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  1. 5 Acta Geophysica
  2. 5 International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
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  1. 2 Dziewińska L.
  2. 1 Abo-Dahab S. M.
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  4. 1 Al-Abadi Mohammad Sadon
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1
Wielosystemowa antena mikropaskowa do systemów radiokomunikacyjnych
Młodkowska Patrycja, Wnuk Marian
Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne
|
2024
|
nr 3
3--8
PL
W kontekście nieustannie postępującej ewolucji technologicznej w dziedzinie komunikacji bezprzewodowej, istotny staje się rozwój komponentów systemów radiokomunikacyjnych. Wśród tych kluczowych elementów, szczególną rolę odgrywają anteny mikropaskowe. Cechują się one kompaktowymi wymiarami, niską masą oraz zdolnością do integracji z innymi urządzeniami elektronicznymi, co czyni je niezwykle użytecznymi w szerokiej gamie zastosowań. Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na projektowaniu oraz analizie anteny mikropaskowej, która ma potencjał do wykorzystania w zróżnicowanych systemach radiokomunikacyjnych, w tym, w różnych segmentach spektrum UNII oraz spektrum mikrofalowego, szeroko wykorzystywanego w radiokomunikacji satelitarnej, oraz systemy WiFi.
EN
In the context of the constantly advancing technological evolution in the field of wireless communication, the development of components of radio communication systems is becoming important. Among these key components, microstrip antennas play a special role. They are characterized by compact dimensions, low weight and the ability to integrate with other electronic devices, which makes them extremely useful in a wide range of applications. This article focuses on the design and analysis of a microstrip antenna that has the potential to be used in a variety of radio communication systems, including various segments of the UNII spectrum and the microwave spectrum, widely used in satellite radio communications, and WiFi systems.
2
The Psychology of Perception, Threshold, and Emotion in Interior Glass Design
Gulnick James R.
Świat Szkła
|
2023
|
R. 28, nr 3
2--7
3
Content available Scattering of electromagnetic waves by plasma layer sandwiched between two layers of thin glass
Lavrushev Vladimir Niriforovich, Dautov Osman Shakirovich, Al-Abadi Mohammad Sadon, Almakki Ali Nadhim Jbarah
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2023
|
R. 99, nr 4
102--106
EN
A technique for monitoring plasma parameters for antenna measurements using a model of low-pressure fluorescent lamps is studied. The physical parameters of the plasma in the layout were obtained using microwave interferometry measurements. Using an accurate analytical model, it is shown that, this layer absorbs almost half the incident power. The noticeable dissipation of electromagnetic waves in the frequency band makes it possible to consider a thin layer of plasma as a plasma absorber.
PL
Badana jest technika monitorowania parametrów plazmy do pomiarów antenowych przy użyciu modelu niskociśnieniowych lamp fluorescencyjnych. Parametry fizyczne plazmy w układzie uzyskano za pomocą pomiarów interferometrii mikrofalowej. Korzystając z dokładnego modelu analitycznego, wykazano,że warstwa ta pochłania prawie połowę mocy padającej. Zauważalne rozpraszanie fal elektromagnetycznych w paśmie częstotliwości pozwala uznać cienką warstwę plazmy za absorber plazmy.
4
Content available Memory dependent triple-phase-lag thermo-elasticity in thermo-diffusive medium
Yadav Anand Kumar, Singh Aarti, Jurczak Paweł
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
|
2023
|
Vol. 28, no. 4
137--162
EN
The objective of the paper is to look at the propagation and reflection of plane waves in a thermo-diffusion isotropic medium. The reflection of plane waves in a thermo-diffusion medium was investigated in this study with reference to triple phase lag thermo-elasticity. The memory dependent derivative (MDD) is applied for this investigation. The fundamental equations are framed and solved for a particular plane. The four plane waves that are propagating across the medium are, shown namely: longitudinal displacement, P-wave, thermal diffusion T-wave, mass diffusion MD-wave and shear vertical SV-wave. These four plane wave velocities are listed for a specific medium, illustrating the impact of the diffusion coefficient and are graphically represented. Expressions for the reflection coefficient for the incidence plane wave are produced from research on the reflection of plane waves from the stress-free surface. It should be noted that these ratios are graphically represented and shown when diffusion and memory dependent derivative (MDD) factors are in play. The new model is relevant to many different fields, including semiconductors, earth- engineering, and electronics, among others, where thermo-diffusion elasticity is significant. Diffusion is a technique that can be applied to the production of integrated circuits, MOS transistors, doped polysilicon gates for the base and emitter in transistors, as well as for efficient oil extraction from oil reserves. Wave propagation in a thermos-diffusion elastic media provides crucial information about the presence of fresh and enhanced waves in a variety of technical and geophysical contexts. For experimental seismologists, developers of new materials, and researchers, this model might be useful in revising earthquake estimates.
5
Content available remote Waveform and resistivity data fusion imaging method based on the refection coefficient
Su Maoxin, Han Min, Xue Yiguo, Zhao Ying, Wang Peng, Li Guangkun
Acta Geophysica
|
2023
|
Vol. 71, no. 1
175--192
EN
To achieve comprehensive analyses, the presentation of comprehensive geophysical results usually involves the use of separate imaging and the combination of various results. At present, few studies have considered the correlation degree and unified imaging of different types of geophysical data. We establish a set of data fusion imaging methods for multiple geophysical data based on their refection coefficients. As geophysical exploration results are primarily provided through waveform and resistivity sections, waveform and resistivity data were selected for fusion and were converted into refection coefficients, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were taken as examples. Re-sampling and feature reconstruction were performed to unify the data in space and resolution. Finally, principal component analysis was used to calculate the correlation of the reconstructed refection coefficient and to perform data fusion; this led to unified imaging based on the refection coefficient of the considered geophysical data. Numerical simulation analyses and field experiments proved the efficacy of this method for producing unified imaging of multiple geophysical data. In summary, we provide a novel method for the unified interpretation of multiple geophysical data and enhance the identification ability of geological interfaces and anomaly distribution.
6
Content available remote Second-order approximate refection coefficients of vertical transversely isotropic thin beds
Huang Peidong, Lu Jun, Wang Yun
Acta Geophysica
|
2022
|
Vol. 70, no 3
1155--1169
EN
Due to the periodicity and rhythmicity of sedimentation, short-term cycles are commonly developed in sedimentary strata. Under the assumption of a long seismic wavelength, such strata can be regarded as a seismic single thin bed with vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) characteristics. A thin interbed can be formed by the stacking of a series of isotropic and VTI single thin beds. In seismic inversion, the interference of multiples and mode-converted waves generated within and between thin beds and transmission losses are ignored. These interferences are hardly addressed in seismic data processing due to being submerged in first arrivals. In this work, to thin interbeds of isotropic and VTI single thin beds, we propose second order approximations of Kennett refection coefficients for PP-, SP-, PS-, and SS-waves, which consider the internal and interlayer wave propagation effects. The numerical analyses show that the proposed approximations are of high accuracy when the P-wave impedance difference in the VTI single thin bed is from−40 to 100% and of strong anisotropy. The proposed approximations can be used for the efficient and accurate simulation of the wavefields of media with thin interbedding, bringing great potential for the studies of the inversion methods for the internal property parameters of thin interbeds.
7
Content available Reflection-refraction coefficients and energy ratios in couple stress micropolar thermoviscous elastic solid
Sahrawat Ravinder Kumar, Poonam
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
|
2021
|
Vol. 26, no. 2
47--69
EN
The reflection and refraction phenomenon of propagation of waves in couple stress micropolar thermoviscous elastic solid media with independent viscoelastic and micropolar properties have been studied. The structure of the model has been taken such that the plane interface is divides the given media into two half spaces in perfect contact. Here, we find that there are five waves, one of them is propagating independently while others are set of two coupled waves travelling with different speeds. Energy ratios, reflection and refraction coefficients relative to numerous reflected and refracted waves have been investigated when set of two coupled longitudinal waves and set of two coupled transverse waves strike at the interface through the solid medium. The inequality of energy ratios, refraction coefficients and reflection coefficients are evaluated numerically and presented graphically under three theories of thermoelasticity, namely, Green-Lindsay theory (GL), Lord-Shulman theory (LS), Coupled theory (CT) versus angular frequency and angle of incidence.
8
Content available Experimental investigation of cementitious materials using the prism technique
Messaoudi Rahma, Bouzerira Cherif, Grimes Morad, Oucief Hocine
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
|
2020
|
Vol. 30, no. 1
196--212
EN
Numerous studies have shown that the non-destructive testing has proved the exceptional role in supervising the quality of concrete. Today, they represent an alternative that contributes to the resolution of materials diagnostic problems without altering them. This work presents an experimental study using a pulse-echo method that has the advantage of generating two types of wave (compressional and shear) by a mode conversion using just one transducer. The samples were made in a prismatic form. The results recovered from backscattered echoes are extracted using an estimation algorithm. These data were exploited to determine velocities of the tested material then the reflection coefficients for related them with the compressive strength. The tests were conducted with six samples with varied water/cement ratio. The results obtained showed that the prism technique has the potential to evaluate characteristics cementitious material using this proposed process.
9
Bezprzewodowa metoda wyznaczania parametrów anteny na podstawie jednowrotowego pomiaru fal rozproszonych
Szczypkowski Kamil, Bajurko Paweł
Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne
|
2019
|
nr 6
237--240, CD
PL
W referacie przedstawiono metodę wyznaczania zysku oraz współczynnika odbicia anten polegającą na pomiarze fal odbitych od badanej anteny. Pomiar nie wymaga podłączenia przyrządu pomiarowego do badanej anteny, a jedynie dołączenia do jej wrót trzech różnych obciążeń. Poprawność metody została sprawdzona na podstawie symulacji przez porównanie z metodą referencyjną. Główną zaletą metody jest uniknięcie połączenia kablowego anteny badanej z przyrządem pomiarowym.
EN
This paper presents the method for determining antenna’s gain and reflection coefficient based on a backscatter measurements. The measuring instrument does not have to be connected to the antenna under test. The variable load is connected instead. The method is validated by means of simulation and comparison to a reference method. The main advantage of this technique is that cable connection to the antenna under test is not necessary.
10
Wpływ rodzaju podłoża na wybrane właściwości cienkich warstw ITO
Strzyżewski Maciej, Wojcieszak Damian, Rogala Jacek, Pastuszek Roman
Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania
|
2019
|
Vol. 60, nr 7
21--23
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu rodzaju podłoża na właściwości cienkich warstw ITO, takich jak chropowatość powierzchni, zwilżalność, rezystywność oraz współczynnik odbicia światła. Analizie poddano warstwy ITO o grubości 70 nm, naniesione metodą rozpylania magnetronowego na podłoża z krzemionki amorficznej (SiO₂), krzemu (Si), poliwęglanu (PC) oraz poli(tereftalanu etylenu) (PET). Badania wykazały istotny wpływ ukształtowania powierzchni podłoża na właściwości naniesionej cienkiej warstwy ITO. Uzyskana rezystywność warstw ITO wykazała różnice nawet o kilka rzędów wielkości dla zastosowanych różnych podłoży. Cienkie warstwy ITO wykazały właściwości hydrofilowe na każdym badanym podłożu, natomiast największą wartością kąta zwilżania charakteryzowała się warstwa ITO/SiO₂. Najmniejszą wartość współczynnika odbicia światła dla długości fali 550 nm wykazała warstwa tlenku indowo-cynowego na podłożu krzemowym i wynosiła ok. 3,2%.
EN
This paper presents the results of research on the influence of substrate type on the properties of ITO thin films, such as surface roughness, wettability, resistivity and light reflectance. ITO 70 nm thick coatings were deposited using magnetron sputtering to amorphous silica (SiO₂), silicon (Si), polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The research showed a significant influence of the surface roughness of the substrate on the properties of the deposited ITO thin film. The obtained resistivity of ITO thin films varied even by several orders of magnitude for the various substrates used. Investigated materials showed a hydrophilic properties on each substrate, but the ITO/SiO₂ layer was characterized by the highest value of the contact angle. The lowest value of the reflectance at the wavelength of 550 nm showed the indium-tin oxide thin film deposited on the silicon substrate and was about 3.2%.
11
Content available Experimental estimation of thermal emissivity for the roofing paper in blue colour
Zapałowicz Zbigniew, Walterowicz Anna
Archives of Thermodynamics
|
2019
|
Vol. 40, no. 3
181--194
EN
Effective use of energy in various branches of economy is one of world trends in development of power engineering. Relevant energy consumption occurs during exploitation of buildings, so there is still potential to diminish it as far as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are concerned. Particularly in summer season, the choice of respective roofing colour can play a decisive role for the heat flux transferred to the inside of the object. Decrease of heat flux causes a lower heat burden to the building and lower power consumption by the air conditioning systems. In winter, on the contrary, heat flux transferred to building’s interior should be higher, as a result, demand of energy for heating will be lower. However, calculations of the heat flux require that energy balance must be made for the object. Unfortunately, not all producers of roofing covers inform about the values of reflectivity and thermal emissivity of their products, which is, in turn, necessary for calculations. In the present paper, research methodology elaborated by authors is proposed for determination of thermal emissivity of roofing covers. The paper presents test stand, methodology, and research results for roofing paper in blue colour (as an example) for which the thermal emissivity is an unknown parameter.
12
Content available remote Correlation between agrotechnical properties of selected soil types and corresponding GPR response
Akinsunmade Akinniyi, Tomecka-Suchoń Sylwia, Pysz Paweł
Acta Geophysica
|
2019
|
Vol. 67, no. 6
1913--1919
EN
In this study, we investigated the relationship between ground-penetrating radar (GPR) response and agriculture properties of soil with a view to understanding how the constraint of soil degradation may influence the properties. GPR field data measurements were made at a location with soil types, properties, and disturbances caused by tractor movement. The data were processed, and empirical equations relating soil physical properties and material properties of soil media were considered for the analysis of the field data. The results showed a change in the reflection coefficient and increase in the GPR wave velocity when comparing the records of the initial parts of the GPR records, lasting about 2.5 ns, of the signal response of soil subjected to compaction as a result of 10 tractor passes, with those obtained prior to movement of the tractor. The summation of the absolute value of GPR wave amplitude in the analyzed results clearly shows that the amplitude of the signal corresponding to the compressed ground is twice and even three times smaller than the amplitude recorded before the tractor runs. The results prompted the design of a relatively simple method for tracking changes in soil properties based on the results of GPR measurements, which show that zones subjected to direct tire pressure are easy to delineate and are not limited to the part that is directly under the tire, but extend about 0.5 m. It thus shows that there is a relationship between the penetration resistance induced by a change in porosity and changes in the coefficient of reflectivity and the velocity of radar waves.
13
Content available Optical properties of Ti-Al-C-N films: effects of deposition parameters and carbon content
Klimovich I., Komarov F., Zaikov V., Opielak M., Kołtunowicz T. N.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2018
|
R. 94, nr 6
78--81
EN
Ti-Al-C-N films were obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering method under different deposition parameters (substrate temperature, bias voltage and relation between reactive gases partial pressure). Structure, elemental, phase and chemical compositiosn of the films were determined by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. It was found that the deposition parameters affect on the compositions and optical characteristics of Ti-Al-C-N coatings. The minimum absorptance and maximum reflectance correspond to Ti-Al-C-N film with carbon content of 36.44 at %.
PL
Warstwy Ti-Al-C-N uzyskano za pomocą metody reaktywnego napylania magnetronowego dla różnych parametrów osadzania (temperatura podłoża, napięcie odchylenia i zależność między ciśnieniem cząstkowym reaktywnych gazów). Struktura, faza oraz skład chemiczny warstw zostały określone za pośrednictwem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej, analizy rentgenowskiej dyspersji energii, dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej i rozproszenia Ramana. Odkryto, że parametry napylania mają wpływ na kompozycję i charakterystyki optyczne powłok Ti-Al-C-N. Minimalna absorpcja i maksymalny współczynnik odbicia uzyskane zostały dla warstw Ti-Al-C-N o zawartości węgla wynoszącej 36.44%.
14
Content available Pomiary efektywnego współczynnika odbicia generatorów mikrofalowych
Usydus Ł.
Metrologia i Probiernictwo : biuletyn Głównego Urzędu Miar
|
2018
|
nr 2 (21)
43--45
PL
Współczynnik odbicia jest ważnym parametrem charakteryzującym przyrządy pracujące w paśmie mikrofalowym. Typowe metody pomiaru współczynnika odbicia nie znajdują bezpośredniego zastosowania w przypadku wzorcowania źródeł mocy wielkiej częstotliwości. W artykule przedstawiono układy oraz techniki pomiarowe, które mogą do tego celu posłużyć.
EN
The reflection coefficient is an important parameter characterizing instruments working in the microwave band. Typical methods of measuring the reflection coefficient are not directly applicable in the case of calibration of high-frequency power sources. This article presents systems and measurement techniques that can be used for this purpose.
15
Content available High-performance quasi one-dimensional mirrors of mechanical waves built of periodic and aperiodic structures
Garus S., Sochacki W.
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics
|
2018
|
Vol. 17, nr 4
19--24
EN
The work studied the reflectance for quasi one-dimensional phononical structures. In composite superlattices, the thickness of the layers, their arrangement and selection of constituent materials with appropriate properties such as the density and velocity of mechanical waves propagation allows for the creation of a phononic band gap (PhBG) phenomenon. PhBG is characterized by high reflectance of the mechanical wave incident on the analyzed structure, which means that the wave does not propagate in the superlattice. The paper proposes periodic and aperiodic structures characterized by a wide range of reflectance for the ultrasonic frequencies of mechanical waves and shows how the change the thickness of the layer affects the properties of the analyzed structures.
16
Content available Response of corrugated interface on incident qSV-wave in monoclinic elastic half-spaces
Singh S. S., Lalvohbika J.
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 23, no. 3
727--750
EN
This paper is concerned with the problem of reflection and transmission of elastic waves due to an incident plane qSV-wave at a corrugated interface between two dissimilar monoclinic elastic half-spaces. Due to the corrugated nature of the interface, there exist regularly and irregularly reflected and transmitted elastic waves. Using Rayleigh’s method of approximation, the reflection and transmission coefficients of regular and irregular waves are obtained for the first order of approximation. We have found that these coefficients are functions of the angle of incidence, elastic constants, corrugation and the frequency parameter. These coefficients are obtained for a special type of interface, z =dcos py. We have computed these coefficients for a particular model and discussed the effects of corrugation and frequency parameter.
17
Content available Charakterystyka technologii georadarowej i możliwe kierunki jej doskonalenia
Wutke M.
Drogownictwo
|
2018
|
nr 9
276--280
PL
Technologia georadarowa (GPR) jest powszechnie stosowana do obrazowania obszarów podpowierzchniowych m.in. nawierzchni drogowych. Jest to metoda nieniszcząca, wykorzystująca do wykrywania sygnałów odbitych od konstrukcji podpowierzchniowych promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne w paśmie mikrofalowym. GPR transmituje do ziemi fale elektromagnetyczne, a gdy te uderzą w zakopany obiekt lub granicę materiałów o różnych stałych dielektrycznych, antena odbiorcza rejestruje zmiany w sygnale zwrotnym. Ważne jest, aby mieć podstawową wiedzę na temat działania georadaru, ponieważ jego możliwości, ale i ograniczenia są bezpośrednio skorelowane z nauką. W artykule charakteryzowano technologię georadarową ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na ograniczenia stosowania metodologii. Opisuje możliwości zwiększenia efektywności pomiarów georadarowych i nowe obszary zastosowań.
EN
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology is widely used for imaging the subsurface areas, including road structures. It is a non-destructive method that uses electromagnetic waves to detect signals reflected from sub-surface constructions. GPR transmits electromagnetic waves to the ground, and when these hit a buried object or boundary of materials with different dielectric parameters, the receiving antenna registers changes in the reflected signal. It is important to have a basic knowledge related to the operation of GPR, because its capabilities, but also limitations are directly correlated with science. The article describes GPR technology with particular attention to the limitations of the methodology. It describes the possibilities of increasing the GPR efficiency and new areas of applications.
18
Content available Determination of different optical properties for cubic titanium dioxide: an AB-INITIO approach
Dash Debashish, Pandey Chandan K., Chaudhury Saurabh, Tripathy Susanta K.
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
|
2018
|
Vol. 12, no. 3
223--232
EN
This paper presents an analysis of optical properties of cubic titanium dioxide (TiO2) using Orthogonalized Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals (OLCAO) basis set under the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). Many optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, photoconductivity, and loss coefficient have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. From the analysis of optical properties, it is seen that, cubic TiO2 supports interband transition between states. Reflectivity of pyrite structure TiO2 lies within IRvisible – UV region due to which it qualifies for coating industry. Furthermore, the results are compared with previous theoretical as well as with experimental results. It is found that DFT based simulation produces results which are close approximation to experimental results.
19
Content available remote Analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the submarine interface
Zhang G., Hao C., Yao C.
Acta Geophysica
|
2018
|
Vol. 66, no. 4
449--460
EN
The analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the seafloor interface is essential for the characterization of the ocean bottom in marine seismic exploration. Based on the boundary conditions of the seafloor interface, the analytical expression of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface is derived in this study by using the steady-state wave solution of the elastic wave in a homogeneous, isotropic medium. With this analytical expression, the characteristics of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface are analysed and discussed using critical angles. The results show that the change in the reflection and transmission coefficient with the incidence angle presents a ‘‘segmented’’ characteristic, in which the critical angle is the dividing point. The amplitude value and phase angle of the coefficient at the submarine interface change dramatically at the critical angle, which is related to the P- and S-wave velocities in the seabed layer. Compared with the stiff seabed, the soft seabed has a larger P-wave critical angle and an absence of the converted S-wave critical angle, owing to the low P- and S-wave velocities in the solid seabed layer. By analysing and discussing the special changes that occur in the coefficient values at the critical angle, the reflection and transmission characteristics of the different incident angles are obtained. Synthetic models of both stiff and soft seafloors are provided in this study to verify the analytical results. Finally, we compared our synthetic results with real data from the Gulf of Mexico, which enabled the validation of our conclusions.
20
Content available remote Granice techniki mikrofalowej – oscylacje mocy biernej w energetyce i fale w obwodach prądu stałego
Dębicki P. S.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni
|
2016
|
nr 95
34--53
PL
Praca jest próbą spojrzenia, z punktu widzenia techniki mikrofalowej, na zagadnienia do techniki mikrofalowej nienależące: na zjawiska dotyczące mocy w sieciach energetycznych oraz na obwody prądu stałego. W pierwszym przypadku motywacją do takiego podejścia jest tocząca się wśród elektryków dyskusja dotycząca interpretacji zjawisk fizycznych,związanych z oscylacjami mocy biernej. Wychodząc z założenia, że równania Maxwella wyjaśniają wszystkie makroskopowe zjawiska elektromagnetyczne, zastosowano technikę mikrofalową do obwodów 50-hertzowych, ilustrując rozwiązania przykładami. W technice mikrofalowej do wyjaśniania zjawisk związanych z mocą używa się opisu za pomocą jedynie dwóch fal przenoszących moce czynne; nie używa się w niej pojęcia mocy biernej do opisu do zjawisk energetycznych (choć tu go użyto w celach porównawczych). Rozważania ograniczono do jednofazowych przebiegów sinusoidalnych. Podejście to pozwoliło na odkrycie zjawiska zmiany wartości współczynnika mocy (cos φ) wzdłuż jednorodnej bezstratnej linii przesyłowej. Na zakończenie pokazano, że w obwodach prądu stałego fale również istnieją, chociaż nie można ich zmierzyć. Podstawą takiego stwierdzenia jest przekonanie, że zjawiska fizyczne nie zmieniają się „nagle”; tzn., że pochodne po czasie muszą być skończone.
EN
The paper describes the use of microwave technique methods in the power phenomenon in electric power lines, which do not belong to the microwave technique at all. Starting from the assumption that Maxwell’s equations explain all macroscopic electromagnetic effects, the microwave method to the 50Hz circuits has been applied and the results have been illustrated by examples. Finally, it is explained that waves in DC circuit also exist, although, it is impossible to measure them. The reason to claim such conclusion results from the fact that physics does not change instantly.
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