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1

Assessing the Distribution of the Chemical Fractions of Iron in Agricultural Acidic Soils from the Atlantic Region of Spain

Taboada-Castro M. Mercedes, Rodriguez-Blanco M. Luz, Taboada-Castro M. Teresa

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 3, no. 2

art. no. 27

EN

One of the main problems with acidic soils is the availability of soil nutrients. Identifying the different chemical forms in which iron is found in soil is useful for understanding both the immediately (bio)available amounts and the potential reserves of this metal and, therefore, for understanding and predicting the iron fate in the environment. The distribution of the iron concentrations in the different geochemical fractions of the surface layer of agricultural acidic soils, developed over biotiticschists, in an Atlantic climate setting was investigated, in order to obtain information about of iron mobilization capacity and potential environmental availability. Iron distribution in geochemical fractions was studied using a sequential extraction procedure. This procedure defines six operational fractions: soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed, bound to manganese oxides, associated with amorphous compounds, bound to oxidizable organic matter, iron in the crystalline iron oxides, and residual fraction. Iron contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the iron fractionation showed that iron was present in all the analyzed fractions. Most of total iron resides in the residual and crystalline Fe oxide fractions, i.e. iron is primarily retained within crystal lattices of layered silicates and well-crystallized iron oxide minerals, making it less available in the environmental setting. Therefore, its incorporation into the soil solution in large quantities is unlikely under current environmental conditions.

2

Agricultural wastes derived activated carbon for the removal of iron from car-wash wastewater

Chyad Tasnim Fahim, Hammood Zaman Ageel, Al-Saedi Rasha

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2025

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Vol. 32, nr 1

85--98

EN

Over the past few decades, car-washing centres have increased due to the increase in the number of vehicles. Car-wash effluents are highly polluted with non-biodegradable, toxic, and carcinogenic heavy metals, including iron, lead, chrome, cadmium, and zinc. The focus in this study is on iron removal from car-wash wastewater due to its toxicity to the food chain, health, and environment. In comparison with the costly wastewater treatment technologies, adsorption is a widespread, simple, and cheap method that has been applied for the metal removal from car-wash wastewater. Since the conversion of agricultural waste into valuable sorbents is a renewable and eco-friendly approach, activated carbon was used in this research to assess iron removal performance from car-wash wastewater applying the adsorption technique. The impact of the following parameters: contact time (0 min to 120 min), iron concentration (8 mg/L to 14 mg/L), dose of adsorbent (0.2 g to 1 g per 25 mL wastewater), and pH (4 to 10) on the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon was studied. Fe was efficiently removed (98 %) at the optimum values of contact time 120 min, concentration 12 mg/L, dose 1 g, and pH 8, respectively. The investigated parameters (particularly dose of adsorbent and pH) need to be studied in a broader range as they did not show a potential difference in terms of iron removal efficiencies. Turbidity, TDS, and TSS were removed from car-wash wastewater after 2 hours of contact time, with removal efficiencies of 88 %, 75 %, and 55 % respectively. Effluent characteristics of car-wash stations are usually variable due to the differences in the amount of dirt from vehicles, size and number of washed vehicles, and type of used detergents.

3

Porównanie zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w różnych typach mięs z rozróżnieniem sposobu przygotowania przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej

Gowin Aleksandra, Miklusiak Krystyna, Krakowska Agata

Analit

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2025

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Nr 15

25--32

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono analizę zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w trzech rodzajach mięs dostępnych w popularnym supermarkecie. Użyto mięsa drobiowego, wieprzowego oraz wołowego. Każde z mięs było badane w stanie surowym, ugotowane w wodzie destylowanej oraz usmażone na oleju roślinnym. Wszystkie próbki zostały poddane mineralizacji przy użyciu perhydrolu oraz kwasu azotowego. Analizę zawartości poszczególnych pierwiastków przeprowadzono przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej.

EN

This article analyzes the content of magnesium, zinc, and iron in three types of meat available in a popular supermarket. Poultry, pork, and beef were used for the study. Each type of meat was examined in its raw state, cooked in distilled water, and fried in vegetable oil. All samples were mineralized using hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid. The analysis of the individual element contents was conducted using atomic absorption spectrometry.

4

Czy specjacja pierwiastków w wodzie ma sens? Część V - formy chemiczne żelaza w wodzie

Rychlewski Paweł, Zembrzuska Joanna, Kamgar Elham, Różańska Maria

Technologia Wody

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2024

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Nr 1 (83)

51-54

PL

Żelazo (Fe) jest metalicznym pierwiastkiem chemicznym z grupy metali przejściowych. W strukturze Ziemi występuje w wielu formach alotropowych jako żelazo metaliczne oraz jako składowa: tlenków, siarczków czy węglanów. Żelazo przenika ze skorupy ziemskiej do systemów wodnych, gdzie jest jonem o wartościowości +II lub+III. Pierwiastek ten jest niezbędnym makroelementem dla życia i rozwoju organizmów wodnych. Dla zwierząt oraz ludzi żelazo jest mikroelementem budującym wiele różnych enzymów i protein oraz stanowi atom centralny cząsteczki hemoglobiny, niezbędnej do przenoszenia tlenu. Zarówno jego nadmiar oraz niedobór w ludzkim organizmie może nieść za sobą różne reakcje niepożądane takie jak anemia lub uszkodzenie wątroby.

EN

Iron(Fe) is a metallic element from the group of transition metals. In the structure of the Earth, it occurs in many allotropic forms as metallic iron and as a component of oxides, sulfides, or carbonates. Iron penetrates from the earth's crust into water systems, where it can be found as an ion with a valence of+II or+III. This element is an essential macroelement for the life and development of aquatic organisms. For animals and humans, iron is a microelement that builds many different enzymes and proteins. It is also the central atom of the hemoglobin molecule, necessary for carrying oxygen. Both its excess and efficiency ,in the human body may result in various side effects such as anemia or liver damage.

5

Recovery of iron phosphate and lithium carbonate from sulfuric acid leaching solutions of spent LiFePO4 batteries by chemical precipitation

Jing Chen, Tran Thanh Tuan, Lee Man Seung

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 3

art. no. 189463

EN

The recycling of lithium and iron from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries has gained attention due to the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market. To recover both of these metal ions from the sulfuric acid leaching solution of spent LiFePO4 batteries, a process based on precipitation was proposed in this study. Since ferric and ferrous ions coexisted in the leaching solution, all the ferrous ions were first oxidized to ferric ions by adding H2O2 to the leaching solution. About 99% iron(III) was recovered as iron phosphate by adjusting the solution pH to 2 at 25°C for 30 mins. After the precipitation of iron phosphate, the remaining Li(I) in the filtrate was recovered as lithium carbonate by precipitation with Na2CO3 as a precipitant. Addition of acetone to the filtrate at room temperature greatly enhanced the precipitation percentage of Li(I). Moreover, solid Na2CO3 was better than Na2CO3 solution in precipitating Li(I). About 95% of lithium ions was recovered as carbonate precipitates under the optimum conditions: solution pH = 11, 3.0 molar ratio of solid Na2CO3 to Li(I), 7/5(v/v) volume ratio of acetone to the filtrate, 25°C, 300 rpm for 2 hrs.

6

Insight into the mechanism on co-leaching of REEs and Fe from NdFeB sludge : Elucidating phase transformation and co-leaching kinetics

Li Xinglan, Liu Zishuai, Liu Xiu, Tang Xuekun, Lin Huiyang, Yao Lushuai, Bai Wanting, Guo Jiangfeng

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 3

art. no. 189908

EN

The NdFeB sludge is a secondary rare earth resource abundant in both REEs and Fe elements. However, there tends to be a focus on recovering only high-value rare earths while neglecting the recycling of high-content iron, leading to a low comprehensive utilization of this secondary rare earth resource. The present study builds upon previous research on the separation and coextraction of REEs and Fe from NdFeB sludge, further investigating the phase transformation behavior during oxidation roasting and elucidating the kinetics of simultaneous leaching of REEs and Fe. The results suggest that NdFeB waste exhibited a loose morphology and demonstrated high susceptibility to dissolution in hydrochloric acid when subjected to roasting temperatures below 500℃. The morphology of NdFeB waste becomes denser and more spherical, hindering its dissolution in hydrochloric acid when the roasting temperature exceeded 500℃, resulting in a reduction in the leaching efficiencies of both roasting. The co-leaching of REEs and Fe in NdFeB sludge is governed by internal diffusion for REEs and chemical reaction for Fe, as evidenced by the kinetic results. Furthermore, it is observed that the apparent activation energy of rare earth surpasses that of iron, leading to the attainment of equilibrium for rare earth prior to that of iron during the synchronous leaching process. The findings of this study hold theoretical significance in enhancing the overall efficiency of secondary rare earth resource utilization.

7

Iron springs, environmental changes, accelerated weathering and cave development in quartz sandstone in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia : preliminary studies

Rowling Jill

Landform Analysis

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2024

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Vol. 43

3--10

EN

After a series of extreme weather events (drought, bushfires and floods), iron flocs were seen at ephemeral springs in quartz sandstone in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Naturally burnt areas allowed better viewing of small sandstone caves. This paper discusses some of the processes operating within the quartz sandstone, leading to the attractive and unusual shapes, and how extreme weather led to the mobilisation and redeposition of iron minerals.

8

Effect of Auxin and Various Iron Concentrations on Medicago × Varia T. Martyn Yield and Forage Quality

Malinowska Elżbieta, Wiśniewska-Kadżajan Beata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

250–-256

EN

The aim of the four-year field experiment was to determine the effect of the foliar application of auxin, a synthetic growth hormone, used on its own and in combination with various iron concentrations on the yield and forage quality of Medicago× varia T. Martyn, the Kometa cultivar. The research was conducted in three replications at the experimental facility of Siedlce University (52°10′03”N; 22°17′24”E, Poland) between 2014 and 2017. The treatment combinations were as follows: K – control (distilled water); A – indole-3-butyric acid (IBA - synthetic auxin); A+F1 – auxin (indole-3 butyric acid) with iron (II) sulphate (IV) heptahydrate at 3% concentration; A+F2 – auxin (indole-3 butyric acid (IBA)) with iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate at 5% concentration; A+F3 – auxin (indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) with iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate at 7% concentration. Between 2014 and 2017 hybrid alfalfa was harvested at the beginning of the bud stage, three times a growing season. Each growth cycle, plants were sprayed once at the 9-leaf stage. During a harvest 0.5 kg of fresh matter was collected from each plot to determine the content of aboveground dry matter and to perform chemical analyses. The highest yield, 44% higher than for control plants, was noted on the plot treated with auxin applied together with iron sulphate at 5% concentration, and the lowest on the control plot. Foliar application of auxin with iron improved the quality of alfalfa forage, affecting the content of total and digestible protein and crude fibre and dry matter digestibility.

9

Accumulation of Sodium and Iron in Solanum tuberosum under Care and Foliar Feeding

Mystkowska Iwona, Zarzecka Krystyna, Gugała Marek, Ginter Agnieszka

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

249--257

EN

Minerals present in potato tubers are of particular interest due to the value of this crop as a food crop. The purpose of the three-year study was to evaluate the effects of herbicide treatment and foliar feeding with organic biostimulants on the content and uptake of sodium and iron in tubers of two varieties of edible potato (Oberon and Malaga). The Malaga variety accumulated significantly more sodium and iron than the Oberon variety. On the other hand, higher tuber yield uptake of these components was recorded in the Oberon variety. Treatment with a weedkiller and a stimulant fertilizer increased the content and uptake of sodium and iron compared to tubers harvested from the control object, and the most favorable effect was shown by the mixture of the weedkiller with the biostimulant AgroSorb Folium. It is also worth noting that weather conditions had a significant effect on mineral content and uptake.

10

Biogenic Fabrication of Iron and Zinc using Carob Seed Extract and their Antibacterial Activity

Farhan Zahrra Hamza, Al-Azawey Atheer Saieb Naji

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 10

17--30

EN

Biogenic synthesis of iron and zinc nanoparticles from carob seed extract (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and their antibacterial activity were studied. The characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated shapes and sizes by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis with mapping technique and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the functional group that contributes to the biogenic and antibacterial activity. The appearance of metal-oxygen bonds for both ZnO NPs and Fe2 O3 NPs in spectra and the presence of zinc, iron, and oxygen in varying proportions confirm the success of the biosynthesis of the nanoparticles. Ceratonia siliqua L. extract, iron, and zinc showed high effectiveness in removing bacteria from polluted water.

11

Removal of microplastics by electrocoagulation

Pilco-Nuñez Alex, Hinostroza-Antonio Edilberto, Diaz-Bravo Pablo, Palacios-Salvador Wendy, Solis-Toledo Richard, Baldeon-Romero Jhanover

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 4

64–-71

EN

With the gradual increase of microplastics in water bodies, it is essential to understand the current treatment processes for their removal. This study aims to investigate the removal of microplastics in synthetic solution by electrocoagulation (EC). The effects of electrode type, contact time (min), agitation speed (rpm) and current density (A/m²) were evaluated using a fractional factorial design. The results showed that the aluminum anode achieved a higher removal of microplastics than the iron anode, reaching 98.04% removal with the aluminum operational configuration within 15 min at 70 rpm and a current density of 20 A/m². A high correlation between the predicted and observed removal was evidenced, with values of R²= 0.99 and adjusted R²= 0.98, indicating a good agreement between the model and the experimental data, confirming the validity and feasibility of the adopted linear model. This study demonstrates that the electrocoagulation process has a great potential for the removal of microplastics.

12

Evaluation of additive effect on anaerobic sewage sludge digestion

Dauknys Regimantas, Mažeikiene Aušra, Paliulis Dainius

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 4

82--92

EN

An additive based on iron oxides was applied to reduce the amount of produced sludge and to increase the production and quality of biogas. The C/N ratio was 11.0–11.3 and the pH of the sludge mixture was 7.3 before the anaerobic digestion. The determined optimal dose of the additive was 0.35 g/g of sludge dry matter over 20 days. This allowed a reduction in the sludge retention time up to 6–11 days. Consequently, maximum biogas production was reached on average 1.6 times faster, volatile solids degradation increased by 56.7%, biogas production increased by 75%, specific biogas production increased by 11.5%, and methane concentration in the biogas increased by 8.4%–18.2%. When the additive was applied, the quantity of phosphate phosphorus in the supernatant was reduced by up to 19%, and hydrogen sulfide reduction efficiency in the biogas ranged between 55% and 62%. In sludge treatment facilities, using an iron oxide-based additive could reduce the dewatering and drying costs for digested sludge by up to 35% .

PL

Zastosowano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza, aby zmniejszyć ilość wytwarzanego osadu i zwiększyć zarówno produkcję, jak i jakość biogazu. Stosunek C/N przed fermentacją beztlenową wynosił 11,0–11,3, a pH kombinacji osadów wynosiło 7,3. Ustalona stosowana dawka dodatku wynosiła 0,35 g/g suchej masy osadu w okresie 20 dni. Pozwoliło to na skrócenie czasu retencji osadu do 6–11 dni, tj. mi. maksymalną produkcję biogazu osiągano średnio 1,6 razy szybciej. Test laboratoryjny przeprowadzono w VILNIUS TECH przy użyciu modelu fermentacji beztlenowej „W8 Armfield Ltd” (Wielka Brytania). Do badań wykorzystano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza. Dokonano pomiarów parametrów osadu i biogazu. Po dodaniu dodatku ilość lotnych substancji stałych ulegających rozkładowi wzrosła o 56,7%, ilość wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosła o 75%, stężenie specyficznego wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosło o 11,5%, a stężenie metanu w biogazie wzrosło o 8,4% do 18,2%. Po przefermentowaniu osadu z dodatkiem ilość fosforu fosforanowego w supernatancie zmniejszyła się aż o 19%, a skuteczność redukcji siarkowodoru w biogazie wynosiła od 55 do 62%. Koszt odwadniania i suszenia osadu przefermentowanego można obniżyć nawet o 35% w oczyszczalniach osadów, w których stosuje się dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza.

13

Uwalnianie jonów żelaza(III) do środowiska pod wpływem roztworów kwaśnych

Drużyńska Martyna, Glanowska Emilia, Greń Karolina, Smajdor Joanna

Analit

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2024

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Nr 14

6--9

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestię wymywania żelaza z odpadów przemysłowych. Badaniom zostały poddane trzy próbki: piaski formierskie, żużel ze spalarni odpadów oraz żużel stalowniczy. Na każdą z próbek działano roztworami kwaśnymi imitującymi kwaśne deszcze. Następnie przeprowadzono pomiary wykorzystując metodę spektrometrii UV-Vis, aby sprawdzić ile żelaza (III) uwalnia się z tego typu odpadów.

EN

The article addresses the issue of iron leaching from industrial waste. Three samples were examined: foundry sands, slag from waste incineration, and steel slag. Each sample was treated with acidic solutions simulating acid rain. Subsequently, measurements were conducted using the UV-Vis spectrometry method to determine the amount of iron (III) released from these types of waste.

14

Innovative hydrometallurgy for galvanic sludge sustainable recovery

Brožová Silvie, Drápala Jaromír, Brož Jiří, Macháčková Adéla

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2023

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

46--56

EN

The manuscript explores the feasibility of recovering zinc and iron from waste galvanic sludge generated during galvanic plating processes. Galvanic sludge, characterized by elevated concentrations of heavy metals, represents a suitable candidate for hydrometallurgical recycling. The primary objective of the experimental and practical phases was to extract zinc and iron through the leaching of galvanic sludge. Leaching procedures were conducted using sulfuric acid at varying temperatures and time durations, augmented by the introduction of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone. Subsequent separation of the leach and filtrate was achieved through filtration. The leachate underwent additional processing involving the precipitation of iron and other metals, employing diverse agents. Following further filtration, electrolysis was employed to attain pure zinc on the cathode, utilizing an electrical voltage of approximately 3 V. Comprehensive chemical analyses were conducted on all intermediate products, including the leachate, leach liquor, filtrate, solid precipitate, and the separated metal on the cathode. The outcomes of these analyses are meticulously presented in tables and graphs.

15

Zanieczyszczenia dawnych papierów fotograficznych drobinkami metali

Kozielec Tomasz

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2023

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R. 79, nr 4

207--212

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem występowania w dawnych papierach fotograficznych (XIX-wiecznych) metali przejściowych, szczególnie żelaza. Papiery fotograficzne były produkowane ze szlachetnych mas – szmacianych (len, bawełna), jednakże podczas przetwarzania tego surowca jak również podczas produkcji papieru mogło dochodzić do zanieczyszczania się drobinkami metali. Zanieczyszczenia metaliczne znajdujące się w papierach fotograficznych ujawniały się szczególnie w procesie uczulania papierów azotanem srebra. Tworzyły się wtedy czarne produkty reakcji dostrzegalne w badaniach mikroskopowych, a nawet okiem nieuzbrojonym. Również podczas przygotowywania papierów światłoczułych mogło dochodzić do kontaktu z elementami metalowymi (haczyki, pinezki, gwoździki) i powstawania ciemnych produktów reakcji. Zmiany te mogą budzić niepokój opiekunów zbiorów fotograficznych, konserwatorów podczas badania techniki wykonania lub oceny stanu zachowania, gdyż w pewnym stopniu przypominają zniszczenia biologiczne (ciemne kolonie grzybów). Produkty te były przedmiotem badań z użyciem mikroskopu elektronowego wyposażonego w detektory pierwiastków. Badania przeprowadzono na własnoręcznie wytworzonych odbitkach solnych, które po uczuleniu suszono w formie przypiętej żelaznymi szpilkami. Papiery solne to rodzaj papieru fotograficznego wynaleziony jeszcze w 1. poł. XIX w., powszechnie używany. W badaniach wykazano, że obecność żelaza w procesie uczulania może powodować powstawanie czarnych plamek/struktur w postaci nawet rozległych wykwitów srebra metalicznego. Na zbadanych obszarach wykwitów wykryto także inne pierwiastki – szczególnie złoto (z procesu tonowania) oraz siarkę (z procesu utrwalania). W badaniach potwierdzono część przewidywalnych mechanizmów tworzenia się ciemnych produktów reakcji, na których tworzenie się wywarły m.in. właściwości elektrochemiczne metali. Wskazano także na konieczność prowadzenia dalszych badań.

EN

The article draws attention to the problem of the occurrence of transition metals, especially iron in the form of micro particles, in old photographic papers (mainly from the 19th century). Photo papers were made of precious pulp – rags (linen, cotton), however, during the processing of rags as well as during the production of paper, they could be undesirably contaminated with metals. Also some photographic processes - in particular the use of metal elements (pins, tacks, hooks) during the drying of photographic papers in the process of formation of silver chloride (halide) caused direct, fatal contact of iron with the paper. Metallic impurities in photographic papers were revealed especially in the process of sensitizing papers with silver nitrate. Then, black reaction products were formed, visible in microscopic examinations and even with the naked eye. These changes may cause anxiety to the curators of photographic collections, conservators when examining the technique of making or assessing the state of preservation, because to some extent they resemble biological damage (dark colonies of fungi). These products were examined using an electron microscope equipped with element detectors. The research was carried out on hand-made salt prints (a type of photographic paper invented in the first half of the 19th century, widely used). Studies have shown that the presence of iron in the sensitization process can cause the formation of black spots/structures in the form of even extensive silver efflorescence. Other elements were also detected in the examined areas of silver - especially gold (from the toning process) and sulfur (from the fixing process). The research confirmed some of the predictable mechanisms of dark spot/structure formation caused by the electrochemical properties of metals. The need for further research was also indicated.

16

Kinetic of Oil Sludge Thermolysis Process in Presence of Nickel, Cobalt and Iron-Supported Microsilicate

Tyanakh Sairagul, Baikenov Murzabek, Yun Ma Feng, Khamitova Tolkyn, Balpanova Nazerke, Tulebayeva Balzhan, Kyzkenova Aikorkem, Karimova Aliya, Rakhimzhanova N.Z., Kochegina E.V.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2023

|

Vol. 25, nr 3

101--109

EN

The article is devoted to the experimental determination of thermokinetic parameters of oil sludge thermal degradation using the model-free Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method in the presence of a nanocatalyst (nickel, cobalt and iron-supported microsilicate) by calculating Arrhenius kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor). The phase composition of the reflex microsilicate was established – 4.12; 2.51 Å – SiO2, nickel-supported microsilicate reflexes: 2.09; 1.48 Å – NiO, reflexes: 4.25 Å – SiO2 and acid numbers of microsilicate – 64 μmol/g of prepared nanocatalysts. Using the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller, the specific surface area of the microsilicate was established – 18.3 ± 0.3 m2 /g, the microsilicate with nickel applied – 20.9 ± 0.2 m2 /g and the adsorption isotherm of the prepared nanocatalysts (microsilicate with nickel, cobalt and iron). Thermokinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of oil sludge without a catalyst and with a catalyst at an increment of 0.9 are 99.0 and 93.3 kJ/mol nickel-supported microsilicate, 51.9 kJ/mol cobalt-supported microsilicate, 111.3 kJ/mol iron-supported microsilicate and non-metal-supported microsilicate 173.7 kJ/mol, respectively. The study of the kinetic parameters of pyrolysis of oil sludge using various catalysts makes it possible to assess their influence on the process of decomposition of organic components. The results of the experiments showed that the use of catalysts significantly affects the destruction of oil sludge. Dynamic thermal analysis at different heating rates studied the dynamics of oil sludge decomposition. The study of the effect of catalysts on the kinetic parameters of oil sludge pyrolysis is an important step in the development of new methods for the disposal of petroleum products and the reduction of their negative impact on the environment. The obtained experimental data on thermal degradation kinetics of oil sludge will find application in designing a reactor for the process of destructive hydrogenation of heavy hydrocarbon raw materials.

17

Physicochemical properties and NH3-SCR catalytic performance of intercalated layered aluminosilicates

Szymaszek-Wawryca Agnieszka, Díaz Urbano, Samojeden Bogdan, Motak Monika

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

|

Vol. 59, iss. 4

art. no. 171381

EN

The representative of natural layered clays, bentonite, was modified according to two routes and tested as a new catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia (NH3-SCR). The natural acid-activated clay was ion-exchanged with Na+ or remained in H-form and pillared with metal oxides. In order to limit the number of synthesis steps, iron as an active phase was introduced simultaneously with Al2O3 during the intercalation procedure. Additionally, the samples were doped with 0.5 wt% of copper to promote low-temperature activity. It was found that the performed modifications resulted in disorganization of the ordered layered arrangement of bentonite. Nevertheless, acid activation and pillaring improved structural and textural parameters. The results of catalytic tests indicated that the samples containing Fe2O3 pillars promoted with Cu exhibited the highest NO conversion of 85% at 250°C (H-Bent-AlFe-Cu) and 75% at 300°C (Na-Bent-AlFe-Cu). What is important, activity of the protonated samples in the high-temperature region was noticeably affected by the side reaction of ammonia oxidation, correlated with the production of NO and resulting in N2O emission during the process comparing to Na-Bentonite catalysts.

18

Mały, a wielki pierwiastek - żelazo i jego rola w życiu człowieka

Martula Emilia, Morak-Młodawska Beata, Jeleń Małgorzata

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

|

nr 1

51--56

PL

Anemia, inaczej nazywana niedokrwistością jest jedną najczęściej występujących chorób hematologicznych. Dotyka osoby w każdym wieku: dzieci, dorosłych, a także osoby starsze. Stan ten jest następstwem pewnych zaburzeń dotyczących krwi. Zaliczamy do nich między innymi zbyt niski poziom hemoglobiny, obniżony hematokryt, czyli stosunek liczby czerwonych krwinek do pozostałych składników krwi, a także niski poziom erytrocytów - czerwonych krwinek. Krew osoby z anemią ma ograniczoną zdolność do transportu tlenu, czego efektem jest niedostateczne utlenowanie tkanek i narządów. Najczęściej występującą postacią niedokrwistości jest ta związana z deficytem żelaza, tzw. niedokrwistość syderopeniczna. Niedobór żelaza jest dość częstym zjawiskiem występującym wśród kobiet ze względu na ich fizjologię, ale może być również spowodowany dietą ubogą w ten pierwiastek. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony żelazu ma za zadanie przybliżyć czytelnikowi, jak dużą rolę odgrywa w naszym organizmie, a także jak ważna jest jego prawidłowa suplementacja i jakie negatywne skutki może wywołać jego niedobór.

EN

Anaemia is one of the most common haematological diseases. It affects people of all ages: children, adults as well as the elderly. The condition is a consequence of certain disorders affecting the blood. These include too low a level of haemoglobin, a reduced hematocrit, or the ratio of red blood cells to other blood components, and a low level of erythrocytes - red blood cells. The blood of a person with anaemia has a reduced ability to transport oxygen, resulting in inadequate oxygenation of tissues and organs. The most common form of anaemia is that associated with iron deficiency known as sideropenic anaemia. Iron deficiency is quite common among women, due to monthly menstruation, but it can also be caused by a diet deficient in this element. This article on iron is intended to give the reader an idea of how big a role it plays in our bodies, the importance of its proper supplementation and the negative effects its deficiency con cause.

19

Performance of Modified Slow Sand Filter to Reduce Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, and Iron in River Water as Water Treatment in Disaster Areas

Fitriani Nurina, Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Salsabila Nada Fikna, Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin, Kurniawan Setyo Budi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

1--18

EN

This study aimed to determine the ability to modify slow sand filter (SSF) media with silica sand or Anadara granosa shells on the efficiency of removal of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and iron in the water of Kali Jagir Surabaya as an effort to achieve clean water in disaster areas, to obtain the influence of variables, and to optimize the obtained results. The research data was processed using Design Expert 11 Software which factors consisted of media type, filtering speed, and running time, for the responses of removal efficiencies for each parameter. The reactor was operated continuously for 6 days, and samples were analyzed for turbidity parameters based on Indonesian standard (SNI 06-6989.25-2005); TSS and Iron Standard Method 23rd 3500A. In addition, the results of the parameters were processed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to show the significant effect of the variables on the efficiency of the elimination of all parameters. Optimal research was achieved in the SSF reactor unit with silica sand media type and filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour turbidity removal efficiency of 82.07%; TSS 89.5%; and 50.14% iron. However, the reactor that was chosen was the filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour with a flow rate of 22.8 L/day, while the SSF was suitable to be applied in disaster areas, which had a large discharge. Hence, the reactor is suitable for use in water sanitation in disaster areas, namely with a filtering speed of 0.3 m/hour which produces a discharge of 68.4 L/day with variations of sand, geotextile, and silica sand media.

20

Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Metal Ions (Iron and Manganese) in Groundwater Using Calcium Carbide Waste

Karim Muhammad Arief, Nasir Subriyer, Widowati Tri Wardani, Hasanudin Udin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

155--165

EN

Calcium carbide waste (CCW), the rest of the carbide welding workshop industry, is available in quite a lot and is immediately disposed of into the environment. Because CWW has a high pH value and a large specific surface area, it can act as an adsorbent in removing metals from groundwater. The content of metals in groundwater is indicated by a reddish color; however, upon contact with air, groundwater oxidation causes iron ions and manganese ions to precipitate. Synthetic groundwater was prepared in this experiment using reagents containing and . Observations were made in a batch process to assess the potential and ability of CCW to reduce iron and manganese levels in groundwater. In this study, to achieve equilibrium, CCW was mixed with 100 mL of synthetic solution and shaken at 25°C with a shaker. Operating time, levels of Fe(II) and (Mn(II) metals, and the mass of CCW were some of the parameters studied in this study. CCW was very good at reducing levels of iron ions and manganese ions after 60 minutes of operation. The percentage of removal of iron and manganese ions respectively – successively increased from 93.765 to 97.99% for iron ions and manganese ions from 91.83 to 95.14% for the initial concentration range of 40 mg/L, 60 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 100 mg/L. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of CCW adsorbent in a mixture of iron ion and manganese ion solutions is a second-order kinetic equation. This confirms that the adsorption of CCW on iron ions and manganese ions is a chemisorption process. Calcium carbide waste has the potential to act as an absorbent of heavy metals in groundwater, especially iron and manganese ions.