial contaminants in the classroom without the presence of students. Subsequent measurements were taken during teaching activities in the presence of students and the teacher. The study shows that the air condition in the classroom during its operation met the requirements in terms of PM2.5, PM10 and microorganisms. The highest risk was recorded for carbon dioxide. Moreover, the highest recorded readings of this pollutant coincided with the maximum concentrations of the other monitored quantities. Therefore, it can be unequivocally stated that in the case of the analyzed room, monitoring carbon dioxide and adjusting the size of the ventilation airflow to maintain its concentration within the limit of 1000 ppm would guarantee the maintenance of adequate indoor air quality. The study showed no correlation between CO2 concentration and measured concentrations of microbial contaminants.

11

Multidimensional Analysis of Air Pollution Measurements Concentration with PM10 and PM2.5 on the Campus of the Bialystok University of Technology

Szatyłowicz Ewa, Edizsoy Gökçe, Öztürk Oyanur, Yanaşık İclal, Siemiończyk Emilia

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

226--235

EN

The interdependence between air quality, human health and the state of the environment has prompted the development of research on causes, control and improvement of existing pollutants in the air. This paper addresses the problem of air pollution by PM2.5 and PM10 in particulate matter. There was draws attention to solutions to protect air against existing PM2.5 and PM10. Measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in selected twenty control points on the campus of the Białystok University of Technology were discussed and analysed. On the basis of the obtained results, an assessment of the air quality in the area in question was performed. Slight hourly fluctuations in the concentration of particulate matter in the air were observed, higher in the morning and evening hours. On 15 March and 16 March, daily exceedances of the permissible PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were recorded at both the Białystok University of Technology campus and the air quality monitoring stations in Białystok. Comparing the influence of meteorological conditions on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, faint correlations were found for temperature and wind speed. As temperature increased, particulate matter concentrations decreased. Low wind velocities corresponded with exceedances of the permissible daily concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the air.

12

Chemical and morphological characterization of PM2.5 samples collected over an urban industrial region Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Khobragade Pallavi Pradeep, Ahirwar Ajay Vikram

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 6

3057--3076

EN

Estimating the direct radiative forcing (DRF) by air particles is challenging because of uncertainty in the morphology (shape and size), mixing states, and chemical properties of fine particulates. To improve numerically estimated optical and radiative properties, a region-specific database of the aforementioned physico-chemical properties (at individual particle level) is required. PM2.5 samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). SEM-EDS was utilized to investigate the differences in forms, morphology, and elemental composition of PM2.5 particles, as well as to relate them to a potential source as a cause of pollution and pollution emissions and transit from various polluted places. SEM micrographs identified a wide range of PM morphologies, including spherical, irregular, angular, cluster, flaky, rod-like, crystalline, and agglomerate structures, indicating natural and anthropogenic causes and creation. The sources of PM2.5 pollution episodes in Raipur were identified employing observed pollution levels and meteorological data, backward air mass trajectories, correlation, and PMF analysis. In addition, positive matrix factorization has been used to source-apportion the data and five significant source/pollution types including industrial emissions (37%), vehicular exhaust (13.8%), coal combustion (12.4%), ionic factor (11.3%), and crustal dust (25.5%) were detected. Using a backward trajectory analysis, the influence of air pollutant transmission on regional particle pollution was investigated. A significant connection between Fe-Mn, Mn-Ni, Ni-Al, and Cl- and NH4+ indicates that the contaminants share a similar source. It was revealed that unfavorable climatic circumstances, such as low wind speed, low humidity, low temperature, and surface layer inversions, increase the risk of large PM2.5 concentrations in the region.

13

Wykorzystanie elementów uczenia maszynowego do modelowania stężenia zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych: studium przypadku pyłu pm2.5 w Szczecinie

Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 81

7--28

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwość modelowania stężeń zanieczyszczeń w lokalizacji o określonym, stałym profilu emisji przy wykorzystaniu modeli uczenia maszynowego. Jako zanieczyszczenie wybrano pył PM2.5,a jako zmienne objaśniające przyjęto parametry metrologiczne mierzone na stacji synoptycznej. Przeprowadzono uczenie i walidację sześciu różnych modeli na podstawie obserwacji meteorologicznych zarejestrowanych w latach 2013–2018 na stacji IMGW-PIB w Szczecinie (Polska) oraz średniodobowych stężeń pyłu PM2.5 z tego samego okresu zmierzonych na stacji GIOŚ w Szczecinie przy ul. Andrzejewskiego, podzielonych na trzy równoliczne klasy stężeń. Dwa modele, które dawały najdokładniejsze wyniki, zostały szczegółowo przedstawione. Czułość tych modeli, w zależności od klasy stężenia pyłu, zawierała się pomiędzy 0,484 a 0,711. Te dwa modele zostały zastosowane do identyfikacji wzrostu średniodobowych stężeń w trakcie zdarzenia nietypowego – pożaru składowisk odpadów. Stężenia przewidziane w dniach, w których trwał pożar, były zaniżone względem faktycznych stężeń, co pozwala na zastosowanie modeli w identyfikacji zjawisk atypowych, które mają wpływ na stężenia zanieczyszczeń w danym miejscu.

EN

The work presents the possibilities of using machine learning in modeling pollutant concentra tions at locations with defined constant sources of emission. The PM2.5 was chosen as the pollutant to be studied with meteorological variables as exogenous variables measured at a weather station. Six different models were implemented and cross-validated on meteorological data recorded in 2013-2018 at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management station in Szczecin, Poland, and PM2.5 concentrations from the same period divided into three classes, measured at the air quality station of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (Poland) located at Andrzejewskiego Street in Szczecin. Two best-performing models were described in detail. The sensitivity of the models was found to vary from 0.484 to 0.711 depending on the class of PM2.5 concentration. Those two models were then applied to identify increases in PM concentrations that were caused by an extraordinary incident – landfill fire. It was proven that the predicted values of concentration that occur during the fire were underestimated as compared to actual concentration levels and hence such models can be applied in the identification of abnormal phenomena that may affect the concentrations of pollutants in a given location.

14

How to effectively analyse the impact of air quality on society – review of modern measurement techniques and apparatus: particulates

Mach Tomasz, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 84

55--71

EN

The article discusses modern measurement techniques and equipment designed for air quality analysis. The problem of the quality of atmospheric and indoor air is strongly related to broadly understood public health. Modern measurement techniques allow faster and more effective assessments of the air quality condition in a given place. The paper discusses the structure, measurement method of solid pollutants and automatic measurement systems deploying the micro-oscillatory balance method, using the interaction of ionizing radiation with mattersuppression of beta radiation and gamma radiation spectrometry, optical methods based on light scattering on particulate matter and systems combining more than one method. Technical solutions introduced by manufacturers of measuring equipment, which allow more precise measurement of gaseous pollutants, were also discussed.

PL

W artykule omówiono nowoczesne techniki pomiarowe i urządzenia do analizy jakości powietrza. Problem jakości powietrza atmosferycznego i wewnętrznego jest silnie związany z szeroko rozumianym zdrowiem publicznym. Nowoczesne techniki pomiarowe pozwalają na szybszą i skuteczniejszą ocenę stanu jakości powietrza w danym miejscu. W artykule omówiono budowę, metodę pomiaru zanieczyszczeń stałych oraz automatyczne systemy pomiarowe wykorzystujące metodę wagi mikrosiłownikowej, wykorzystujące oddziaływanie promieniowania jonizującego z materią – tłumienie promieniowania beta i spektrometrię promieniowania gamma, metody optyczne oparte na rozpraszaniu światła na poszczególnych cząstkach pyłu zawieszonego oraz systemy łączące więcej niż jedną metodę. Omówiono również rozwiązania techniczne wprowadzone przez producentów sprzętu pomiarowego, które pozwalają na bardziej precyzyjny pomiar zanieczyszczeń gazowych.

15

Prediction of fine particulate matter in low-emission zones using a modified numerical method for a system of ordinary differential equations

Asenov Asen, Georgiev Ivan, Pencheva Velizara, Mineva Kremena

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 3

197--210

EN

Currently, many European cities have severely exceeded the EU air quality standards and are struggling with high concentrations of fine particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 in the air, with road transport often being one of the major polluters. One of the forms for correction of the problem that many cities in the EU are currently using is the construction of low-emission zones. For the prediction of PM10 and PM2.5, a modified numerical method for a system of ordinary differential equations has been proposed. In the right part of this system, in addition to the main trend and the periodicity of PM10 and PM2.5, their correlation is taken into account. Against the background of the best solution obtained, a forecast is made fo the emission levels in a period of one week in the town of Ruse.

16

Fusing multiple open-source remote sensing data to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 monthly concentrations in Croatia

Mamić Luka, Kaplan Gordana, Gašparović Mateo

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2022

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Vol. 2, no. 2

59--77

EN

The objective of this study is to create a methodology for accurately estimating atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 using Sentinel-5P and other open-source remote sensing data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform on a monthly basis for June, July and August which are considered as months of non-heating season in Croatia, and December, January and February, which, on the other hand, are considered as months of the heating season. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms were employed in this study to build models that can accurately identify air quality. The proposed method uses open-source remote sensing data accessible on the GEE platform, with in-situ data from Croatian National Network for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring as ground truth data. A common thing for all developed monthly models is that the predicted values slightly underestimate the actual ones and appear slightly lower. However, all models have shown the general ability to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 levels, even in areas without high pollution. All developed models show moderate to high correlation between in-situ and estimated PM2.5 and PM10 values, with overall better results for PM2.5 than for PM10 concentrations. Regarding PM2.5 models, the model with the highest correlation (r = 0.78) is for January. The PM10 model with the highest correlation (r = 0.79) is for December. All things considered, developed models can effectively detect all PM2.5 and PM10 hotspots.

17

Influence of vehicular frequency On air quality of Delhi, India

Kumar Vijay, Gupta Sunita, Jolli Virat

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 4

477--485

EN

Vehicular traffic has registered a phenomenal growth in the last few decades on Delhi roads, their increasing number is a cause of concern for city planners and administrators as they not only deteriorated the quality of environment but has also affected the human health. In this context, we studied the influence of traffic i.e., vehicular frequency on air quality of Delhi. Five sites were selected in four cardinal directions i.e., North, South, East, West and Centre for which data of air pollutants were already available in public domain (DPCC online website). Vehicular frequencies were recorded for Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) and Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) for both weekdays and weekends. Correlative analysis were carried out to study the relationship between vehicular frequency and air pollutants. The study showed, East of Delhi had the highest traffic load followed by North, West, South and Centre. We found statistically significant positive correlation between dust pollution, PM10 (r = 0.8) and PM2.5 (r = 0.6) with vehicular frequency while negative association with ozone (r = –0.5). A weak positive correlation was found with NOx (r = 0.2) while weak negative correlation with SO2 (r = –0.3). The study revealed that vehicular exhaust and their movement contribute in deteriorating the air quality of Delhi. Our findings suggest promotion of usage of public transport along with implementation of BS-VI stage vehicles and development of vegetation filters along the roads with native tree species.

18

Wykorzystanie bezzałogowego statku powietrznego w analizie jakości powietrza

Dobrzański Maciej

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2022

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T. 53, nr 4

36--41

PL

Wprowadzenie: Podstawowym źródłem informacji o jakości powietrza są stacjonarne stacje pomiarowe, które nie pozwala- ją jednak na dokładną ocenę dyspersji stężenia zanieczyszczeń w skali lokalnej. Obecnie postępująca miniaturyzacja oraz rozwój technologii, pozwolił na zamontowanie niewielkiej aparatury pomiarowej na pokładzie bezzałogowego statku powietrznego (BSP). Obecnie BSP coraz częściej służą do celów transportowych w medycynie czy badaniach naukowych. Ich długi czas lotu oraz możliwości zawisu, pozwala na pomiary jakości powietrza na różnych wysokościach w trudno dostępnych miejscach, takich jak na przykład tereny węzłów komunikacyjnych. Cel: Ocena wykorzystania bezzałogowego statku powietrznego wraz z aparaturą pomiarową do analizy jakości powietrza nad wybranymi węzłami komunikacyjnymi na terenie miasta Łódź. Metody: Pomiary rzeczywistej dyspersji zanieczyszczeń wykonywano przy użyciu BSP z podczepioną aparaturą pomiarowo-próbkującą. Loty BSP były wykonywane na wysokości od 15 do 45 m nad poziomem terenu. Następnie przeprowadzono interpolację numeryczną pozyskanych danych w programie Arcgis. Wnioski i odniesienie do zastosowań praktycznych: Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą skuteczności i przydatności wykorzystania BSP do analizy jakości powietrza. Zwłaszcza w połączeniu z późniejszą analizą numeryczną w programie GIS. Wyniki dyspersji zanieczyszczeń pokazują dużą zmienność jakości powietrza na terenie węzłów komunikacyjnych.

EN

Introduction: The basic source of information on air quality are stationary measuring stations, which, however, do not allow for an accurate assessment of the dispersion of pollutant concentration on a local scale. The currently progressing miniaturization and technology development allowed for the installation of small measuring equipment on board an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Currently, UAVs are increasingly used for transport purposes in medicine or research. Their long flight time and the ability to hover, allow air quality measurements at various heights in hard-to-reach places, such as, for example, areas of communication junctions. Aim: Assessment of the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle with measurement equipment for air quality analysis over selected communication junctions in the city of Łódź. Methods: Measurements of the actual dispersion of pollutants were made using the UAV with attached measuring and sampling equipment. UAV flights were performed at a height of 15 to 45 m above the ground level. Then, numerical interpolation of the obtained data was carried out in the Arcgis program. Conclusions and relevance to practice: The obtained results prove the effectiveness and usefulness of using UAVs for air quality analysis. Especially when combined with the subsequent numerical analysis in a GIS program. The results of the dispersion of pollutants show a large variability of air quality in the area of communication junctions.

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Effectiveness of half masks for respiratory health protection in coal mining

Drwięga Andrzej, Williamson Ben, Foster Patrick, Lesiak Krzysztof

Mining Machines

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2021

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no. 3

2--17

EN

An improved procedure is presented for testing the level of respiratory health protection and comfort of half masks currently used in coal mining and similar industries. This will allow companies to make the best choice of such equipment for their workers. Half masks used by one Slovenian (PV) and two Polish (JSW and PPG) coal mining companies were tested in terms of filtering efficiency, especially for PM2.5, perceived effectiveness, comfort and ease of use. Filtering efficiency was determined by analysing filters from masks used in underground operations for the levels and sizes of trapped coal dust particles and by carrying out experiments employing a specially developed laboratory test stand. The latter incorporated a replica human head and a climatic chamber to simulate the humidity of exhaled air during mining activities. To determine the comfort and utility of the half masks, selected miners were asked to fill in questionnaires. The main results of these studies were that, in the interest of miners' health, and for those working in other high dust environments, the quality of the half-mask should be assessed on the basis of workplace and stand tests. These are complementary and both should be included to ensure the correct assessment of the half masks. For the masks supplied by the mentioned mining companies, their filtering efficiency for PM2.5, as determined using the test stand, was excellent at over 99%.

20

Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutants on Different Floors of a University Building: A Case Study

Cichowicz Robert, Dobrzański Maciej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

162--173

EN

In this study, we investigate the changes in the concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and selected gaseous pollutants (VOCs, H2S) in the atmospheric air inside and outside a 9-story building, which is intended primarily for the teaching activities. The purpose was to determine whether the air quality inside the building is directly dependent on the outside air quality. The analysis also included the influence of the height of the building, its location and environment, as well as meteorological conditions. No clear correlation was found between the measured parameters inside and outside the building. The height above ground (the floor on which the measurements were made) was found to have a significant influence on the concentration of each pollutant. Wind direction was also found to have a very important impact on the air quality inside the building. A strong relationship was observed on the leeward side between the concentration of impurities on the inside and outside of the building.