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1

Halogen and oxyanion variability in marine algae: a study in the St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh

Rahman Swachsa, Ghosh Arnob, Hasan Md. Biplob, Khondker Moniruzzaman, Noor Fateeha, Islam Mir Shariful, Naim Mustafizur Rahman, Hasan Mahamudul

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2026

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Vol. 55, No. 1

13--27

EN

Halogens and oxyanions play essential roles in marine biogeochemical cycles, yet studies on their distribution in algae remain extremely limited. This work provides the first baseline profile of these ions in the macro- and microalgae of St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh. Eight species representing Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Cyanophyta were collected during the post-monsoon period, when algal abundance is highest. Anion measurements were carried out using Ion chromatography. Chloride and sulfate were consistently present across all species, with chloride ranging from 3.83 mg · g−1 to 23.94 mg · g−1 and reaching its highest level in Ceramium fastigiatum, while sulfate ranged from 2.88 mg · g−1 to 21.35 mg · g−1 and peaked in Padina tenuis. Fluoride was generally below detection except in Lyngbya confervoides (0.10 mg · g−1) and two red macroalgae, including Hypnea boergesenii (3.83 mg · g−1). Nitrate accumulation varied among species, with L. confervoides showing the lowest level (0.06 mg · g−1) and Cladophora echinus the highest (0.32 mg · g−1). As an exploratory dataset, the study documents only the post-monsoon ion patterns and does not capture seasonal or fine-scale spatial variability. Even within this scope, the findings fill a critical regional gap and offer an initial biochemical reference for future ecological assessments and environmental monitoring programs around St. Martin’s Island.

2

Response of the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae response in heavy media contaminated with lead

Rahmatina Imroatin Sakinah, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman, Purwanti Ipung Fitri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 5

129--138

EN

Water is a fundamental resource for life, essential for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. The increasing demand for clean water due to population and industrial growth has led to significant pollution challenges, particularly from untreated wastewater and the excessive use of chemicals. Heavy metal contamination, specifically lead (Pb), poses severe risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Pb pollution in coastal and port waters, such as Tanjung Emas Port in Indonesia, has been documented to exceed permissible limits, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Microalgae offer sustainable and cost-effective solutions for heavy metal removal through biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms. This study explored the potential through the responses of Chlorella vulgaris, a green microalga, in saline and Pb-contaminated media. The research was conducted in a laboratory using a controlled photobioreactor with 20‰ salinity and varying Pb concentrations, 0 mg/L as control, 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 9 mg/L. The response of Chlorella vulgaris was monitored and analyzed by the key parameters, including cell density, growth rate, pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration over 14 days to assess the ability of Chlorella vulgaris to survive in saline and contaminated media. The research found that Chlorella vulgaris with an initial cell density of + 347 × 104 cells/mL can survive and grow in media with 20‰ of salinity and a heavy metal concentration of up to 9 mg/L. Over 14 days, cell density observations revealed optimal growth in a reactor with 3 L/min aeration, 20‰ salinity, and a Pb concentration of 3 mg/L. The cell density value was 16.58 × 106 cells/mL, the same as the cell density in the control reactor, 18.78 × 106 cells/mL.

3

Circular economy approach to fatty acid production using aurantiochytrium microalgae and industrial wastes

Suhendra, Santosa Imam, Darmawan Endang, Sunarti, Rangkuti Ahmad Faizal, Hutari Andri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

351--362

EN

This study investigates the sustainable production of fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA omega-3), which is essential for the nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors. The research investigation evaluates the potential of utilizing low-cost substrates in a circular economy framework, employing Aurantiochytrium microalgae, a species recognized for its elevated DHA content and lack of heavy metal contamination. The cultivation process employed three substrates: glycerol, molasses, and fruit waste. The microalgae were cultivated on these substrates, subsequently undergoing sonication to improve emulsion stability. Fatty acid profiles were analyzed using GC-MS to assess DHA yields and the efficiency of biomass production. The findings suggested that glycerol served as the most effective substrate, producing the highest DHA content (54.88%) and wet biomass (53 g). Molasses and fruit waste exhibited moderate efficiency, presenting viable and cost-effective alternatives. Furthermore, glycerol yielded the most uniform emulsion particles (1,874 nm, PI 0.02677), suggesting enhanced substrate compatibility. The findings highlight the capability of Aurantiochytrium-based bioprocesses for the sustainable production of high-value fatty acids. This approach leverages industrial and organic waste materials, enhancing environmental sustainability and economic viability while fostering innovation in microalgae biotechnology.

4

Bioremediation of Restaurant Wastewater using Immobilized Green Microalgae, (Botryococcus Sp.) on Sequence Batch Reactor Storage Design

Apparao Y., Apandi Najeeha Mohd, Sunar Norshuhaila Mohamed, Ariffin S. N. H., Nagarajah R., Afifee R., Moganathan S., Pietrusiewicz Paweł

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2025

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Vol. 70, iss. 1

391--397

EN

Wastewater is produced by natural biological processes and a variety of human activities. It is unfit to use directly as the wastewater contains variety of chemicals, contaminants, and pollutants. Wastewater is categorized into two groups of sources which are greywater and blackwater as they differ in contamination levels. Greywater are from showers, baths, whirlpool tubs, washing machines, dishwashers and sinks except for the kitchen sink while the sources of black water are from toilets and kitchen sinks. This study aims to design a Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) equipped with microalgae microbeads (Botryococcus sp.), to examine the applicability of SBR technology in greywater treatment specifically evaluating the efficiency of SBR performance and to measure the efficiency in removing pollutant greywater of microalgae beads. This was done with the application of SBR to ensure the greywater are properly treated before being discharged.

5

Use of Microalgae Using Earthworm Leachate (Lumbricidae) for Application in Agriculture

Vargas José Iván Ramirez, Ramón Cevallos, Nathaly Giler, Wendy Mendoza

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

292--302

EN

Microalgae have unique properties that allow them to thrive in unconventional spaces, making them suitable for areas that are not normally suitable for crop growth. This is due to their ability to multiply rapidly, grow easily and adapt to different environments at low cost. As a result, the present study aims to analyze the potential of microalgae as a source of agricultural nutrition, as well as the health benefits they can provide. The following research was conducted on an experimental scale using a closed system (photobioreactor) for the cultivation of microalgae, its physicochemical characterization of the cultures and dry biomass. It can be observed the percentages of 11 N; 1.4 P; 0.3 K and its micronutrients are essential for plant growth, since microalgae-based biofertilizers are considered as a sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. The use of microalgae biomass as a biofertilizer in agriculture can increase fertility, reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss, and improve soil quality over time. It also benefits plants, vegetables and greens, as it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are necessary for growth.

6

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Chromium and Salinity on Chlorella vulgaris

Maysitha Aliyah Devi, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman, Wardhani Widhowati Kesoema, Dienullah R Mohammad Alghaf

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

130--140

EN

Heavy metal pollution, particularly chromium (VI) contamination, is a significant issue in Indonesian waters due to numerous chromium-producing industries. Research conducted in the downstream waters of Wonorejo found Cr(VI) levels ranging from 0.0025 to 0.018 mg/L, exceeding Indonesia’s quality standard of 0.002 mg/L. Thus, it is crucial to treat industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI) before disposal into water bodies. One alternative for treating Cr(VI) waste is using biological agents like microalgae. Chlorella sp. was chosen for this study due to its abundance in Indonesian waters. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chlorella vulgaris against Cr(VI) and salinity variations. The research involved propagating the microalgae to analyze growth rates and conducting MIC tests against salinity for 14 days with variations of 0, 20, 30, and 40 ppt. MIC tests against Cr(VI) were then performed using the optimal salinity (20 ppt) with variations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L. Results showed that C. vulgaris can thrive in salinities up to 40 ppt, with the optimal salinity being 20 ppt. The optimal Cr(VI) concentration for growth was 5 mg/L, resulting in a growth rate of 1.17 cells/mL/day. Based on statistical analysis only concentration of Cr(VI) that affected C. vulgaris cell density and not the salinity.

7

Phytoplankton Community Stability as a Health Indicator of Whiteleg Shrimp in an Intensive Pond

Musa Muhammad, Mahmudi Mohammad, Lusiana Evellin Dewi, Buwono Nanik Retno, Arsad Sulastri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

332--340

EN

The goal of this study was to examine and assess the stability of phytoplankton communities in connection to the different health status type of shrimp pond (healthy and diseased) in an intensive culture. The research was conducted in two ponds located in Probolinggo region, which had different health status until the eight week of harvest period. Several water quality variables and phytoplankton community composition were observed. Non-metric dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity were used to compare the phytoplankton community structure and water quality parameters in both ponds. In addition, the stability of phytoplankton community in these ponds was measured using species turnover rate, rate change of composition community, and community stability indices. The results showed that phytoplankton community structure and water quality factors between a diseased and healthy pond were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the phytoplankton community in the healthy pond was more stable than that of the diseased pond. Furthermore, ammonia and phosphate were found as the dominant factors affecting the phytoplankton community in the studied ponds.

8

Evaluating Optimal Cultivation Sites for Microalgae Based on Dairy Farm Wastewater using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geographic Information System Techniques

Hindarti Fin, Khakhim Nurul, Suyono Eko Agus, Budiman Arief

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

130--146

EN

Dairy farm wastewater contains high BOD, COD, and TSS, thus harming the environment if discharged without proper treatment. However, it is rich in nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which are needed by microalgae to grow and synthesis useful and high-value organic compounds. Microalgae biomass can be generated from a cultivation system that is integrated with wastewater sources efficiently. Selecting a suitable location is thereby crucial for the sustainable development of microalgae cultivation. This study aimed to select suitable locations in Cangkringan District, Indonesia for microalgae cultivation sites using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method integrated with geographic information system (GIS) and weighted overlay analysis (WOA). AHP helped determine the relative weights of the relevant factors, including dairy farm wastewater, temperature, land use, land elevation, and land slope in the study area. These weights were subsequently applied in WOA to determine locations that were most suitable for microalgae cultivation sites. The results of WOA, presented in the form of a land suitability map, showed that 0.1% (0.04 km2 ) of the studied areas is highly suitable for the development of microalgae cultivation and that a significant portion, approximately 67.2% (29.75 km2 ), is not suitable.

9

A preliminary assessment on the preparation of spirulina/PE blends by compression molding

Díaz Sara, Romero Francisco, Suárez Luis, Ortega Zaida

Composites Theory and Practice

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2024

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R. 24, nr 4

238--245

EN

Substituting petrochemical plastics with biobased plastics from natural feedstock offers an environmentally friendly alternative to reduce the carbon footprint. Proteins are promising biopolymers that can be transformed into plastics and sourced from various types of biomass, such as microalgae. Microalgae, particularly spirulina, is considered an excellent renewable resource for bioplastic production due to its high protein content. This study focuses on the characterization of spirulina-polyethylene (PE) composites molded by compression molding technology. Both washed (for salt removal), and unwashed biomass were used in order to explore a potentially more sustainable and cost-effective option. Various loadings of both biomass types (5 % - 30 % by weight) were investigated, and the mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact resistance) as well as thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) of the resulting composites were determined. The mechanical properties remained nearly unchanged compared to neat PE when the biomass content was kept under 10 wt.% for both the washed and unwashed biomass. At higher biomass loadings, a reduction in mechanical per formance was observed; however, the molded parts maintained good aesthetics and acceptable properties. Despite the pre dictable adverse changes in thermal behavior, the processability of the materials was not affected. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that total plasticization of the biomass protein was not achieved during the molding process. Additional ly, no significant differences were found between the washed and unwashed biomass, suggesting that using unwashed biomass could be more economically and environmentally beneficial.

10

From 3G biofuels to high-value-added bioproducts

Ledakowicz Stanisław, Antecka Anna, Gluszcz Paweł, Klepacz-Smolka Anna, Pietrzyk Damian, Szelag Rafał, Slezak Radosław, Daroch Mauycy

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

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2024

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Vol. 45, nr 2

art. no. e59

EN

The paper focused on the co-production of high-value-added product thermostable C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and biomass, further utilized in pyrolysis. The photobiosynthesis of CPC was carried out by the thermophilic cyanobacteria Synechococcus PCC6715 cultivated in the helical and flat panel photobioreactors (PBR). Despite the application of different inorganic carbon sources, both PBRs were characterized by the same growth efficiency and similar C-PC concentration in biomass. To release the intracellular C-PC the biomass was concentrated and disintegrated by the freeze-thaw method. The crude C-PC was then further purified by foam fractionation (FF), aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE), membrane techniques (UF) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Each of the tested methods can be used separately; however, from a practical and economic point of view, a three-stage purification system (FF, FPLC and UF) was proposed. The purity ratio of the final C-PC was about 3.9, which allows it to be classified as a reactive grade. To improve the profitability of 3G biorefinery, the solid biomass residue was used as a substrate to pyrolysis process, which leads to production of additional chemicals in the form of oils, gas (containing e.g. H 2) and biochar.

11

Utilization of Chlorella vulgaris after the Extraction Process in Wastewater Treatment as a Biosorption Material for Ciprofloxacin Removal

Al-Mashhadani Enass S. M., Al-Mashhadani Mahmood K. H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

1--15

EN

Potentially negative environmental and human health effects have led to pharmaceutical chemicals,which are labeled as a new class of environmental contaminants. Adsorption is one of the most appealing choices to remove that pharmaceutical waste in recent years. However, the environmental limitations of the adsorbent material are an obstacle to the development of this process. The current study suggested the remaining Chlorella vulgaris biomass, after the extraction process of the biomaterials, to be a bio-absorption material in removing the Ciprofloxacin from the hospital wastewater. The preparation and characterization of the suggested adsorbent through FTIR analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, were present in the current study. Several functional groups (such as carboxylic, amines, hydroxyls, and amides) were observed to aid the adsorption process. After the extraction process, the results showed a growth in the peaks, indicating an increase in functional groups, particularly the -O.H. and -N.H. groups, while having changed toward lower energy after binding with CIP atoms, as well as an increase in surface area from 2.3723 to 3.6224 m2/g. The XRD was shown to be compatible with the EDX test, which both demonstrated a decrease in carbon element concentration due to the deconstruction process. The effects of Ciprofloxacin bio-sorption variables, including contact time, initial Ciprofloxacin concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage, were adopted as a parametric study. The maximum adsorption capacity was recorded at pH 7 with an adsorbent dose of 2.75 g/L; after 120 minutes, the data show that 89.9% of Ciprofloxacin has been adsorption onto the extracted biomass.

12

The Novel Use of Microalgae in the Greening of the Metallurgical Industry

Berkinbayeva Ainur, Koizhanova Aigul, Yefremova Yuliya, Atanova Olga, Yerdenova Maria, Magomedov David

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

299--306

EN

The application of biotechnological methods in the metallurgical industry has the potential to provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective direction of development. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, a thionic bacterium, and the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii TN-72 CH were used as complex reagents for extracting gold from sulfide mineral raw materials. The sorption properties of modal and productive multicomponent gold-bearing solutions were studied. The sorption characteristics of the biosorbents were compared with those of sorbents currently used in gold production – the synthetic resin AM2B and GoldCarb activated carbon. The conducted research studying the sorption properties and survival ability of the microalga C. reinhardtii TN-72 CH will make it possible to develop an industrial technology for extracting metal in the hydrometallurgical cycle of gold production. The use of microorganisms in gold hydrometallurgy as an alternative to cyanide methods will reduce the load on the environment while reducing the cost of the technology. In the process of leaching gold-bearing raw materials by microorganisms, even submicroparticles of gold are released, which makes the processing of poor and refractory ores promising. Preliminary biooxidation increases the effectiveness of thiosulfates in terms of both time and gold recovery.

13

The Effect of Different Additions of Carbon Dioxide on Growth, Lipids, Carotenoids and Chlorophyll-a of Chaetoceros calcitrans

Amaliandini Esza Rezky, Nashrullah Syarif, Larasati Anastasya Dewi, Taufan Fajar, Sari Luthfiana Aprilianita, Dewi Nina Nurmalia, Arsad Sulastri, Musa Nadirah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

289--298

EN

Global warming gives phytoplankton a significant role in reducing carbon. C. calcitras is a phytoplankton which utilizes carbon dioxide for growth and the formation of secondary metabolites in order to survive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of differences in duration on growth, lipid content, carotenoids and chlorophyll-a in C. calcitrans and to determine the optimal duration. An experimental method with statistical analysis using ANOVA was used in this study. The treatments implemented were the addition of carbon dioxide for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 minutes with a volume of carbon dioxide addition of 3 bps. The results showed that the addition of carbon dioxide had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the value of lipids, growth, carotenoids and chlorophyll-a. The highest density value was obtained in Treatment for 2 minutes to increase growth with the highest total value of 2,927,500 cells/ml. The best treatment to increase lipids was Treatment for 12 minutes with lipid content of 63.33% and lipid productivity of 1.82 mg/l/day. The best treatment to increase carotenoid content was Treatment for 4 minutes with carotenoid content of 2.20 g/mL and chlorophyll-a content of 1.4431 g/mL. Optimal treatment differences to obtain the highest value of each parameter differ from each other, depending on the synthesis and physiological processes of C. calcitrans.

14

Effects of different microalgae Botrycoccus sp. beads concentrations on the growth and nutrients uptake in kitchen wastewater

Shaari N.A.R., Apandi Najeeha Mohd, Sunar Norshuhaila Mohamed, Nagarajah R., Cheong K., Ahia S.S.M., Halim Khairul Anwar Abdul, Gacek Marcin, Ibrahim Wan Mastura Wan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 4

1609--1615

EN

The present study is aimed to access the growth rates, biomass productivity and nutrient removal in different concentrations of microalgae Botryococcus sp. beads using kitchen wastewater as a media. Verhulst logistic kinetic model was used to measure the optimal concentrations of microalgae Botryococcus sp. in kitchen wastewater in terms of cell growth rate kinetics and biomass productivity. The study verified that the maximum productivity was recorded with 1×106 cell/ml of the initial concentration of Botryococcus sp. with 42.64 mg/l/day and the highest removal of TP and ammonia was obtained (78.14% and 60.53% respectively). The highest specific growth rate of biomass at 0.2896 μmax/d compare to other concentrations, while the lowest occurred at concentrations of 105 cells/ml at 0.0412 μmax/d. The present study shows the different concentrations of Botryococcus sp. in alginate beads culturing in kitchen wastewater influence the cells growth of biomass and nutrient uptake with optimum concentration (106 cells/ml) of Botryococcus sp. which is suggested for wastewater treatment purposes. The result of scanning electron microscopy (sem) shows differences in morphology in terms of surface; smoother and cleaner (before the experiment), cracks and rough surface with black/white spots (after the experiment). These findings seemly can be applied efficiently in kitchen wastewater treatment as well as a production medium for microalgae biomass.

15

Spirulina – dlaczego określana jest mianem super food?

Kępińska-Pacelik Jagoda, Biel Wioletta

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2022

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T. 76, nr 5

10--16

PL

Arthrospira (spirulina) wykorzystywana jest jako dodatek do diety ze względu na wysoką wartość odżywczą i bezpieczeństwo stosowania. Jest rodzajem należących do rzędu Oscillatoriales swobodnie pływających sinic. W przemyśle spożywczym wykorzystuje się głównie dwa gatunki: Arthrospira platensis i Arthrospira maxima. Spirulina, znana głównie ze względu na wysoką zawartość białka (około 80% w przeliczeniu na suchą masę), jest bogatym źródłem wielu związków biologicznie czynnych, w tym chlorofili i karotenoidów stosowanych m.in. jako barwniki w przemyśle spożywczym. Pigmenty te mają potencjalne korzyści zdrowotne dla organizmu wiążące się ze wzmocnieniem układu odpornościowego i zmniejszeniem ryzyka rozwoju przewlekłych chorób zwyrodnieniowych, chorób sercowo-naczyniowych i niektórych rodzajów nowotworów. Ponadto spirulina jest bogata w aminokwasy egzogenne, witaminy A, E i z grupy B, czy kwasy tłuszczowe, które wpływają na: obniżenie ciśnienia, zapobiegają miażdżycy i udarowi mózgu, przyspieszają redukcję tkanki tłuszczowej i obniżają poziom cholesterolu. Wykorzystanie spiruliny w przemyśle spożywczym nie ogranicza się tylko do barwienia żywności. Obecnie na rynku dostępne są między innymi ciastka, lody, jogurty oraz pieczywo z dodatkiem spiruliny. Jej dodatek może znacznie opóźnić proces utleniania lipidów i zmniejszyć populację niepożądanych drobnoustrojów, co skutkuje wydłużonym okresem przydatności do spożycia.

EN

Arthrospira (spirulina) is used as an addition to the diet due to its high nutritional value and safety of use. It is a genus of free-floating cyanobacteria belonging to the order of Oscillatoriales. Two species are used in the food industry: Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. Spirulina is mainly known for its high protein content, which is around 80% of dry matter. Spirulina is a rich source of many compounds, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are used in the food industry as dyes. Spirulina-derived pigments have the added benefit of potential health benefits for the body, and their consumption has been shown to boost the immune system and reduce the risk of developing chronic degenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. Moreover, spirulina is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins A, B, E and fatty acids. The presence of these compounds makes spirulina lower blood pressure, prevents atherosclerosis and stroke, accelerates the reduction of body fat and lowers cholesterol. The use of spirulina in the food industry is not limited to food coloring. Currently, the market includes, among others, cookies, ice cream, yoghurts and bread with the addition of spirulina. Its addition can significantly delay the lipid oxidation process and reduce the number of undesirable microorganisms, which results in an extended shelf life.

16

Mikroenkapsulacja mikroalg (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) metodą emulsyfikacji membranowej

Dawiec-Liśniewska Anna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

|

T. 101, nr 9

694--698

PL

W module membranowym umieszczano fazę ciągłą, którą stanowił olej parafinowy z dodatkiem 1% obj. surfaktantu. Następnie dostarczano fazę zdyspergowaną, którą stanowił 2-proc. roztwór wodny alginianu sodu z mikroalgami o stężeniu 10, 15, 20% obj. Fazę zdyspergowaną podawano z szybkością 2–5 mL/min przy stałej prędkości mieszania równej 250–400 rpm. Otrzymaną emulsję przelewano do zlewki, mieszano z prędkością 300–700 rpm i dodawano czynnik sieciujący i stabilizator emulsji. Aktywność fotosyntetyczną unieruchomionych mikroalg określano poprzez pomiar stężenia tlenu w czasie.

EN

Paraffin oil with the addn. of 1% vol. surfactant was placed in a membrane module (continuous phase) and then a 2% aq. soln. of Na alginate with microalgae at a concn. of 10, 15, or 20% by vol. was added (dispersed phase) at a rate of 2–5 mL/min at a constant stirring speed of 250–400 rpm. The resulting emulsion was poured into a beaker, mixed at 300–700 rpm, and the crosslinker and emulsion stabilizer were added. The photosynthetic activity of the immobilized microalgae was detd. by measuring the O2 concn. over time.

17

Assessment of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds removal efficiency from different types of wastewater using microalgae cultures

Nezbrytska Inna, Shamanskyi Sergii, Pavliukh Lesia, Kharchenko Galina

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 1

45--52

EN

The efficiency of ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4+) and phosphate (P-PO43-) removal from wastewater with different loads of these nutrients was evaluated using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Сhlоrорhуtа) and Oscillatoria neglecta (Суаnорhуtа/Cyanoprokaryota). In addition, functional characteristics of the microalgae under the studied conditions were determined. It was demonstrated that Ch. reinhardtii is resistant to a wide range of concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Microalgae actively participate in the removal of N-NH4+ from wastewater (removal efficiency of 49–63%, depending on the initial concentration). At the same time, Ch. reinhardtii showed low levels of P-PO43- removal (7-18%) from the aquatic environment. O. neglecta, unlike Ch. reinhardtii, is sensitive to excessively high concentrations of N-NH4+ (90-140 mg l−1) and P-PO43- (26-90 mg l−1). However, it is characterized by high removal efficiency for both forms of nitrogen (60–61%) and phosphorus (43–55%) at their initial concentrations of 30–50 mg l-1 and 7–14 mg l-1, respectively. Therefore, O. neglecta is best suited for use in wastewater post-treatment

18

Prospects for using wastewater from a farm for algae cultivation: The case of Eastern Colombia

Urbina-Suarez Nestor Andres, Barajas-Solano Andres Fernando, Garcia-Martinez Janet Bibiana, Lopez-Barrera German Luciano, González-Delgado Angel Dario

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

172--179

EN

In recent years, the technical and economic feasibility of using microalgae and cyanobacteria has been explored for the removal and exploitation of domestic, agricultural and industrial residual effluents with high C, N and P compounds content. To contribute to the understanding of the process and its technical viability for microalgae growth, the article discusses monitoring, flow determination, and physicochemical characteristics of two types of effluents generated in an experimental farm located in the east of Colombia, before (R1) and after biological treatment (R2). In general, the results showed the reduction of different parameters, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, salinity and phosphates after treatment with activated sludge. However, the conductivity value obtained in R1 and R2 showed the presence of a pollutant load. These findings can be attributed to the highest concentration of fats and oils in the water during early hours of the day. Finally, although the concentration of nitrates increased from 46.63 to 225.21 mg∙dm-3 and phosphate decreased slightly from 9.65 to 6.21 mg∙dm-3,no inhibition was generated in the microalgae, as evidenced in the growth of the microalgal biomass in effluents after nitrate and phosphate removal above 80%.

19

The use of microalgal sourced biodiesel to help underground mines transition to battery electric vehicles

Laamanen Corey A., Moreau Kyle, Desjardins Sabrina M., McLean Shannon H., Scott John A.

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2022

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Vol. 21, iss. 1

2--14

EN

The use of fossil fuel sourced diesel underground has various associated health and environmental hazards, and additional energy demand and costs associated with necessary ventilation. One way to reduce these impacts is by utilizing a biodiesel-blend, which generates lower levels of harmful emissions from underground equipment and can be produced regionally, reducing the impact of transportation. Furthermore, this would help allow use of existing machinery during transition towards more widespread electrification underground. Therefore, the concept of an integrated supply and use chain within the mining industry is examined based on biodiesel from acidophilic photosynthetic microalgae cultivated using CO 2 in smelter off-gas. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare the environmental impacts of production, transportation, and end-use of fossil fuel sourced diesel to biodiesel-blended fuel across four underground metal ore mine sites (Canada, Poland, Zambia, and Australia). The outcomes from assessing four key environmental impact potentials (global warming, eutrophication, acidification and human toxicity) demonstrate the advantages of using biodiesel-blends. The integration of biodiesel resulted in changes of -22.5 to +22.8% (global warming), -6.1 to +27.3% (eutrophication), -18.9 to +26.3% (acidification), and -21.0 to -3.6% (human toxicity). The results showed reduction across all potentials for two mines and reduction in human toxicity potential for all sites.

20

Utilizing the Eutrophication in Bioresources Recovery and Biogas Production – A Case Study in Egypt

Khalil Mohamed M., Ficara Elena, Colaninno Nicola, EL-Baz Amro

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

299--313

EN

In this work, the nutrients and eutrophication problem are integrated into a nature-based solution by incorporating microalgae-based nutrient removal from wastewater and collecting the residue in an anaerobic digestion plant to produce biogas that is directly exported to an existing gas-fired power plant and closes the bioresource loop. El Burullus lake in Egypt was selected as a case study because it is rich in nutrients and suitable for the integrated system. The theoretical results were promising as for one-hectare, nutrient pollution could be reduced with a total nitrogen removal rate of 4 kg•d-1, a total phosphorus removal rate of 1.1 kg•d-1, and a total COD removal rate of 9.3 kg•d-1. The digester volume corresponding to the biomass produced was 120 m3 per hectare of algae pond and the methane yield () from anaerobic digestion was 73 m3•d-1.