Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Rola wyrobisk powstałych w wyniku eksploatacji kopalin pospolitych

Jurys Leszek, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Wirkus Kamila

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

|

2025

|

R. 66, nr 1

61--68

PL

Powszechnie przyjmuje się, że wyrobiska odkrywkowe powstałe podczas eksploatacji kopalin pospolitych mają wyłącznie negatywny wpływ na środowisko, co wpływa na sposób ich prawnego traktowania i rekultywacji. Jednak obserwacje terenowe wskazują na możliwość ich spontanicznej przemiany w wartościowe ekosystemy. Zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do wyrobisk poeksploatacyjnych w Polsce północnej i środkowej, głównie po wydobyciu piasków, żwirów, torfu, surowców ilastych oraz kredy jeziornej. Celem pracy jest zwrócenie uwagi na środowiskowy potencjał wyrobisk i potrzebę jego uwzględnienia w procesach planowania rekultywacji. Analiza oparta na wieloletnich obserwacjach terenowych, przeglądzie przypadków wyrobisk oraz ograniczonym zbiorze badań naukowych dotyczących ich warunków hydrogeologicznych i sukcesji biologicznej pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że w wielu wyrobiskach, szczególnie zawodnionych, rozwijają się samoczynnie biocenozy o dużej wartości przyrodniczej, nierzadko bardziej zróżnicowane, niż w stanie przedeksploatacyjnym. W niektórych przypadkach obiekty te uzyskały status prawnej ochrony przyrody (np. Natura 2000). Zidentyfikowano też korzystny wpływ niektórych wyrobisk na zasilanie i oczyszczanie wód gruntowych. Wyniki wskazują na konieczność zmiany podejścia do rekultywacji, uwzględniającego potencjał przyrodniczy wyrobisk. Obecne ramy prawne nie dostosowują się do realiów przyrodniczych, co może prowadzić do niepotrzebnej degradacji spontanicznie rozwijających się ekosystemów.

EN

It is commonly assumed that open-pit excavations resulting from the extraction of common mineral resources have an exclusively negative impact on the environment, which influences both their legal classification and reclamation procedures. However, field observations indicate the potential for their spontaneous transformation into valuable ecosystems —particularly in the case of post-extraction sites in northern and central Poland, mainly after the mining of sand, gravel, peat, clay materials, and lacustrine chalk. The aim of this study is to highlight the environmental potential of such excavations and the need to account for it in reclamation planning. The analysis, based on long-term field observations, case reviews of postmining sites, and a limited body of scientific research on their hydrogeological conditions and biological succession, led to several key conclusions. It was found that in many excavations — especially water-filled ones — self-developing biocenoses of high ecological value emerge, often more diverse than those that existed prior to exploitation. In some cases, these sites have gained official nature protection status (e.g., Natura 2000). Additionally, a positive effect on groundwater recharge and purification has been identified. These findings point to the need for a shift in reclamation policy that incorporates the ecological potential of such sites. Current legal frameworks are not aligned with ecological realities, which may result in the unnecessary degradation of spontaneously developing ecosystems.

2

Short-term coastal dynamics and implications for energy infrastructure safety : insights from the Baltic Sea coast

Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Uścinowicz Szymon, Szarafin Tomasz

Geological Quarterly

|

2025

|

Vol. 69, No. 3

art., no. 34

EN

Safety and location suitability is a vital issue for offshore wind farms and their transmission infrastructure, including cable landing stations. Geomorphological and geological features are one of the key determinants of durability and operational reliability of energy infrastructure. We analyse the dynamics of the coastal zone at the two locations (Ustka and Lubiatowo) planned for the landfall of marine transmission infrastructure on the Polish southern Baltic coast. Average centennial coastal changes were determined by comparing the shoreline from 1875 (1:25,000 topographic map) and 2022 (LIDAR). Statistical rates of change were calculated using DSAS software by analysing changes in shoreline position (1:10,000 topographic maps and LIDAR) over 7 to 8 time intervals between 1985 (1986) and 2022. Over a period of one and a half centuries, in the Lubiatowo landfall area, there was slight local erosion (max. ~80 m; ~0.5 m/yr) and accretion (max. ~90 m; ~0.6 m/yr). In the Ustka area, the situation was similar, but the extent of the changes was greater - the shoreline retreated locally by ~270 m (~1.8 m/yr) and local accretion amounted to ~270 m. Analysis of changes in the position of the shoreline on a timescale of three decades (1985–2022) showed a slight expansion of the erosion areas and a shift of the erosion and accretion centres to the east, as well as higher rates, of both erosion and accretion, compared to the period 1875–2022. Locally, the average erosion rate in the Lubiatowo area was 1.7 m/yr and the average accretion rate locally reached 1.5 m/yr. Similar trends and magnitudes of changes occurred in the Ustka area, where the average erosion rate was 1.6 m/yr and the accretion rate 1.2 m/yr. These examples of erosion-accretion systems show that data on the position of erosion and accretion centres as well as on the rate of change of the shoreline position are strongly dependent on the time intervals analysed. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse not only the current litho- and morphodynamic processes on the coast, but also the trends of change at different time scales, when determining the landfall sites of power cables and as the design of their protection.

3

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2023 r.

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Wódka Marcin, Kamieniarz Sylwester, Kos Jarosław, Karkowska Kamila, Laskowicz Izabela, Marciniec Paweł, Warmuz Bartłomiej, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Przyłucka Maria

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 12-1

671--684

EN

In 2023, natural events and geohazards have gained particular importance. A natural earthquake in eastern Slovakia with a magnitude of 5.0, felt in southeastern Poland, and numerous sinkholes in the Trzebinia region have generated wide media and public interest, emphasizing the need for awareness and management of geological risk. The aim of this article is to present the main geohazards recorded in Poland in 2023 and to raise public awareness of this issue. Analyses and fieldwork in the Trzebinia region have shown the existence of at least 530 sinkholes in the area of the former Siersza Coal Mine, a significant part of which is related to shallow mining operations. In recent years, especially in the period 2019-2023, the dynamics of sinkhole formation has increased, which is related to the rising level of underground water. In 2023, the problem of sinkholes also affected other areas of Poland, causing damage to the terrain and material losses for local communities, including in the towns of Bolesław, Nowa Góra and Tarnowskie Góry. In 2023, 709 local seismic events were verified, most of which were induced, related to mining activities. The strongest phenomenon in Poland, with a magnitude of 4.2, occurred on July 6, 2023 in LGOM, while on October 9, 2023, a natural earthquake occurred in Slovakia, which was felt by residents of Poland -from Katowice to Rzeszów. In 2023, 16 landslide triggers were recorded, four of which were recognized as new forms. Damage to roads, infrastructure and buildings due to mass movement activity was recorded, among others, in Pruchnik, Kasina Wielka, in the commune of Bochnia, Biskupice and Wieliczka. In 2023, PGI-NRJ monitored 74 landslides, including 60 within the SOPO project. In the analyesd period, 31 of these landslides were active. The highest dynamics of displacements was recorded in Szymbark-Huciska, where displacements amounted to 328 mm. The year 2023 on the Baltic Sea coast did not stand out significantly in terms of geohazards, but there were incidents related to sea erosion, especially in the second half of December. Strong winds, reaching an average speed of 65 km/h and gusts of up to 115 km/h, led to storms that affected the condition of the coast, especially in Lębork, Wejherowo and Puck.

4

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2022 r.

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Kos Jarosław, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Karkowska Kamila, Przyłucka Maria, Wódka Marcin, Kamieniarz Sylwester

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 9

439--450

EN

The article details the identification and monitoring of various geological processes and geohazards in Poland, as conducted by the Polish Geological Survey in 2022. In 2022, landslide activity in Poland was lower than average due to less than typical precipitation levels, with the year recording only 534.4 mm of rainfall, about 87.4% of the norm. Due to this overall dryness, the notable landslides, with 14 incidents reported, were significantly fewer than in previous years, Furthermore, the PGI-NRI seismological network (PSG_Sejs_NET), recorded 305 events, mainly induced by mining activities. The strongest event of the year was an M4.7 earthquake with an epicentre in the LGOM region, recorded on April 7, illustrating the improvement in locating such phenomena thanks to new seismic stations. In 2022, residents of western Małopolska, especially in Trzebinia and the surrounding area, experienced an intensification of the problem of post-mining sinkholes, mainly related to the rising groundwater level after the liquidation of mines such as‘‘Siersza” and “Olkusz-Pomorzany”. The most serious incidents included: sinkholes in the cemetery in Trzebinia and in the town of Hutki. In 2022, there was a notable increase in the use of new technologies for recording and monitoring geohazards, including InSAR, drones or high-resolution digital terrain models. These advancements significantly enhanced the precision and scope of geohazard assessment and monitoring. One of the examples is the open European Ground Monitoring Service (EGMS) implemented by European Environment Agency, which helped identification of significant deformations in Poland with a total area of 4.4 thousand km2, mainly related to mining exploitation. In addition, an excellent example of the comprehensive use of various data sources was presented during the stage, completed in 2022, of the project "4D Cartography in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea”, which allowed for the accurate identification of geohazards on the section of the coast from Ustka to Dąbki, showing numerous threats, such as landslides, flooding and coastal erosion. The article discusses in detail this occurrence of various geological threats in 2022.

5

Rapid coastal erosion, its dynamics and cause – an erosional hot spot on the southern Baltic Sea coast

Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Uścinowicz Szymon, Szarafin Tomasz, Maszloch Elżbieta, Wirkus Kamila

Oceanologia

|

2024

|

No. 66 (2)

250--266

EN

Coastal erosion is one of the major problems in coastal management. To adapt to it, and prevent it where possible and needed, it is important to recognize the temporal and spatial scale of the phenomenon as well as its causes. This paper describes the rapid erosion rate along an approximately 2.25 km stretch of the southern Baltic coast. The erosion occurs within a nature reserve, which is not subject to direct anthropogenic impact. Historical maps and modern remote sensing were used to trace changes in the shoreline position from 1875 to the present, and detailed DTMs derived from airborne LiDAR were used to trace elevation changes of the beach and dunes over the past years. The weighted maximum annual erosion rate since 1875 averages 2.3 m. An increase in this annual erosion rate has been observed since the turn of the millennium. The maximum average erosion rate from 2001 to 2005 was 15 m/year. The erosion has caused serious changes in elevation within the inland part of the coastal zone, manifested by a reduction in the width of the beach and a decrease in the height of the beach and dunes.

6

New insight into coastal processes in the southern Baltic Sea: relevance to modelling and future scenarios

Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Jegliński Wojciech, Pączek Urszula, Szarafin Tomasz, Szmytkiewicz Piotr, Uścinowicz Szymon

Geological Quarterly

|

2024

|

Vol. 68, No. 1

art. no. 9

EN

Understanding the relationships between shoreline changes and morpho-geological features of the seabed and hydrodynamics is important for predicting coastal dynamics. The southern Baltic barrier coast is distinguished by rhythmic shoreline features of different scales, forming an erosion-accumulation system. This study is an attempt to explain the relationships between shoreface-connected, obliquely oriented sand ridges, the distribution of wave energy, and the impact of waves on shoreline changes. A 28.5 km stretch of the Polish coast, up to 2 km offshore, was investigated using a multibeam echosounder, a sub-bottom profiler, a side-scan sonar, and sediment coring. Analyses of a DTM, aerial photographs and maps from the late 19th century show that the boundaries between accretion and erosion zones on the coast have shifted eastward at a rate of ~10–11 m/year. Hydrodynamic modeling shows that depressions between the ridges are “energy windows” through which higher energy waves reach the shore. The asymmetry of the ridges and their orientation relative to the prevailing direction of waves suggest that they have been moving eastward. Measurements of 137Cs content in the sediment cores prove that the thickness of the dynamic layer exceeds 1.5–2.0 m. When large-scale sand ridges migrate, “energy windows” also migrate with them, as does the entire erosion-accretion system. In conclusion, it is highly likely that the average shoreline retreat measured on the scale of a few centuries and dozens of kilometres may be smaller than we suspect based on observations made in recent decades.

7

Kartografia 4D w strefie brzegowej południowego Bałtyku : zadanie państwowej służby geologicznej

Uścinowicz Grzegorz

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 3

138--144

EN

The research task Geological integrated coastal zone mapping concerns the recognition and visualization of the geological structure of the Polish coastal zone, enriched with the modelling of erosion-accumulation processes, including prediction of changes in the position of the shoreline and identification of geohazards. It has been running since 2012 and implements multi-instrumental research methods. To date, a total length of about 155 km of the Polish coastal zone has been studied in an area of about 621 km 2 . The main results of the work are presented in the form of maps (e.g., lithogenetic, hydrogeological, geohazard), models (e.g., morpho-geological, hydrodynamic, predictive) and specialized analyses (e.g., morphodynamical, slope stability). In general, the work carried out is done for a utilitarian purpose, i.e. aimed at the practical use of environmental information. According to the standards of the Polish Geological Survey, most of the geological data acquired can be geoprocessed.

8

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2021 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Kos Jarosław, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Przyłucka Maria, Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2022

|

Vol. 70, nr 9

617--626

EN

Geological hazards caused by landslides, earthquakes, erosion, land surface deformation and collapse in 2021 in Poland were among the average compared to recent years. They did, however, affect material losses. The Polish Geological Survey (PGS) recorded 41 events related to sudden landslide activations, which damaged or destroyed 17 road sections. Through ongoing monitoring of 72 landslides, 33 were shown to be active. In 2021, more than 5,200 landslides were identified and inventoried in Poland. Geodynamic monitoring performed by PGS recorded 611 seismic events in Poland, whose magnitudes reached M4.2. In addition, using satellite radar interferometry, continuation of land surface deformations was found mainly in mining areas. In 2021, there was a number of collapses of various origins. The paper is a brief report on the ongoing tasks of the Polish Geological Survey in the field of geological hazards and presents events that took place in Poland in 2021.

9

Analiza dokładności szacowania zasobów i średnich parametrów złóż kruszywa na dnie Bałtyku na podstawie danych z dokumentacji „Ławica Słupska”, „Południowa Ławica Środkowa”, „Zatoka Koszalińska” oraz „Zatoka Gdańska i” i „Zatoka Gdańska II”

Jurys Leszek, Maszloch Elżbieta, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Wirkus Kamila

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

|

2022

|

R. 63, nr 1

33--38

PL

Projektując roboty i badania geologiczne złoża kopaliny zakłada się uzyskanie pożądanej dokładności (kategorii) rozpoznania budowy geologicznej, warunków hydrogeologicznych, geologiczno-inżynierskich i innych, określanych hasłowo warunkami geologiczno-górniczymi. Chociaż dokładność rozpoznania złoża w takim zakresie da się przedstawić głównie w formie opisowej i graficznej, prowadzi to jednak do odpowiednio dokładnego obliczenia zasobów kopaliny i średnich parametrów złoża, a niekiedy także liczbowo przedstawianej charakterystyki zmienności parametrów złoża i cech kopaliny. Obliczając zasoby i średnie parametry złoża podczas sporządzania dokumentacji geologicznej złoża kopaliny na lądzie opieramy się na populacji danych uzyskanych bezpośrednio z profili geologicznych otworów i odsłonięć oraz z badań próbek pobranych z tych profili. Dane te pozwalają w prosty sposób na obliczenie błędów oszacowania średnich parametrów złoża i zasobów, co jest wymagane przez stosowne przepisy. Obliczone wielkości błędów wskazują na rozpoznanie złoża w określonej kategorii. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kategorii rozpoznania C1, która pozwala na opracowanie projektu zagospodarowania złoża, niezbędnego dla ubiegania się o koncesję na wydobycie kopaliny. Metodyka badań złóż kruszywa naturalnego położonych na dnie Morza Bałtyckiego jest nieco inna. Podstawowymi są badania geofizyczne, sejsmoakustyczne oraz sonarowe. Wiercenia wykonuje się w mniejszej liczbie, niż na lądzie i do maksymalnych głębokości wynikających z możliwości technicznych oraz ograniczeń środowiskowych. Położenie naturalnego spągu złoża nie ma praktycznie wpływu na głębokość wierceń. Strop złoża stanowi zawsze powierzchnia dna morskiego dająca się odwzorować na mapie z dokładnością niemal rzeczywistą. Powierzchnię naturalnego spągu serii złożowej obrazują głównie dane z gęstej siatki profili sejsmoakustycznych. Rdzenie profili wykonanych wierceń służą przede wszystkim do opisu litologii kopaliny oraz do poboru próbek do badań laboratoryjnych. Większość złóż kruszywa udokumentowanych na dnie Bałtyku, w jego części będącej we władaniu Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, jest rozpoznana w kategorii C2, mniej dokładnej, niż kategoria C1. Analizy dokładności oszacowania średnich parametrów złoża i zasobów nie były wykonane, ponieważ nie było to formalnie wymagane. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą znalezienia sposobu dokonania takiej analizy metodami matematycznymi, uwzględniającymi specyfikę metodyki badań morskich.

EN

When planning geological research and exploration of a mineral deposit, it is assumed to obtain the desired accuracy (category) of recognition of the geological structure, hydrogeological, geological-engineering and other conditions, which are referred to as ‘geological-mining conditions’. Although the accuracy of deposit recognition in such range can be presented mainly in descriptive and graphical form, it leads to appropriately precise calculation of mineral resources and average parameters of the deposit, sometimes also numerically presented characteristics of variability of deposit parameters and mineral characteristics. When calculating resources and average parameters of a deposit during preparation of geological documentation for terrestrial deposits, we rely on the population of data obtained directly from geological profiles, exposures and analyses of samples taken from these profiles. These data allow for simple calculation of uncertainty estimation of deposit average parameters and resources, which is required by relevant legislation. The calculated error indicates recognition of a deposit in a given category. This is especially important in the case of the C 1 recognition category, which allows for drawing up a ‘deposit development plan’, a document required when applying for a exploitation license. Methodology of investigating natural aggregate deposits located offshore, at the seabed (including Baltic Sea) is slightly different. Geophysical, seismic-acoustic and sonar surveys are basic. Drilling is carried out in lesser amounts than on land and to maximum depths resulting from technical possibilities and environmental constraints. The location of the deposit natural base has practically no influence on the drilling depth. The seabed is always the top surface of the deposit, which can be mapped with almost real accuracy. The surface of the deposit natural base is represented mainly by data derived from a dense net of seismic-acoustic profiles. The sediment cores are used mainly for lithology description of the mineral and for laboratory tests. Most of the mineral deposits documented on the seabed of the Polish part of the Baltic Sea are classified as C 2, less precise than C1 category. Accuracy analyses of deposit average parameters and resources estimation, were not carried out because it was not formally required. This article is an attempt to find a way of making such analysis using mathematical methods, taking into account specificity of offshore exploration methodology.

10

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2020 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Nescieruk Piotr, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Czerwiński Tomasz, Perski Zbigniew

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2021

|

Vol. 69, nr 5

303--311

EN

The paper describes geohazard events that took place in 2020 on the territory of Poland. The PGI is responsible for geohazard monitoring in four areas of interest :landslides and mass movements within the Landslide Counteracting System (LCS, SOPO in Polish), earthquakes within the Geodynamical Monitoring of Poland and ground motions within the Interferometric Terrain Deformations Monitoring of Poland, and coastal monitoring carried out by the Marine Geology Branch within a framework of the 4D Cartography. In 2020, there were no spectacular geohazard events; however, there were some permanently active phenomena, mostly landslides, which caused significant damages to the infrastructure.

11

Geohazard assessment of the coastal zone : the case of the southern Baltic Sea

Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Szarafin Tomasz, Pączek Urszula, Lidzbarski Mirosław, Tarnawska Ewa

Geological Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 65, No. 1

art. no. 5

EN

Research by the Polish Geological Survey has been carried out along the southern Baltic coastal zone over a distance of 38 km. The Baltic Sea is classified as non-tidal, and its southern coasts are built entirely of weakly lithified sedimentary rocks. These deposits form three main types of coast, namely cliffs, barriers and alluvial coasts (wetlands), with the research focusing on the first two. Methods including remote sensing, mapping (geological, hydrogeological), offshore survey (bathymetric and geophysical measurements), laboratory analyses and modelling revealed a number of natural hazards. These are, respectively: (1) permanently occurring hazards, causing material damage such as: landslides, coastal erosion and seabed erosion; (2) incidental hazards such as dune breakage and storm surge overflow and (3) hypothetical threats that may occur in the future, such as hydrogeohazards defined here as flooding resulting from groundwater level rise or more rarely, earthquake threats.

12

Chronology of the last ice sheet decay on the southern Baltic area based on dating of glaciofluvial and ice-dammed lake deposits

Uścinowicz Szymon, Adamiec Grzegorz, Bluszcz Andrzej, Jegliński Wojciech, Jurys Leszek, Miotk-Szpiganowicz Grażyna, Moska Piotr, Pączek Urszula, Piotrowska Natalia, Poręba Grzegorz, Przezdziecki Piotr, Uścinowicz Grzegorz

Geological Quarterly

|

2019

|

Vol. 63, No. 1

193--208

EN

The paper presents the results of the first OSL dating of glaciofluvial and ice-marginal lake sediments which occur between end moraines of the Słupsk Bank and the Polish coast. The sand and gravel of glaciofluvial deltas on the Słupsk Bank were deposited most likely during a period from 14.3 ±1.2 to 16.6 ±1.4 ka ago. The deposition of silty-sandy sediments of the ice-marginal lake is dated at 14.51 ±0.81 and 14.6 ±1.4 ka years. Likewise, dates ranging from 13.74 ±0.84 to 16.70 ±1.1 ka obtained from low sandy ridges, related to the southern range of the ice-marginal lake in the Gardno-Łeba Lowland, indicate the most likely timing of their deposition. It can be concluded that a short stop of the ice sheet on the Słupsk Bank took place approximately 15.2 ka ago, which could be correlated with the position of the ice sheet front in central Skåne and in northern Lithuania at that time. Older and younger results were also obtained, except the dates mentioned above. The older ages show little sunlight exposure of sediments during their deposition. The younger dates indicate a marine origin of the sediments and show that some parts of glaciofluvial sediments were redeposited and exposed to sunlight at a later stage, most probably when dead-ice blocks were melting.

13

Paleogene-Neogene tectonic evolution of the lignite-rich Szamotuły Graben

Widera Marek, Stawikowski Wojciech, Uścinowicz Grzegorz

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2019

|

Vol. 69, no. 3

387--401

EN

The Szamotuły Graben covers the southernmost part of the Permo-Mesozoic Poznań–Szamotuły Fault Zone. Along this regional discontinuity there are several salt structures, including the Szamotuły diapir, over which an extensional graben formed in the Paleogene and Neogene. The graben is located north of Poznań in central-western Poland, and is NW–SE-trending, ~20 km long, 3–5.5 km wide, and up to 160 m deep. It is filled with Lower Oligocene and Neogene sediments, including relatively thick lignite seams. Data from boreholes allow the assignment of the graben-fill sediments to appropriate lithostratigraphic units. Furthermore, analysis of changes in the thickness of these units provides evidence for periods of accelerated graben subsidence or uplift relative to its flanks. As a result, two distinct stages of tectonic subsidence and one inversion in the Paleogene–Neogene evolution of the Szamotuły Graben have been distinguished. Thus, relatively significant subsidence occurred in the Early Oligocene and the middle Early–earliest Mid-Miocene, while slight inversion took place in the middle part of the Mid-Miocene.

14

Materia pozaziemska w otoczeniu kraterów meteorytowych Kaali (Estonia)

Uścinowicz Grzegorz

Geologos

|

2008

|

Vol. 14, No. 2

211--219

PL

Kratery meteorytowe Kaali (wyspa Saaremaa, Estonia) stanowią unikatowe miejsce w Europie, nie tylko ze względu na wyjątkową formę wykształcenia, ale także dostępność do badań metalicznej materii pozaziemskiej. Podczas badań terenowych prowadzonych w maju 2004 roku autor zgromadził próbki osadów, które posłużyły do badań drobnej frakcji materii magnetycznej występującej w obrębie kraterów meteorytowych Kaali. Na podstawie morfologii, cech powierzchni i składu chemicznego wyselekcjonowanych ziaren magnetycznych wyróżniono cztery grupy materii: (1) kosmiczne kulki zbudowane z tlenku żelaza, zawierające nikiel, (2) kulki węglowe, które wstępnie zaklasyfikowano jako antropogeniczne, (3) kulki krzemianowe interpretowane jako zestalone krople wymieszanej materii ziemskiej i pozaziemskiej, i (4) płytki zbudowane z tlenku żelaza, pozbawione niklu, które zinterpretowano jako zwietrzałe pozostałości materii pozaziemskiej. Opis morfometryczny kraterów Kaali został sporządzony na podstawie danych literaturowych oraz wizji lokalnej przeprowadzonej przez autora.

EN

The Kaali meteorite crater field is a unique place in Europe, not only because of its morphology but also because of the presence of large amounts of extraterrestrial material. During field work in May 2004, samples were collected at this site with the objective to study magnetic fines. Based on morphology, surface features and chemical composition of the selected magnetic material, four groups of spherules and plates were distinguished: (1) Ni-bearing Fe-oxide spherules of cosmic origin, (2) carbon spherules tentatively classified as anthropogenic, (3) silicate spherules interpreted as solidified droplets of mixed terrestrial and extraterrestrial matter, and (4) Ni-free Fe-oxide plates interpreted as weathered remnants of extraterrestrial material. The Kaali crater site is described morphologically on the basis of literature and the author’s own observations.