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1

The effect of repeated heating on corrosion resistance, hardness and microstructure of a Co-Cr-W prosthetic alloy

Rzepkowska M., Burnat B., Pietnicki K., Skrzypek S., Klimek L.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 99, nr 2

64--71

EN

Purpose: of this article is to present the results of tests carried out on the impact of repeated heating on the corrosion resistance of a Co-Cr-W prosthetic alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The study used samples prepared in a manner analogous to the production of a dental prosthesis. The effect of three and six-time heating of the material on its properties such as corrosion resistance, microstructure and material hardness were carried out. Findings: Repeated heating of the chromium-cobalt alloy has no significant effect on the polarization resistance and the potentiodynamic characteristics of the material. The introduction of heating in alloy treatment results in an increase in the hardness of the material, however, the number of annealing cycles does not affect this feature significantly. Samples subjected to different amounts of thermal treatments have different microstructure; it should be assumed that this will change the mechanical properties. Research limitations/implications: Microstructure tests carried out after electrochemical corrosion tests showed changes in the microstructure of samples subjected to subsequent annealing. The tests of material hardness and corrosion did not show any significant differences that may result from differences in structure, therefore further tests characterizing the physical properties of the material will be carried out. Originality/value: The article is a description of preliminary research on the impact of multiple annealing used in dental prosthetics on the properties of metallic material. Further work will be carried out to identify the properties that may be affected by the indicated changes in microstructure.

2

Biodentine management and setting time with Vicat and Vickers evaluation; a survey-based study on clinicians' experience

Buła K., Palatyńska-Ulatowska A., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 103, nr 2

75--85

EN

Purpose: of this paper was to analyse clinicians’ views on the management and handling procedures of the Biodentine tricalcium silicate cement with the following evaluation of the real setting time of the material with two independent physical tests. Design/methodology/approach: A survey study included 174 clinicians who answered the questionnaire designed to collect opinions on the Biodentine management during endodontic procedures. To verify the setting time of the cement, two independent hardness tests were performed. Macroscopic evaluation was carried out using the Vicat device. Microscopic assessment with subsequent SEM observation was conducted with the aid of the Clemex appliance. Findings: 43% of respondents using Biodentine in their practice described the setting time as long or definitively too long. One fifth of the dentists surveyed continue dental procedures without waiting. The setting time tests confirmed the existence of two phases of the Biodentine setting process, which corresponds to the general definition of cement setting. After mixing of the material, the initial setting stage lasts for 15 minutes. The next one, described by the authors as “maturation” of Biodentine lasts for 120 minutes. Research limitations/implications: The material initially sets within 15 minutes, however it is not the end of the process. In certain endodontic procedures the awareness of a longer setting time of Biodentine is essential for decision-making in root canal therapy. Practical implications: It is advisable to divide the endodontic treatment with Biodentine into two separate appointments. Originality/value: From the clinicians’ perspective the setting time and correct handling of Biodentine are crucial factors in the successful endodontic therapy. The information regarding proper material management is included in this paper

3

A new ceramic composite based on spherical aluminium oxide for auxiliary panels in high-temperature firing processes

Spyrka M., Atraszkiewicz R., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 101, nr 1

5--14

EN

Purpose: The subject of the research and investigation is a new ceramic foundry composite based on a spherical form of aluminium oxide. It is intended to limit the occurrence of technological problems related to the appropriate selection of auxiliary refractory materials, such as cracking, high heat capacity and variable coefficient of thermal expansion. Design/methodology/approach: A composite ceramic material with the spherical form of aluminium oxide included allows to reduce mass and stabilize characteristics of dimensional changes as a function of temperature in auxiliary panels in high-temperature firing processes with typical manufacturing process of the ceramics, which is gravity casting, drying and high-temperature firing. Findings: The study showed that the quantitative share of the spherical form of Al2O3 in the volume of ceramic material has a major impact on its properties. An increased share of spheres translates into greater material porosity and lower matrix density but also, by reducing the cross-section, into decreased strength properties. In the case of the developed ceramic material, there is no visible trend of a decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion with increasing temperature, which is the case with traditional ceramic materials. Research limitations/implications: The strength of presented composite isn’t good and constitutes a further direction of research and development of the material. Practical implications: Although decreased strength properties, the composite with no visible trend of a decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion with increasing temperature could be used as panels in high-temperature firing processes. Originality/value: New ceramic foundry composite based on a spherical form of aluminium oxide for auxiliary panels in high temperature processes.

4

The role of mechanical, chemical and physical bonds in metal-ceramic bond strength

Czepułkowska W., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 92, nr 1

5--14

EN

Purpose: A review regarding the mechanisms of metal-ceramic join is presented. Design/methodology/approach: The impact of the air-abrasion parameters on the mechanical bond strength of the ceramic crowns was discussed. The presence of opaque on the chemical bond was analysed. Research of the influence of the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion values on the metal-ceramic bond was included. The methods of testing the bond strength were analysed. Findings: The metal substructure-dental ceramic bond strength is affected by all types of bond. In bond strength, 3-point bending test and shear test are mainly used. Created samples simulate the ceramic crowns veneered on one side. The role of physical bond on ceramic crowns veneered around metal substructure is unknown. Research limitations/implications: The prosthetic restorations with the ceramic surrounding whole the metal substructure are commonly used. The impact of shrinkage in the cylindrical deposition of the ceramic on metal substructure should be analysed. Practical implications: Numerical analysis and FEM simulation can be helpful in the analysis of the physical bond between the metal substructure and the dental ceramic around it. Originality/value: The impact of the type of the bond to metal-ceramic bond strength is presented, taking into account the cognitive gap in the influence of the coefficient of thermal expansion on the cylindrical placement of ceramic on the substructure.

5

Oxide layers on titanium obtained by anodizing in orthophosphoric acid

Wilk M., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 94, nr 1

11--17

EN

Purpose: Titanium is an essential material used in modern dentistry, mostly due to its tissue compatibility. However, there are another physicochemical assets, which can be harnessed. One of these is enhancing the bonding strength of titanium with another materials. In view of the advantageous effect of oxide layers on the bond with the ceramics, an attempt was made at creating oxide layers on samples of commercially pure titanium applied as the material for metal frameworks of prosthetic restorations. Design/methodology/approach: As the research material cylindrical wet grinded commercially pure titanium, Grade II samples were used. The samples were divided into three groups and underwent anodic oxidation in 1 M orthophosphoric acid, with the voltages: 120 V, 160 V, 200 V. After the anodizing process, the samples were subjected to the X-ray diffraction, analysis of the element distribution from the surface towards the inside of the materials using an optical spectrometer, finishing with the tests performed with a scanning microscope to determine the morphology of the obtained layers. Findings: Layers of 0.26 pm to 0.65 pm thick were achieved. The performed studies demonstrated that increasing reaction voltage contributes not only to thickening of the oxide layers but also influences to porosity. The layers obtained in the electrolyte which contained monomolar orthophosphoric acid consist of only one allotropic type of titanium oxide - anatase. The spectrometric tests showed that the content of titanium and oxygen in the layer is not constant, which proves that the formed layer does not have a strictly stoichiometric composition TiO2, but rather TiO2-x. Research limitations/implications: It is necessary to provide the optimal voltage directly related to the employed acid solution to preserve the usable thickness of oxide layers. Too thick (over 1 pm) coating may lead to exfoliating. Contrary, distinctly thin layers present fractures and decrements, accordingly do not veneer entire surface of titanium sample. Originality/value: Usually oxide layers obtained by anodic oxidation are examined paying special attention to tissue integration and usability in implantology. Following paper is focused on bonding titanium with dental ceramics to facilitate process of designing porcelain-fused-to-metal fixed dentures.

6

Influence of a steel surface treatment on the wetting angle and free surface energy

Lipa S., Atraszkiewicz R., Klimek L.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2017

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Vol. 38, nr 6

285--289

EN

This paper presents the influence of abrasive blasting of various grain sizes and types, electro-etching and heating in an argon-hydrogen atmosphere on the wettability and free surface energy of samples prepared steel strips. The choice of treatments was dictated by the surface preparation for hot-dip zinc-coating. It was shown that the surface abrasive that was blasted with silicon carbide by a 0.300-0.250 mm grain is of a hydrophobic nature. The surface electroetched at room temperature is at the edge of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. In contrast, the surfaces treated in the argon-hydrogen atmosphere may be considered to be hydrophilic. In summary, it can be concluded that the suitable choice of treatment has a favourable influence on the adhesive properties of the treated steel substrates, which should result in a solid and strong steel-zinc coating joint.

PL

Właściwe przygotowanie powierzchni dla procesu cynkowania ogniowego stanowi kluczowe zagadnienie poprawności i jakości wykonania tego procesu. Poza czystością powierzchni oraz stopniem jej rozwinięcia jest ważne określenie stopnia jej zwilżalności, co wpływa na jakość wytworzonych powłok cynkowych. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej o różnej wielkości i rodzaju ziarna, elektro-trawienia i wygrzewania w atmosferze argon–wodór na zwilżalność i swobodną energię powierzchni próbek. Wybór sposobów obróbki był podyktowany przygotowaniem powierzchni pod cynkowanie ogniowe.

7

Low pressure carburizing in a large-chamber device for high-performance and precision thermal treatment of parts of mechanical gear

Wołowiec-Korecka E., Korecki M., Klimek L., Kula P., Brewka A., Buczek M.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 11, no 1

253--258

EN

This paper presents the findings of research of a short-pulse low pressure carburizing technology developed for a new large-chamber furnace for high-performance and precision thermal treatment of parts of mechanical gear. Sections of the article discuss the novel constructions of the device in which parts being carburized flow in a stream, as well as the low-pressure carburizing experiment. The method has been found to yield uniform, even and repeatable carburized layers on typical gear used in automotive industry.

8

Effect of aluminium and magnesium on the corrosion resistance of zinc coatings

Klimek L., Waś-Solipiwo J., Dybowski K.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 11, no 2

28--32

EN

This article presents the research on corrosion resistance of Zn-Al-Mg coatings with varying aluminium and magnesium content. Aluminium and magnesium were added directly to the zinc bath at 10:1 rate. There was found more than sixfold increase in corrosion resistance of zinc coatings with aluminium content at the level of 4% of weight and magnesium content at the level of 0.4% of weight. In contrast to the amounts applied in the literature, such content of these alloy additives in the zinc bath limits to a significant extent the amount of intermetallic phases in zinc coatings obtained from such baths. This, in consequence, results in high resistance to corrosion with simultaneous retention of high plasticity of these coatings.

9

Badanie zwilżania ciekłym cynkiem blach stalowych po obróbce plastycznej

Klimek L., Lipa S., Dybowski K., Atraszkiewicz R., Rylski A., Sankowski D., Wojciechowski R., Bąkała M.

Obróbka Plastyczna Metali

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2016

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T. 27, nr 4

315--328

PL

Niniejsza praca powstała w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego mającego na celu opracowanie i wdrożenie technologii recyklingu poprodukcyjnych odpadów taśmy stalowej. W ramach prowadzonych prac wykonano procesy oczyszczania blach metodami obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej, a następnie tak oczyszczone blachy poddawano procesowi walcowania. Po procesie walcowania nakładano, metodą zanurzeniową, powłokę cynkową. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ gniotu podczas obróbki plastycznej na zwilżanie powierzchni blach stalowych ciekłym cynkiem. Badaniom poddano blachy obrobione ścierniwem Al2O3, które zostały potem poddane walcowaniu z różnymi gniotami (20, 40, 60 i 80%). Na tak przygotowanych próbkach przeprowadzono badania na specjalnie zaprojektowanym stanowisku dynamiki zwilżania metodą meniskograficzną umożliwiającą wykonanie kompleksowych badań własności dynamicznych powierzchni – napięcia powierzchniowego oraz zwilżalności. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że najlepsza zwilżalność osiągana jest dla próbek o gniocie 20%, dla których graniczny kąt zwilżania wynosi ok. 60°. Im większy gniot, tym gorsza zwilżalność blach stalowych ciekłym cynkiem. Można zauważyć, że jeszcze tylko dla próbki z gniotem 40% zarejestrowano kąt zwilżania poniżej 90° (wynosił on około 80°). Można powiedzieć, że tylko te próbki były zwilżane ciekłym cynkiem. Dla pozostałych dwóch zarejestrowane wartości kąta zwilżania były znacznie powyżej 90° przyjętych, jako granica przejścia z braku zwilżania do zwilżania. Reasumując uzyskane wyniki badań, można stwierdzić, że zwiększenie stopnia zgniotu podczas procesu walcowania zmniejsza zwilżalność obrobionej powierzchni ciekłym cynkiem.

EN

This paper was elaborated within a research project aiming at the development and implementation of a recycling technology for post-production steel sheet waste. In the research, processes of sheet cleaning were performed by vapour blasting treatment methods. Next, the sheets cleaned in this way underwent rolling. After the rolling process, a zinc coating was applied by means of the wetting balance method. The study presents the effect of the draft during plastic treatment on the wetting on the surface of steel sheets by liquid zinc. The tests were conducted on sheets treated with an Al2O3 abrasive material, which then underwent rolling with different drafts (20, 40, 60 and 80%). The samples prepared in this way were examined on a specially designed test station for the wetting dynamics by the meniscographic method, which enables complex examinations of the dynamic properties of the surface – surface tension and wettability. The performed investigations demonstrated that the best wettability is obtained for the samples with the 20% draft, for which the contact angle equals about 60°. The higher the draft, the worse the wettability of the sheets by liquid steel zinc. One can notice that the sample with the 40% draft was only one more to exhibit the wetting angle below 90° (it equaled about 80°). One can say that only these samples were wetted by the liquid zinc. For the remaining two, the recorded wetting angle values were much above 90°, which was assumed as the boundary of transfer from no wettability to wettability. To sum up, the obtained results demonstrate that the increase of the draft degree during the rolling process decreases the wettability of the treated surface by liquid zinc.

10

Influence of number of fusions on mechanical properties of Ducinox alloy

Klimek L., Wołowiec-Korecka E.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

21--24

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the test was to specify influence of re-fusions of the nickelchromium prosthetic alloy Ducinox on its strength properties. Design/methodology/approach: The tests were carried out on the samples cast of the Ducinox alloy molten once, twice and three times. The hardness has been measured using the Vickers method; the tensile strength has been also specified. The samples designed for strength tests were subjected to X-ray control to find possible defects that would eliminate the samples from further tests. The last test was observation of fractures occurred as a result of the strength tests, under the microscope. Findings: Both hardness measurements and strength tests did not show statistically significant differences among individual groups of samples. Practical implications: Based on the results of the tests carried out, it can be found that re-fusion of the alloy Ducinox has no influence on its tensile strength. Thereby, in the dental technology practice, it is possible to add the casting scrap to pure metallic alloy without influence on strength of prosthetic element castings. Originality/value: This is an well-known method of analysis which is applied in many scientific fields. However in modern prosthetics it is new approach.

11

Field tests of components regenerated using the MULTIPLEX technology

Klimek L., Krasiński A., Wołowiec-Korecka E.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 2

59--64

EN

Purpose: The purpose was to show the results of the field tests of components carried out using the MULTIPLEX technology. Design/methodology/approach: The field tests have been carried out on the following components: brake expanders of Mercedes bus, a pintle of the tram trolley component, a pin from a casting cleaning plant element. Each of the tested elements was subject to regeneration through steel surfacing by welding and then chemical and heat treatment. The regenerated elements were compared with original ones working at the same service conditions. Findings: The findings have shown significant prolongation of life of the components regenerated using the MULTIPLEX technology in relation to the original components. Research limitations/implications: The shown regeneration technology is the cost effective way to restore the suitable performance traits or to ensure preventively the suitable properties by initial protection of newly manufactured elements or regeneration of old ones within the framework of recovery procedure. Originality/value: The shown regeneration method is the advanced technology combining welding with chemical and heat treatment.

12

Examination of Wetting by Liquid Zinc of Steel Sheets Following Various Kinds of Abrasive Blasting

Cecotka M., Dybowski K., Klimek L., Lipa S., Rylski A., Sankowski D., Wojciechowski R., Bąkała M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 2B

1069--1074

EN

Abrasive blasting is one of the methods of surface working before hot-dip zinc-coating. It allows not only to remove products of corrosion from the surface, but it also affects the quality of the zinc coating applied later, thereby affecting wettability of surface being zinc-coated. The surface working can be done with different types of abrasive material. The paper presents an effect of the method of abrasive blasting on wetting the surface of steel sheets by liquid zinc. Steels sheets following blasting with Al2O3 of different granularity and shot peening were examined. The worst wetting was recorded for a sample following shot peening - the results are below those for the reference test conducted for a sample not previously subjected to any treatment. Samples following abrasive blasting have similar parameters, regardless of the size of grain used for the treatment.

13

Effect of the abrasive blasting treatment on the quality of the pressed ceramics joint for a metal foundation

Pruszczyńska E., Pietnicki K., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

17--22

EN

Purpose: Despite the increasing number of new advanced materials and constructions in prosthetics, ceramic crown and bridges with a metal foundation are still popular among patients. Facing ceramics can be applied on the metal foundation by the pressing or firing method. One of the more frequent damages is the chipping of the facing ceramics from the metal foundation. In order to improve the quality of the joint between the metal foundation and the facing ceramics, the metal surfaces usually undergo abrasive blasting treatment with the use of different treatment parameters, such as the working pressure and the grain size of the abrasive material. Design/methodology/approach: The study presents the research of the effect of the working pressure during pressing on the quality of the metal-pressed ceramics joint. The selection of the abrasive blasting parameters was made based on the earlier studies of the strength of ceramics fired on metal. For the treatment, 110 μm grain and 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 Mpa pressures were applied. After the ceramics pressing process, the samples underwent shear strength tests. Findings: The obtained results were much lower than in the case of a similar joint but with fired ceramics, and they did not meet the requirements of the respective standards. The applied treatment pressures did not affect the strength of the joint. Such results can be explained by the fact that the metal foundation exhibited insufficient roughness after the treatment. While, in the case of the fired ceramics, the gains size 110 μm was optimal, in the case of the pressed ceramics, of a higher viscosity, the ceramics flow did not sufficiently fill the surface irregularities, which caused a lower joint strength. Originality/value: This results from the fact that the surface treatment parameters used before the ceramics firing process cannot be directly transferred to the case of the pressed ceramics.

14

2D-Finite element analysis of inlay-, onlay bridges with using various materials

Śmielak B., Świniarski J., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Klimek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 79, nr 2

71--78

EN

Purpose: To compare the impact of different bridge constructions and different loads on stress distribution in bridges. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted on 96 computer models of both premolars and molars that simulated a missing second premolar restored with a bridge supported on crown inlays or onlays. Simulations were made of a bridge constructed from four different materials: Au alloy, Cr/Ni alloy as well as two kinds of glass fibre-reinforced composites: Targis Vectris and FibreKor /Sculpture. The study was conducted using the finite element method (FEM). The results were analysed with PQStat statistical software version 1.6. Findings: In none of the analysed cases did stresses appear capable of damaging the bridge construction. Reduced stresses were lower in glass fibre reinforced composite materials than in metal alloys. Practical implications: The force application point has a decisive influence on stress distribution in the hard dental tissue and in bridges. The highest stress values occurred at the loading of the pontic tooth. Originality/value: The force application point has a decisive influence on stress distribution in the hard dental tissue and in bridges. The highest stress values occurred at the loading of the pontic tooth.

15

Effect of the Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Ausferritic Nodular Cast Iron

Gumienny G., Klimek L., Kurowska B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 3

43--48

EN

The paper presents the microstructure and selected properties of ausferritic nodular cast iron annealed at the temperature 520 and 550°C. This choice was dictated by the temperatures used in the practice of nitriding. Nodular graphite in cast iron was obtained with use of Inmold process. Cast iron containing molybdenum and copper ensuring obtaining an ausferrite in the cast iron matrix without the use of heat treatment of castings was tested. The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and the kind of fracture of the ausferritic nodular cast iron was presented. The effect of an annealing temperature on hardness, impact strength and the microhardness of ausferritic nodular cast iron matrix was shown too. The lamellar structure of phases in the cast iron matrix after annealing has been ascertained. There has been an increase in hardness of an annealed cast iron and microhardness of its matrix. The reduction in the impact strength of the cast iron annealed at 520 and 550°C was approximately 10-30%. Both an increase in the hardness of cast iron as well as an decrease in its impact strength is probably due to the separation of secondary carbides during the heat treatment.

16

Possibilities of applying Ti (C, N) coatings on prosthetic elements : research with the use of human endothelial cells

Banaszek K., Wiktorowska-Owczarek A., Kowalczyk E., Klimek L.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, nr 1

129--136

EN

Purpose: The aim of our study was to examine the effect of prosthetic alloys with Ti (C, N) coatings on viability and pro life ration of human cells employing an MTT assay with the use of human microvascular endothelial cells derived from the skin – HMEC-1 (Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells-1). Methods: Cylindrical shape samples made of Ni-Cralloy were divided into S1-S5 groups and coated with Ti (C, N) layers with different content of C and N. S0 group – control group without layer. The alloys (S0-S5) were stored in an experimental medium (MCDB131 with antibiotics) for 30 days and then HMEC-1 cells were incubated in the alloy extract for 24 and 96 hours. Next, cell viability was determined using MTT method. Results: In the case of samples incubated for both 24 and 96 hours there are statistically significant differences (with p-value <0.05) between the uncoated samples (S0 group) and all the other Ti (C, N) coated samples. Higher absorbance values were observed in all coated groups than in the control S0 group, where cell growth was statistically significantly lower. Conclusions: During incubation of endothelial cells with coated samples the number of cells was significantly bigger than the number with uncoated alloys. The best viability of cells was obtained from the S = 3 (with 51.94% at. Ti, 28.22% at. C and 19.84% at. N) group of samples. Ti (C, N) coatings may be applied as protective components on prosthetic elements made of base metal alloys.

17

Wpływ zawartości węgla i azotu w powłokach Ti(C,N) na ich wybrane właściwości mechaniczne

Banaszek K., Pietnicki K., Klimek L.

Obróbka Plastyczna Metali

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2015

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T. 26, nr 1

33-46

PL

Stopy metali nieszlachetnych stosowane w protetyce i ortodoncji na różnego rodzaju uzupełnienia i aparaty mogą powodować niekorzystne odpowiedzi organizmu. Aby temu zapobiec stosuje się różnego rodzaju modyfikacje warstw wierzchnich oraz pokrycia ochronne. Najczęściej stosowanymi są tlenki, węgliki i azotki metali. Spośród tych ostatnich na szczególną uwagę zasługują węgliki i azotki tytanu, charakteryzujące się dobrymi właściwościami mechanicznymi i dużą odpornością na korozję. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wybranych właściwości (moduł sprężystości, twardość, przyczepność) powłok Ti(C,N) na stopach protetycznych w zależności od udziału w nich węgla i azotu. Badaniom poddano próbki w kształcie walców ze stopu protetycznego typu Ni-Cr pokrytego powłokami Ti(C,N) o różnej zawartości węgla i azotu w warstwie, poczynając od czystych powłok TiN do czystych TiC. Powłoki osadzano metoda rozpylania magnetronowego. Na tak otrzymanych próbkach wykonano badania twardości i modułu sprężystości metodą nanoindentacji oraz przyczepności zgodnie z normą VDI 3198. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wzrost zawartości węgla w powłoce Ti(C,N) powoduje zarówno wzrost twardości od 20 GPa (TiN) do 34 GPa (TiC), jak i modułu sprężystości od 272 (TiN) do 382 (TiC). Przyczepność wszystkich badanych powłok do podłoża metalicznego była zadawalająca i mieściła się w klasie HF1 wzorca normy. W żadnym przypadku nie odnotowano delaminacji powłok, a tylko pęknięcia w okolicy odcisku, przy czym widoczne one były dopiero przy dość znacznym powiększeniu (1000x). Podsumowując przeprowadzone badania, można stwierdzić, że powłoki typu Ti(C,N) na protetycznym stopie Ni-Cr są zadowalające z punktu widzenia zastosowania ich jako ochronne na elementach protetycznych i ortodontycznych.

EN

Non-precious metal alloys used in prosthetics and orthodontics for various kinds of restorations and apparatuses can cause disadvantageous responses of the body. In order to prevent this, different surface layer modifications as well as protective coatings are applied. Among the most frequently used, we can name metal oxides, carbides and nitrides, among which titanium carbides and nitrides are especially worth-mentioning, as they characterize in good mechanical properties and high corrosive resistance. The aim of this work was to examine selected properties (modulus of elasticity, hardness, adhesion) of Ti(C,N) coatings applied on prosthetic alloys, depending on the carbon and nitrogen content. The tests involved the use of cylinder-shaped samples made of a Ni-Cr-type prosthetic alloy coated with Ti(C,N) coatings of different carbon and nitrogen contents in the layer, from pure TiN coatings to pure TiC coatings. The coatings were deposited by the magnetronic sputtering method. The samples obtained in this way then underwent hardness and modulus of elasticity tests by the nano-indentation method as well as adhesion tests according to the VDI 3198 standard. The results of the examinations showed that an increase of the carbon content in the Ti(C,N) coating causes an increase of both the hardness, from 20 GPa (TiN) to 34 GPa (TiC), and the modulus of elasticity, from 272 (TiN) to 382 (TiC). The adhesion of all the examined samples to the metal substrate was satisfying and was within the range of the HF1 grade of the standard’s model. None of the cases exhibited coating delamination – only fractures in the vicinity of the indentation, which were visible only at quite a large magnification (1000x). To sum up the performed tests, we can state that Ti(C,N)-type coatings applied on a prosthetic Ni-Cr alloy are satisfying from the point of view of their protective application for prosthetic and orthodontic elements.

18

Modelowanie wytrzymałości połączenia podłoża metalowego z ceramiką dentystyczną w zależności od parametrów uprzedniej obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej

Pietnicki K., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Klimek L.

Mechanik

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2015

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R. 88, nr 8-9CD1

266--269

PL

W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania sieci neuronowych do przewidywania wytrzymałości połączenia metal – ceramika w zależności od zastosowanych parametrów uprzedniej obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej. Na podstawie badań doświadczalnych opracowano zestaw 180 wzorców uczących a następnie uczono grupę 150 losowo wytypowanych sieci neuronowych, w celu doboru sieci o najlepszym dopasowaniu. Zaprojektowana sztuczna sieć neuronowa symuluje prawidłowo rzeczywistą zależność występującą podczas obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej i może być stosowana do określenia wytrzymałości połączenia metalu z ceramiką.

EN

The study investigated the possibility of using neural networks to predict the strength of the connection metal - ceramic depending upon the parameters of the prior blasting. On the basis of experiments developed a set of 180 patterns of learning and then were taught a group of 150 randomly selected neural network, for the selection of the network with the best match. Designed an artificial neural network simulates correctly the real dependence, produced during blasting and it can be used to determine the bond strength metal with ceramics.

19

Modelowanie wpływu obróbki strumieniowo ściernej na umocnienie warstwy wierzchniej

Byczkowska P., Sawicki J., Klimek L., Lipa S.

Mechanik

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2015

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R. 88, nr 8-9CD1

63--67

PL

Niniejsza praca przedstawia numeryczny model obróbki strumieniowo - ściernej oraz wpływ jaki wywiera ścierniwo wyrzucane przy pomocy strumienia sprężonego powietrza w kierunku oczyszczanej a zarazem modyfikowanej powierzchni. Analizę numeryczną przeprowadzono dla procesu obróbki elektrokorundem uwzględniając takie parametry jak: kąt nachylenia strumienia ścierniwa, odległość dyszy od powierzchni, granulacja ścierniwa. Przeprowadzona symulacja komputerowa pozwoliła na analizę rozkładu odkształceń, naprężeń oraz głębokość ich zasięgu w zależności od parametrów procesu obróbki strumieniowo-ściernej.

EN

This paper presents a method of modeling blast – abrasive treatment and the influence of the abrasive driven by a jet of compressed air on modified surface. Numerical analysis was performed for the corundum treatment process and took into account parameters such as angle of the abrasive flow, nozzle-surface distance and abrasive size. Conducted computer simulation allowed the analysis of the distribution of deformation, stress and the depth of their coverage, depending on the blast – abrasive treatment parameters.

20

Wpływ właściwości mechanicznych blachy stalowej na stan powierzchni po obróbce strumieniowo-ściernej

Lipa S., Klimek L., Dybowski K., Szymański W.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2015

|

Vol. 36, nr 6

464--467

PL

W trosce o środowisko naturalne coraz częściej w przemyśle podejmuje się prace dotyczące przywrócenia cech użytkowych odpadom poprodukcyjnym m.in. w postaci taśm i blach stalowych. W odpowiedzi na zapotrzebowanie rynku na tzw. recykling niejednokrotnie przeprowadza się zabiegi, które w pierwszym etapie prowadzą do przygotowania odpadów do dalszej obróbki, takie jak np. mechaniczne oczyszczanie z produktów korozji. Jednym z podstawowych sposobów obróbki tych elementów jest obróbka strumieniowo-ścierna. W artykule przedstawiono badania wpływu stanu podłoża (stopnia umocnienia) ze stali S355MC na uzyskiwane parametry powierzchni po obróbce strumieniowo-ściernej. Obróbkę strumieniowo-ścierną przeprowadzono za pomocą tlenku aluminium Al2O3 przy ciśnieniu 0,2 i 0,6 MPa i stałym kącie nachylenia oraz odległości dyszy od obrabianego przedmiotu. Po przeprowadzonej obróbce mechanicznej zbadano właściwości powierzchni stali, takie jak: chropowatość, energię swobodną oraz udział powierzchniowy wbitych cząstek ścierniwa w obrabianą powierzchnię.

EN

In the interests of the environment more and more often in industry the work on the restoration of the functional characteristics of post-production waste (e.g. strips or sheets of steel) is undertaken. In response to the market demand for recycling, often are performed treatments, which in the first step lead to the preparation of waste for further processing, such as mechanical cleaning of corrosion products. One of the main treatments of these elements is a blasting. This paper presents a study on the influence of S355MC steel substrate condition (strengthening level) on the obtained surface parameters after the blasting. Blasting process was performed using aluminium oxide Al2O3, at two different pressures of 0.2 and 0.6 MPa at a constant angle and the distance between the nozzle and the workpiece. Then, surface properties of the steel were tested, including roughness, free energy and the quantity of abrasive particles embedded in the treated surface.