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1

Assessing the feasibility of electric road transport in Europe using the integral emissions index

Bosyi Dmytro, Zemskyi Denys, Biltsan Kostiantyn, Borycheva Svitlana

Transport Problems

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2025

|

T. 20, z. 3

19--30

EN

This article reviews the development of electric road transport and assesses its feasibility in European countries based on an analysis of CO₂ emissions using an integral index. Electric road transport is evolving in three main directions: battery-powered vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and road electrification. Battery electric vehicles are widely used, but their future may be constrained by issues related to cost, charging infrastructure, and raw material availability. Hydrogen-powered vehicles offer fast refueling but require substantial investments and strict safety standards. Road electrification includes both contact and wireless energy transfer systems. Contact-based systems provide high power and low energy losses, making them optimal for vehicles with significant energy demands. The environmental efficiency of electric vehicles largely depends on the electricity source. Countries with a high share of renewable energy, such as Norway and France, demonstrate greater environmental efficiency in electric vehicle adoption. Special attention should be given to road electrification, which reduces the duration of battery-powered autonomous driving and allows for smaller battery sizes, thereby extending their lifespan. This approach not only increases battery longevity but also has a positive environmental impact by reducing emissions associated with battery production and disposal.

2

Wpływ zanieczyszczeń na rurociągowy transport ditlenku węgla

Włodek Tomasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

|

T. 104, nr 9

897--903

EN

The hydraulic characteristics of CO₂ flow in the pipeline were presented for 5 stream compns., taking into account permissible impurities levels in accordance with standards. Two variants of CO₂ transport in the liq. phase at pressures of 10 and 15 MPa and CO₂ transport in a supercritical state at the starting point of the pipeline were adopted. Impurities such as nitrogen (N₂), hydrogen (H₂), and methane (CH₄) significantly affected thermodynamic properties and phase behavior of CO₂ stream. For obsd. contg. permissible amts. of N₂ and H₂, a two-phase system was observed for an inlet pressure of 10 MPa, while the permissible CH₄ content had no significant effect on pipeline transport conditions.

3

Wpływ ditlenku węgla na procesy wytrącania się stałej fazy parafinowej z ropy naftowej

Kuśnierczyk Jerzy, Szuflita Sławomir, Warnecki Marcin

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

|

T. 104, nr 8

821--825

PL

Przedstawiono problem wytrącania się osadów parafinowych z ropy naftowej na wewnętrznej ścianie rurociągów, które mogą prowadzić do wielu problemów związanych z przepływem ropy. Jedną z propozycji zahamowania osadzania się parafin jest wykorzystanie wychwyconego CO₂, którym nasyca się ropę naftową. Wykorzystując możliwości aparatury do badań PVT wyposażonej w moduł FLAAS (flow assurance system), możliwe było określenie wpływu CO₂ rozpuszczonego w ropie na temperaturę początku wytrącania parafin.

EN

Dead and CO₂-saturated crude oil samples were analyzed for the content of solid paraffin particles as a function of pressure and temp. using a PVT apparatus for testing the phase properties of reservoir fluids. The effect of CO₂ dissolved in crude oil on the paraffin precipitation temp. was detd.

4

Porównanie rozdziału ditlenku węgla i azotu na membranach ciekłych otrzymanych poprzez impregnację ceramicznego podłoża cieczą jonową

Ziobrowski Zenon

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

|

T. 104, nr 9

882--885

PL

Porównano strumienie molowe i idealne selektywności rozdziału ditlenku węgla i azotu za pomocą membran SILMs (supported ionic liquid membranes) otrzymanych poprzez impregnację materiałów ceramicznych różnych producentów cieczami jonowymi [Emim][Ac] (octan 1-etylo-3-metyloimidazolowy) oraz [Emim][BF₄] (tetrafluoroboran 1-etylo-3-metyloimidazolowy). Stwierdzono, że ze wzrostem ciśnienia mierzone strumienie molowe rosły, a selektywności malały. Najlepsze właściwości separacyjne otrzymano dla membrany SILM przygotowanej poprzez impregnację materiału ceramicznego Pervatech BV cieczą jonową [Emim][Ac], dla której zmierzono wysoką idealną selektywność, ok. 152. Dla pozostałych membran SILMs otrzymano znacznie niższe selektywności w zakresie 2-55. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na możliwość uzyskania tanich, stabilnych i wysoce selektywnych membran SILM poprzez impregnację cieczą jonową dostępnych materiałów ceramicznych.

EN

The molar flows rates and ideal selectivities of CO₂ and N₂ sepn. were compared using supported ionic liq. membranes (SILMs) obtained by impregnating ceramic materials from various manufacturers with ionic liq. [Emim][Ac] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate) and [Emim][BF₄ ] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate). With increasing pressure, the measured molar flows increased and the selectivities decreased. The best sepn. properties were obtained for the SILMs prepd. by impregnating Pervatech BV ceramic material with the [Emim][Ac], ideal selectivity of approx. 152. For the other SILMs, significantly lower selectivities in the range of 2-55 were obtained. The results obtained indicate the possibility of obtaining cheap, stable, and highly selective SILMs by impregnating available ceramic materials with ionic liq.

5

Response to Marks (2025): Contemporary global warming versus climate change in the Holocene

Summerhayes Colin, Head Martin J., Gałuszka Agnieszka, Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł Barbara, Waters Colin N., Robin Libby, Sörlin Sverker, Cearreta Alejandro, Wallenhorst Nathanaël, Zalasiewicz Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 5

469--476

EN

The Holocene geological record provides the most immediate context for understanding and interpreting the climate of the present and future Earth System. Marks (2025) suggests a Holocene climate steered largely by cyclical solar forcing, and that modern warming, driven by increased solar activity, will be replaced within the coming 3 kyr by cooling almost everywhere. This view contrasts with palaeoclimate data, instrumental records, an understanding of climate drivers and feedbacks, and global and regional climate modelling studies, which show that Holocene climate was largely controlled by slow Milankovitch-related changes. Superimposed on these were minor solar fluctuations with a higher frequency. Solar activity was at the same ‘high’ level in the 1780s, 1860s and 1980s, making it a highly unlikely cause of recent warming. Modern global warming has two main drivers: 1) anthropogenic greenhouse gases, which rose steeply after 1950; and 2) both water vapour, which increases as the ocean warms, and clouds. Atmospheric CO2 levels are higher than at any other time since the Middle Miocene, making global temperatures warmer than any multi-century interval since the Last Interglacial. Earth ’s climate has left its equable Holocene state. The long residence time of CO2 ensures persistent warming for tens of millennia.

6

Response to Dąbski (2025) : Global climate change, CO2 and climatic catastrophes

Summerhayes Colin, Zalasiewicz Jan, Head Martin J., Gałuszka Agnieszka, Waters Colin N., Sörlin Sverker, Cearreta Alejandro, Robin Libby, Wallenhorst Nathanaël, Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł Barbara

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 11

955--965

EN

Dąbski (2025) challenges the conventional understanding of climate change in asserting that atmospheric carbon dioxide has not strongly influenced global temperatures in the geological past or present. He claims that other factors including solar irradiance, oceanic oscillations, and changes in atmospheric aerosols explain much of the warming documented since pre-industrial times; and that current climate trends are not a matter of urgent concern. These views expand upon those by Marks (2025) to which we have already responded (Summerhayes et al., 2025). We refute these views and correct a common misunderstanding: atmospheric carbon dioxide was a powerful amplifier, not trigger, of global warming during past glacial-interglacial cycles (the trigger was Milankovitch forcing). In contrast, contemporary global warming has over-ridden Milankovitch forcing, being driven directly by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, notably carbon dioxide which continues to accumulate in the atmosphere and oceans, locking global temperatures and its derived effects (e.g., sea level, extreme climate events, biological consequences) into a long-term upwards trajectory.

7

Reply to Response by Summerhayes et al. to Dąbski (2025) : Global climate change, CO2 and climatic catastrophes

Dąbski Maciej

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 11

966--973

EN

The global warming issue is unfortunately subject to numerous academic malpractices and data selection biases. Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b) advocate for “scientific consensus ” in terms of the leading role of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), unprecedented global warming and accelerating cli-mate-related disruptive events. However, the global carbon budget is still not well known and was not in balance in pre-industrial times. Anthropogenic radiation forcing is in operation, but it is not overwhelming. Natural processes, especially total solar irradiance and oceanic oscillations, play a very important role, which is usually downplayed by mainstream scientists such as Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b). Feedbacks, e.g. changes in cloudi¬ness, are important, but still poorly known. Therefore, model-based climate sensitivity varies considerably and is far from being established. Our knowledge of the geological past teaches that CO2 has never been the triggering factor of raises of global temperature. Contrary to the claims of Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b), there is no clear evidence that the current warming is unprecedented in its magnitude (as evidenced by ocean heat gains) or by a spatially synchronous pattern. Contrary to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models, Arctic amplification currently undergoes weakening, the mass balance of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is not catastrophic, and climate-related disruptive events do not show an accelerating trend. The rise in global aridity has been registered only in a few recent years, and it is not a widespread phenomenon.

8

Od obserwacji natury do technologii. Krótki przegląd metod sekwestracji CO2 wykorzystujących skały ultramaficzne

Cieślik Błażej, Markiewicz Natasza

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 11

994--1001

EN

Since the 19th century, it has been known that certain minerals can react with carbon dioxide (CO2), as evidenced by the formation of listvenites, carbonate- and quartz-rich rocks resulting from the alteration of ultramafic rocks by CO2-rich fluids. Ultramafic rocks are now recognized as candidates for secure, long-term carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration through mineral carbonation. This paper provides a brief overview of both natural and engineered CO2 removal strategies, with emphasis on in situ and ex situ mineral carbonation, as well as enhanced weathering. These approaches are based on reactions between CO2 and divalent cations released during the dissolution of silicate minerals, resulting in the formation of stable carbonate minerals. Experimental studies and pilot projects have confirmed the feasibility of these methods. We highlight the potential of ultramafic rocks from the Central Sudetic Ophiolites in southwestern Poland, particularly the Braszowice-Brzeźnica Massif, for efficient CO2 mineralization. Carbonation experiments show that serpentinized peridotites from this area readily form magnesite during ex situ carbonation. Although challenges remain, such as low rock permeability, variability in mineral reactivity, and the potential mobilization of trace metals, mineral carbonation remains a promising strategy for mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

9

Comparative Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Refrigeration Systems with R744 (CO2) and R717 (Ammonia) Refrigerants for Ice Rinks

Zwęgliński Krzysztof, Grzebielec Andrzej

Modern Engineering

|

2025

|

2

8--20

EN

Ice rinks are highly energy-intensive facilities, and current trends in refrigeration engineering increasingly focus on the use of natural refrigerants to improve energy efficiency while complying with environmental and legal regulations. Among these solutions, ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide (R744) are widely considered stateof-the-art options for large-scale ice rink applications. The aim of this study is to compare the energy efficiency of two refrigeration systems based on natural refrigerants: R717 and R744, designed to supply an ice rink compliant with International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) standards. The study sought to determine whether significant differences in energy performance and operating costs exist between the two systems under realistic operating conditions. The analysis included a detailed thermal load calculation of the ice rink, accounting for all major heat gains such as heat transfer from the hall to the ice slab, occupants, lighting, ventilation, and iceresurfacing machinery. Heat gains were divided into loads affecting the air and those directly impacting the ice surface. Thermal balance calculations were performed for two operating scenarios: steady-state rink operation and the ice-freezing process. Variable operating conditions, including changes in user occupancy and different usage scenarios (weekdays, weekends, and sporting events), were also considered. Two refrigeration configurations were analyzed: a transcritical CO2 system with Flash Gas Bypass and an ammonia system with a flooded evaporator. Energy performance was evaluated using EER and SEER indicators, along with annual electricity consumption. The results showed that the ammonia-based system achieved higher energy efficiency and lower annual electricity consumption compared to the CO2-based system, resulting in reduced operating costs. Conversely, the CO2 system offered superior operational safety due to the non-toxic and non-flammable nature of the refrigerant, which may be particularly advantageous in densely populated areas. The findings indicate that the selection of a refrigeration system for ice rinks should be based on investor priorities and sitespecific conditions. Ammonia systems are preferable where high efficiency and low operating costs are critical, while CO2 systems are more suitable where maximum safety is required. For the analyzed ice rink, located away from residential areas, the ammonia system proved to be the more economically favorable solution. The results may support future refrigeration system designs and suggest that further efficiency improvements could be achieved through multi-stage or cascade system configurations.

10

Carbon footprint generated during plant production – literature review and own research

Szaroleta Michał, Adamczyk Florian, Mandat Łukasz, Rogacki Roman, Szulc Tomasz

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 1

51--64

EN

The publication is addressed to individuals and entities that deal with trade and implementation of new agricultural machinery. The paper presents identified sources causing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere in the plant production process. The work was divided into several parts: the topic of gases causing the greenhouse effect was generally presented, then the gases that were most responsible for the said effect were identified. A method for determining the carbon footprint of agrotechnical treatments was also proposed, based on the results of research carried out using a machine aggregated with a tractor through a measurement frame specially designed and built for this purpose. The aforementioned work was carried out to identify and illustrate many agrotechnical treatments against a common background. The preliminary studies conducted in field conditions allow us to assess the sense of conducting this type of research based on simple to measure parameters. The aspect that remains to be solved is the development of an algorithm that, after taking into account parameters such as the value of working resistance or the type of machine, will determine the carbon footprint.

11

Emission analysis of liquefied natural gas and diesel heavy-duty trucks using on-board monitoring method

Sütheö Gergő, Jagicza Márton, Baráth Balázs

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 2

258--271

EN

Environmental protection and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are becoming top priorities in the mobility sector especially in heavy-duty truck (HDT) sector. In recent years, numerous regulations, targets, and initiatives have been introduced, all of which strongly promote the reduction of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions, the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives, and the use of renewable energy sources. The study compares CO2 emissions and fuel consumption between conventional diesel and liquefied natural gas (LNG) heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) from the same original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The research was conducted on multiple levels, with a primary focus on control based on test track measurements. This was preceded by a simulation phase and followed by public road measurement-based validation process. In this study, we used the onboard monitoring (OBM) emission analysis method, a cost-effective and accurate process where data was recorded from the fleet management system (FMS) using controller area network (CAN) messages. The results are presented in several stages from simulation to data validation. Our research represents a unique study in the field of HDVs, as the measurements were conducted on a test track, supported by simulations and public road tests. The results of the project clearly demonstrate that gas technology can contribute to reducing GHG emissions in HDVs, and LNG provides a reliable alternative for long-distance transportation.

12

Carbon Footprint at the National University of Rosario, Argentina: Comparison of 2019 and 2022 Data

Vega Marcelo, Delannoy Fiona, Cano Damián, Giandoménico Esteban, Lerma Camil Pizzorno, Piacentini Rubén D.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

|

Vol. 2, no. 2

art. no. 104

EN

Evaluating the carbon footprint of an institution or company to determine their greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is important for contributing to the global effort to mitigate climate change. It's even more important for a university, because of its primary role in educating students at the highest educational level. In this paper, we present a comparison of the emissions recorded at the National University of Rosario, Argentina, in the years 2019 and 2022. This university is one of the largest in the country, with a built infrastructure of more than 220,682 square meters and more than 115,000 students, professors, and technical and administrative staff. The comparison is made on emissions due to fixed energy from the use of stationary electricity in buildings (motors, lighting, air conditioning, etc). Since data from the first year of the GHG assessment in 2019 are not available for mobile energy (mainly due to the different vehicles with internal combustion engines), no comparison is made, and no data were collected from other GHG sources or sinks. However, a rough estimate of the contribution of all other emission sources, such as land-use change, agriculture, industry, and waste, shows that they are significantly lower than those considered in the present work. We would like to highlight that part of these undetermined sources is offset by the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas, by the large number of trees that exist mainly in the Faculties of Agricultural Sciences, located in Zavalla and Veterinary Sciences, situated in Casilda. The comparison between the data for 2019 and 2022 (the latter in parentheses) yields the following result for greenhouse gas emissions (in TnCO2/year) corresponding to category 2 of the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (due to indirect GHG emissions caused by imported energy to generate electricity and to use natural gas, the latter mainly for air conditioning): 3 610(3 589). This corresponds to a decrease of -0.58 %. Since the number of people (chiefly students) increased from around 107,000 in 2019 to around 115,000 in 2022, annual GHG emissions per capita [in kgCO2/(year*person)] were 33.7 and 31.2, respectively, giving a GHG emission reduction of -8.01%. This corresponds to a significant mean reduction of -2.7 % per year. In the case of IPCC Category 3 (for indirect GHG emissions caused by energy used for transport mainly with cars and buses) the emitted value was 42 TnCO2 in 2022, giving rise to a percentage value of 0.99% for the year 2022, with respect to the total emission. Since it is very small, like the other contributions, even when compared to the uncertainty in the GHG calculation (estimated at 10 to 20%), the greatest effort in reducing emissions will be concentrated on imported energy.

13

Coriolis flow technology in H2 and CO2 measurement: key questions and answers to make reliable measurement happen in industrial application

Druzhkov Aleksandr, Alghanmi Yaser, Brugman Maatren, Pitti Salvatore, Blankestijn Raoul

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2025

|

Nr 7-8

2-11

EN

The need for reliable measurements of H2 and CO2 is no longer an industrial challenge connected only to process optimization goals. Accurate accountability of H2 and CO2 has become an essential requirement with wider social responsibility to mitigate the impact of global warming and achieve Net Zero Energy targets. As the industry advances projects to produce and transport H2, regulations and research projects attempt to develop the guidelines and legislations necessary to support accelerating readiness for the energy transition, while establishing a unified governance to the quality and measurement controls. Unlike H2, there are various forms of regulations, standards and legislations to govern CO2 emissions. These can vary significantly as it relates to the control measures and methods. While the global economy reaches a uniform approach to define and govern the elements of H2 and CO2 for the purpose of the energy transition, the most urgent question is how to accurately account and report H2 and CO2. The common consensus among industry leaders and technical researchers indicate that Coriolis Flow Metering is the most versatile and accurate technology to measure H2 and CO2 throughout the value chain in various phases.

PL

Potrzeba wiarygodnych pomiarów H2 i CO2 nie jest już wyzwaniem przemysłowym, związanym wyłącznie z celami optymalizacji procesów. Dokładne rozliczanie H2 i CO2 stało się zasadniczym wymogiem, który wiąże się z szerszą dpowiedzialnością społeczną, w zakresie łagodzenia skutków globalnego ocieplenia i osiągania celów zerowego zużycia energii netto. W miarę jak branża rozwija projekty dotyczące produkcji i transportu H2, przepisy i projekty badawcze dążą do opracowania wytycznych i przepisów, niezbędnych do przyspieszenia przygotowań do transformacji energetycznej, przy jednoczesnym ustanowieniu jednolitego zarządzania kontrolą jakości i pomiarów. W przeciwieństwie do zagadnień dotyczących H2, istnieją różne formy przepisów, norm i ustawodawstwa regulującego emisję CO2, które mogą się znacznie różnić w odniesieniu do środków i metod kontroli. Chociaż globalna gospodarka osiąga jednolite podejście do definiowania i regulowania składników H2 i CO2 na potrzeby transformacji energetycznej, to najpilniejszym pytaniem jest, jak dokładnie rozliczać i raportować ilości H2 i CO2. Zgodnie ze wspólną opinią liderów branży i badaczy technicznych, przepływomierz Coriolisa jest najbardziej uniwersalną i dokładną technologią pomiaru dla H2 i CO2 w całym łańcuchu wartości na różnych etapach.

14

Preparation of oyster shell waste impregnated with bimetal nitrate as a carbon dioxide gasadsorbent to reduce global warming

Puspita Kana, Nabila Dara, Nazar Muhammad, Syahrial, Bakar Noor Hana Hanif Abu

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 3

34--41

EN

The increase in greenhouse gas concentrations has intensified the impact of global warming. Oyster shell (OS) as a source of CaCO₃ has been considered as one of the methods to reduce CO₂, which is one of the primary contributors to global warming. Among various approaches, the adsorption method has proven effective in reducing CO₂ emissions. This study aims to produce an adsorbent from oyster shells impregnated with metal nitrates that is selective for CO₂ gas. The adsorbent preparation was carried out using the Successive Incipient Wetness Impregnation (SIWI) method, with the material formulation calculated based on stoichiometric ratios. The metal nitrate concentration was 2.5%wt (for both aluminum and magnesium metal oxides). The resulting adsorbent was characterized using SEM-EDS (morphology) to indicate Al and Mg have been impregnated in oyster shells with 0.5% each. CO₂ capture/adsorption was measured using TGA, and it found OS/Al exhibited the highest weight loss (5%). Therefore, aluminum nitrate impregnation (OS/Al 5’) is the most effective approach for enhancing the CO₂ adsorption capacity of oyster shells.

15

Assessing the effect of specific plants on indoor carbon dioxide levels

Dabbour Loai, Shaban Nabeel Abu

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 3

81--86

EN

Indoor environments, where people spend nearly 90% of their lives, significantly influence health and well-being through air quality, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. This study investigates the role of indoor plants in modulating CO2 levels under controlled light and temperature conditions. Three indoor plants – Bonsai, Dieffenbachia, and Yucca – were positioned inside a glass-walled compartment to prevent direct sunlight while providing sufficient illumination, simulating typical indoor light conditions. CO2 concentrations were monitored using CO2 Datalogger, which recorded data every 5 minutes. The results demonstrate that all tested plants effectively reduced CO2concentrations, with Dieffenbachia showing the most substantial decrease, followed by Yucca and Bonsai. This research highlights the potential of indoor plants not only to enhance indoor air quality but also contribute to health and productivity by mitigating CO2 accumulation, offering a sustainable strategy to improve environmental conditions in indoor spaces.

16

Naturalne czynniki chłodnicze w praktyce porównanie systemów CO2 i R290 w chłodniach średniej wielkości

Hryniewicz Marek

Chłodnictwo : organ Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej

|

2025

|

R. 60, nr 5

5--10

PL

Artykuł przedstawia analizę porównawczą dwóch rozwiązań chłodniczych średniej skali: instalacji transkrytycznej CO2 oraz instalacji zasilanej propanem R290. Pod względem całkowitych kosztów posiadania (TCO) w horyzoncie 10-letnim oceniono: wpływ efektywności energetycznej (COP, SEPR), kosztów inwestycyjnych (CAPEX) oraz operacyjnych (OPEX). Uwzględniono aspekty związane z serwisem i konserwacją, a także aspekty środowiskowe (GWP, emisje pośrednie CO2). Układy z R290 są efektywniejsze i tańsze, a systemy CO2 konkurencyjne w dużych instalacjach przemysłowych (zwłaszcza przy odzysku ciepła).

EN

The article compares two medium-scale refrigeration systems: a transcritical CO2 installation and a propane-based (R290) system. The study considered the mainstream economic criteria, such as: COP and SEPR (energy efficiency), CAPEX (investment), OPEX (operation) and TCO over 10 years. Environmental aspects (GWP, indirect CO2 emissions) and service requirements were also taken into account. The results demonstrate that R290 systems exhibit higher efficiency and lower total costs, while CO2 installations remain a competitive option for large industrial facilities especially when heat recovery is applied.

17

Wentylacja w szkołach. ALERT! Dwutlenek węgla kontratakuje

Mizera Grzegorz

Chłodnictwo i Klimatyzacja

|

2025

|

nr 6

84--87

PL

Europa intensyfikuje działania na rzecz walki z ociepleniem klimatu, odchodząc od paliw kopalnych na rzecz OZE i poprawy efektywności energetycznej. W Polsce proces dekarbonizacji nabiera tempa — od termomodernizacji po optymalizację systemów grzewczych. Jednak oszczędzanie energii to nie wszystko. W gdyńskich szkołach pojawił się nieoczekiwany problem - rosnące stężenie CO2 wpływające na komfort i samopoczucie uczniów.

18

Przegląd katalizatorów do syntezy cyklicznych węglanów z ditlenku węgla i epoksydów

Skowron Dawid, Siewniak Agnieszka

Chemik

|

2025

|

Nr 4

180--184

PL

Przedstawiono przegląd literatury dotyczący wykorzystania CO2 do syntezy produktów o wartości dodanej, takich jak mocznik, kwas salicylowy, kwas mrówkowy i węglany cykliczne. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zastosowanie nowych układów katalitycznych wykorzystywanych w reakcji CO2 z epoksydami w celu uzyskania węglanów cyklicznych. Omówiono zastosowanie układów katalitycznych, takich jak ciecze jonowe (IL) i głębokie eutektyki (DES), które mogą pełnić rolę zarówno rozpuszczalnika, jak i katalizatora. Dużą uwagę poświęcono również katalizatorom heterogenicznym, takim jak struktury metalowo-organiczne (MOF) oraz katalizatorom opartym na naturalnych nośnikach, takich jak materiały węglowe i polisacharydy.

EN

A review, with 17 refs., of the use of CO2 for the synthesis of products such as urea, salicylic acid, formic acid, and cyclic carbonates was presented. Particular attention was paid to the application of new catalytic systems used in the reaction of CO2 with epoxides to obtain cyclic carbonates. The use of catalytic systems such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic (DESs), which can act as both a solvent and a catalyst, was discussed. Considerable attention was also paid to heterogeneous catalysts such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and those based on natural supports such as C materials and polysaccharides.

19

Wpływ tlenku grafenu na właściwości zaczynów cementowych stosowanych w technologiach geosekwestracji dwutlenku węgla

Jamrozik Aleksandra, Malata Grzegorz

Cement Wapno Beton

|

2025

|

R. 30, nr 4

284--295

PL

Zapewnienie długoterminowej integralności, a w szczególności szczelności i trwałości otworów zatłaczających CO2, co jest kluczowe dla wyeliminowania niepożądanych migracji gazu z otworu do formacji leżących powyżej lub na powierzchnię, stanowi poważne wyzwanie badawcze i technologiczne. Integralność otworów wiertniczych przeznaczonych do zatłaczania CO2 zależy m. in. od: głębokości otworu, temperatury i ciśnienia panującego w otworze, wydajności zatłaczania i składu zatłaczanego CO2, a także od zastosowanej technologii rurowania i cementowania otworu wiertniczego oraz rodzaju zastosowanych zaczynów uszczelniających. Istotne znaczenie mają również kwestie jakości i składu zastosowanych zaczynów, jego parametrów technologicznych, wytrzymałościowych, właściwości fazowych i mikrostrukturalnych, w tym także przepuszczalności i porowatości. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych prowadzonych w skali laboratoryjnej nad włączeniem tlenku grafenu w formie wysokoskoncentrowanej do składu zaczynów cementowych z cementu portlandzkiego. Badania na stwardniałych zaczynach cementowych prowadzono w dziewięcioletnim interwale czasowym. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazują, że zaczyny cementowe nanomodyfikowane tlenkiem grafenu posiadają dwa mechanizmy poprawiające ich trwałość i cechy eksploatacyjne. Współdziałają w tym zakresie zmniejszona porowatość zaczynu oraz podwyższona odporność zaczynu wynikającą ze zmniejszenia zawartości i rozproszenia w matrycy C-S-H najsłabszego produktu, czyli portlandytu. Według najlepszej wiedzy autorów jest to pierwsza ocena właściwości mikrostrukturalnych zaczynów cementowych z dodatkiem tlenku grafenu poddanych długoletniemu sezonowaniu przez 9 lat.

EN

Ensuring the long-term integrity - particularly zonal isolation and durability - of CO2 injection wells constitutes a major scientific and technological challenge, as it is essential for preventing undesirable gas migration from the wellbore into overlying formations or to the surface. The integrity of wells designed for CO2 injection depends, among other factors, on well depth, temperature and pressure conditions, injection rate and the composition of the injected CO2, as well as on the applied casing and cementing technologies and the type of sealing cement slurries used. Equally important are the quality and composition of the slurries, their rheological and technological properties, as well as their mechanical, phase, and microstructural characteristics, including permeability and porosity. This paper presents the results of laboratory-scale experimental investigations on the incorporation of highly concentrated graphene oxide into ordinary Portland cement-based slurries. The hardened cement slurries were examined over a nine-year period. The results indicate that graphene oxide-modified cement slurries exhibit two mechanisms that enhance their durability and performance. These improvements result from the combined effect of reduced microporosity and enhanced mechanical resistance associated with a decrease in the content and dispersion of the weakest hydration product - portlandite within the C-S-H matrix. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study provides the first assessment of the microstructural properties of cement slurries containing graphene oxide subjected to long-term curing over a period of nine years.

20

Symulacja dwukierunkowej przepuszczalności zaczynu z cementu wiertniczego w wodzie nasyconej dwutlenkiem węgla

Feng Fuping, You Guiyang, Wang Peng, Zhang Nan, Xing Junjie, Yang Shangyu

Cement Wapno Beton

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2025

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R. 30, nr 3

244--262

PL

W procesie geologicznej sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla zatłaczany do formacji CO2 reaguje z pierścieniem cementowym w przestrzeni pierścieniowej lub z cementowym korkiem otworu wiertniczego, prowadząc do pogorszenia szczelności kamienia cementowego. W konsekwencji dochodzi do naruszenia integralności otworu wiertniczego, co może skutkować migracją CO2 i istotnie obniżać efektywność jego długoterminowego magazynowania. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu oddziaływania CO2 na właściwości uszczelniające zaczynu cementowego w otworze wiertniczym w warunkach geologicznego składowania CO2. W tym celu opracowano model reakcyjno-transportowy zaczynu cementowego poddanego korozji CO2, który następnie skalibrowano na podstawie badań laboratoryjnych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że strefa korozji zaczynu cementowego ma budowę warstwową, co prowadzi do anizotropii jego właściwości uszczelniających. Przepuszczalność kamienia cementowego w kierunku prostopadłym do kierunku postępu korozji wzrasta wraz ze zwiększaniem się głębokości korozji, natomiast przepuszczalność w kierunku równoległym do kierunku korozji początkowo maleje, a następnie rośnie. Po 2000 godzinach oddziaływania korozyjnego wzrost przepuszczalności w kierunku prostopadłym do kierunku korozji jest o 12% większy niż w kierunku równoległym.

EN

In the process of geological carbon sequestration, the CO2 injected into the formation will react with the hollow cement ring or wellbore cement plug, and reduce the sealing performance of the cement body to further destroy the integrity of the wellbore, causing CO2 leakage and seriously affecting the efficiency of CO2 storage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CO2 on the sealing performance of cement stone in the wellbore under the condition of CO2 geological storage. For this purpose, a reaction transport model of CO2-corroded cement stone was created and calibrated based on laboratory tests. The results show that the corrosion area of cement stone is a layered structure, resulting in anisotropy of sealing performance of cement stone. The permeability of cement stone perpendicular to the corrosion direction increases with the increase of corrosion depth, while the permeability along the parallel corrosion direction first decreases and then increases. After 2000 hours of corrosion, the permeability increase of cement stone perpendicular to the corrosion direction is greater than that parallel to the corrosion direction by 12 %.