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1

Machine learning algorithms and geographic information system techniques to predict land suitability maps for wheat cultivation in the Central Anatolia Region

Aljanabi Firas K., Dedeoğlu Mert

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

373--387

EN

Maintaining food security through increased agricultural production is a major concern for decision-makers, especially in areas with arid and semi-arid climatic conditions and limited natural resources. Land suitability prediction for cultivating strategic crops, including wheat, has emerged as a crucial subject for academics, decision-makers, and economists to ensure the sustainability of natural resources. This paper aims to use three soil morphological parameters, three soil physical parameters, four soil chemical parameters, and a long-term remote sensing index as input factors to produce land suitability maps for wheat cultivation based on five machine learning algorithms (MLAs): ANN, KNN, RF, SVM, and XgbTree, in the Gozlu agricultural enterprise, which is located in a semi-arid region of the Central Anatolian Plateau. To achieve this target, an inventory of 238 appropriateness points for cultivated wheat has been executed over five years, from 2019 to 2023. The outcomes revealed that the soil texture and soli available water capacity parameters were the most influential in land suitability prediction. The best performance among the MLAs was achieved by the XgbTree algorithm, which had an accuracy of 0.98 and a kappa coefficient of 0.81. Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.90 according the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve approach. The results of the study demonstrated an excellent ability of the MLAs to predict land suitability for wheat cultivation in semi-arid climate conditions. This approach can play a significant role in ensuring food security and serves as an important tool for decision-makers in sustainable development. However, we propose that the approach should be examined in comparable climatic conditions with diverse crops to ensure it is a viable solution with widely cases.

2

Enhancing wheat resistance to salinity: The role of gibberellic acid and β-carotene in morphological, yielding and ionic adaptations

Nadeem Mudassar, Shahbaz Muhammad, Ahmad Farooq, Waraich Ejaz Ahmad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 6

76--94

EN

Salinity is highly toxic to wheat growth. Both β-carotene and gibberellic acid can mitigate the saline toxicity in wheat, independently and in combined form, by positively impacting growth and yield under saline conditions. To explore our hypothesis two wheat varieties (Faisalabad-2008 and Galaxy-2013) were grown in the sand medium under two levels of salinity (0 mM and 150 mM) nourished with Hoagland’s solution and sprayed with four different foliar approaches (water spray = T0, 0.75 mM GA3 = T1, 0.25 mM β-carotene = T2, 0.75 mM GA3 + 0.25 mM β-carotene = T3). Salinity comprehensively decreased the growth metrics of wheat. While foliar applications of 0.75 mM GA3 0.25 mM β-carotene significantly mitigate this toxicity by physiological alterations. Shoot fresh weight (p < 0.001) (maximum at T3, root fresh weight (p < 0.05) maximum at T2, Shoot dry weight (p < 0.01) maximum at T3 reflect significant mitigation under salinity while root dry weight, shoot length, and root length non-significant response. Leaf calcium (p < 0.01) and root sodium (p < 0.001) readings showed much positive response at T3. Flavonoids (p < 0.05) maximum at T3, free proline (p < 0.01) maximum at T3, ascorbic acid (p <0.05) maximum at T3, and seeds weight (p < 0.001) Maximum at T1. Overall Faisalabad-2008 performed better in saline conditions when treated with foliar application of GA3 and β-carotene (water spray = T0, 0.75 mM GA3 = T1, 0.25 mM β-carotene = T2, 0.75 mM GA3 + 0.25 mM β-carotene = T3). This study is recommended for the growth of wheat cultivars by foliar applications of GA3 and β-carotene under salt stress.

3

Analysis of the impact of soil contamination by deltamethrin and heavy metals on wheat quality and yield

Hasanaj Nazmi, Dreshaj Adem, Shala Nexhdet, Selimaj Afrim, Sadija Thelleza Latifi, Osmanaj Arben

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 4

334--342

EN

The presence of pesticides in wheat is a problem closely related to the use of these substances to control pests (insects, diseases and weeds) during wheat production. The aim of the study is the presence (concentration) of pesticides including Deltamethrin which are used to ensure high yield and to protect crops from pests, can reduce the quality and quantity of wheat. Heavy metals often reach agricultural lands through the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, while dust generated by vehicles and other activities can contribute to the deposition of these elements in the soil. Heavy metals are chemical elements with high density and are solid, including substances such as: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu). The study was conducted in the Dukugjin area, which has an area of 1562 km2 and aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides in agricultural soils. The results of the study for wheat show that in some cases, the concentration values exceed the norm parameters. For example, the samples for the cadmium position (X1) have an average value of 0.061 mg·kg-1, while for nickel the average value is 0.119 mg·kg-1. For the samples for the position (X2), cadmium has an average value of 0.231 mg·kg-1, while copper reaches an average value of 0.341 mg·kg-1. In the analysis of agricultural soil, the concentration of nickel is relatively high, with an average value of 4.966 mg·kg-1, while for samples (X2), the value reaches a much higher level of 8.553 mg·kg-1. Regarding deltamethrin, in samples from position (X2).

4

Optimizing the separation process of difficult-to-separate wheat and barley grain mixtures using vibrofriction technology

Jagusiak-Kocik Marta, Bohomolov Olexiy, Hurskyi Petro, Bredykhin Vadym, Lukyanov Igor, Shchur Taras, Dzhidzhora Oleg

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2024

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Vol. 6, iss. 1

360--370

EN

The study explores the feasibility of using a block-modular vibrofriction separator with non-perforated surfaces to efficiently separate challenging mixtures of wheat and barley grains. The research identifies key parameters influencing the separation process, including vibration amplitude, frequency, direction, and the inclination angles of the separating surfaces. Optimal settings-vibration amplitude of 0.9 mm, frequency of 95 Hz, vibration direction angle of 30°, and longitudinal inclination angle of 11°- were determined to achieve high separation efficiency. The process enables the division of grain mixtures into fractions with varying wheat and barley content, suitable for different applications: seeds, bread flour, and polycomposite mixtures for bakery products. The proposed separation approach significantly enhances productivity and minimizes loss, offering practical recommendations for the food and grain processing industries.

5

Application of potassium co-amended with boron for improving the potassium, boron, growth and yield components of wheat under the dry climate condition of Lasbela Balochistan

Rodeni Muneer Ahmed, Kalhoro Shahmir Ali, Lahori Altaf Hussain, Kubar Kashif Ali, Mengal Javed Ahmed, Mengal Khalid Hameed, Raisani Abdullah, Ahmed Shabir, Kasi Zain Ul Abidin, Alizai Siraj Ahmed, Ababaki Bilal Ahmed, Jan Sher, Angaria Haider Ghulam

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2024

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Vol. 33, No. 4

352--371

EN

A field experiment was performed to assess the impact of potassium co-amended with boron at different application rates on organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron in the soil, also in terms of plant height, spike length, pedicel length, leaf area, spike weight, grain weight, biological yield, fresh biomass and dry biomass of wheat under the dry climate of Uthal. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with the combined application of both K and B fertilizers with a replicate of three times, treatments were T0 control, T1 70 K kg×ha–1 and 0.6 B kg×ha–12 140 K and 1.2 B kg×ha–13 210 K and 1.8 B kg×ha–13, biological yield 14,150.0–19,186.67 kg×ha–13, in-soil N 0.04–0.069% with T3, in-soil P 3.42–3.89 mg×kg–13, in-soil K 82.00–120.00 mg×kg–13, in-soil B 0.11-0.22 mg×kg–13 than control treatment. The uptake NPK, and B by the wheat plant was increased, ranging from 1.17–1.66% with T3, 0.33-0.54 mg×kg–1 with T3, 2.32–2.72 mg×kg–13, and 1.12–1.14 mg×kg–13 as compared with the control treatment. The plant fresh and dry biomasses and soil organic matter were increased at T3 over that of the control soil. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that the co-application of potassium and boron at 210 and 1.8 kg×ha–1

6

The Influence of the World Grain Market on Prevalence of Mankind’s Undernourishment in the Times of War on the Ukraine

Kozlovskyi Serhii, Yousuf Allam, Butenko Vira, Kulinich Tetiana, Bohdaniuk Olena, Nikolenko Liudmyla, Lavrov Ruslan

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 1

31--42

EN

The world cereal production and supply as well as their trade, stock and losses are important indicators of the world market of cereals. They play a huge role in ensuring food security. The aim of this research is to identify the relation of the indicators of the world grain crops market (production, supply, losses, trade, stocks) and the level of malnutrition Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) among the world's population. Based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), a correlation-regression analysis was conducted between indicators of the global grain crops market, in particular: the wheat market, the fodder market of grain crops, the rice market and PoU of the world population for the period 2013/14 – 2020/2021 marketing years. It has been proven that there is a close, statistically reliable relationship between the above mentioned indicators, except for grain stocks and POU. The analysis of the world cereal market showed that among the indicators characterizing its conditions, the indicator trade in grain crops (r = 0.851; D = 0.724; F = 3.968, (F > F t ); z = 1.26; rL = 0.37; rU = 0.97) has the highest level of correlation. It was found that with an increase in the volume of world cereal trade by 1 million tons, the PoU level will increase by 0.018%. A review of literary sources proves that the problem of ensuring food security, in particular with regard to reducing the level of starvation and malnutrition, cannot be solved only by fighting climate change, overcoming socio-economic and military problems, fighting pandemics, etc. Its solution to a large extent depends on fair, uniform export and import of food products, as evidenced by the calculations. A separate direction for solving the problem of the spread of malnutrition is the elimination of the policy of highly developed countries regarding the application of individual sanctions against countries with high PoU values, in particular, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, Haiti, Afghanistan, Chad, Congo, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, etc.

PL

Światowa produkcja i podaż zbóż, a także handel nimi, zapasy i straty są ważnymi wskaźnikami światowego rynku zbóż. Odgrywają ogromną rolę w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. Celem badań jest identyfikacja zależności wskaźników światowego rynku zbóż (produkcja, podaż, straty, handel, zapasy) a poziomem niedożywienia (PoU) wśród ludności świata. Na podstawie danych Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO) przeprowadzono analizę korelacji-regresji pomiędzy wskaźnikami światowego rynku zbóż, w szczególności: rynkiem pszenicy, rynkiem paszowym zbóż, rynkiem rynek ryżu i PoU światowej populacji w latach gospodarczych 2013/14 – 2020/2021. Wykazano, że istnieje ścisła, statystycznie wiarygodna zależność pomiędzy wymienionymi wskaźnikami, z wyjątkiem zapasów zbóż i POU. Analiza światowego rynku zbóż wykazała, że wśród wskaźników charakteryzujących jego warunki znajduje się wskaźnik handlu zbożami (r = 0,851; D = 0,724; F = 3,968, (F > F t ); z = 1,26; rL = 0,37; rU = 0,97) wykazuje najwyższy poziomem korelacji. Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem wolumenu światowego handlu zbożami o 1 milion ton poziom PoU wzrośnie o 0,018%. Przegląd źródeł literackich dowodzi, że problemu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, w szczególności w zakresie ograniczenia poziomu głodu i niedożywienia, nie można rozwiązać jedynie poprzez walkę ze zmianami klimatycznymi, przezwyciężanie problemów społeczno-gospodarczych i militarnych, walkę z pandemiami itp. Jego rozwiązanie w dużej mierze zależy od sprawiedliwego, jednolitego eksportu i importu produktów spożywczych, co potwierdzają wyliczenia. Odrębnym kierunkiem rozwiązania problemu szerzenia się niedożywienia jest eliminowanie polityki krajów wysoko rozwiniętych w zakresie stosowania indywidualnych sankcji wobec krajów o wysokich wartościach PoU, w szczególności Republiki Środkowoafrykańskiej, Madagaskaru, Haiti, Afganistanu, Czadu, Kongo, Lesotho, Liberii i Mozambiku.

7

The effect of meteorological conditions on the course of development stages and yield of winter wheat in southern Poland

Skowera Barbara, Kulig Bogdan, Ziernicka-Wojtaszek Agnieszka, Grygierzec Wiesław, Ziółkowska Elżbieta, Lepiarczyk Andrzej

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

157--166

EN

Yield and the course of crop vegetation are the result of the interaction between the level of cultivation technology and the course of meteorological conditions, which are a variable production factor. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of meteorological conditions on the course of development stages and yield of winter wheat cultivated in two technological variants (A1 - medium-intensive and A2 - intensive). The paper uses data on yield and timing of winter wheat development stages from four Experimental Stations for Variety Testing (Pol. Centralny Ośrodek Badania Odmian Roślin Uprawnych - COBORU) experimental stations from 2007-2016 located within the Upper Vistula and Upper Oder River basins. To determine the dependence of the length of development stages of winter wheat on the values of selected meteorological elements, the linear regression metod, correlation coefficient. It was found that the lengths of the selected developmental stages are positively correlated with air temperature and negatively correlated with the sum and number of days with precipitation in these stages. A 1°C increase in air temperature resulted in a shortening of the shooting - heading and heading - full maturity periods by 2.5 and 2.8 days respectively. An increase of 100 mm of precipitation in the periods sowing - full maturity and heading - full maturity resulted in an increase of these periods by 5 and 10 days. Increasing the number of days with precipitation by 10 days in the sowing - full maturity and heading - vax maturity stages resulted in extending these stages by 4.1 to 4.4 and 7 to 7.5 days for the A1 and A2 cropping technologies, respectively.

8

Using Mine Tailings as a Soil Improver to Reduce Micronutrient Deficiencies in Wheat Crops, Western Morocco

Kharbouche Mohammed, El Khalidi Khalid, Aajjane Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

44--59

EN

Micronutrient deficiencies in agricultural soils significantly affect crop productivity and the nutritional quality of produce, posing potential risks to human health. Abandoned mine tailings, which are rich in micronutrients, can serve as an effective solution to enhance the nutritional value of crops while also mitigating environmental impact. In this study, the soils were sourced from the semi-arid Doukkala region in western Morocco, while the tailings were obtained from the abandoned Kettara mine in the nearby Marrakech region. This study assessed the biomass and bioconcentration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in three different soils amended with treated mine tailings (TMT) at doses of 0, 0.2, 1, 2, and 4 g·kg-1. The experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions and in pots, employed a split-plot design with three replicates, monitoring morphological parameters and plant biomass. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in wheat grains were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) after harvest. The results indicate an increase in root length, shoot height, number of tillers, shoot biomass and grain biomass with TMT amendment doses of less than 1 g.kg-1 soil, by 13.6, 42.1, 42.6, 49.6, and 32.9% respectively. However, these parameters decreased with doses > 2 g·kg-1. Significant linear correlations were observed between the concentrations of micronutrients in wheat grains and those present in the soil. The bioconcentration factor increased but remained below 1. This research reveals that TMT are perfectly suitable to fertilize wheat using doses<1 g·kg-1, ensuring safe application for the environment and human health. Through this research, it was demonstrated that within certain thresholds, TMT can enhance the mineral nutrition of plants as well as positively impact agricultural productivity and product quality. These results can be replicated in other regions worldwide by adhering to the described procedure.

9

Mitigating the Toxic Effects of Salinity in Wheat Though Exogenous Application of Moringa Leaf Extract

Muneeba Muneeba, Khaliq Abdul, Muhammad Faran, Khan Muhammad Dilawaz, Alharbi Sulaiman Ali, Ansari Mohammad Javed, Umer Muhammad, Aslam Muhammad Talha, Shahzad Haroon

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

268--278

EN

Allelochemicals have emerged as an important player in inducing the abiotic stress tolerance. The experiment included three components: different levels of salinity stress (SS: control, 6 dS m-1, 12 dS m-1), seed priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE: 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%), and saltwater-tolerant and salinity-sensitive wheat cultivars (Faisalabad-2008, Galaxy-2013). Results showed that salinity lowered photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, transpiration, internal carbon, and stomatal conductance while causing poor and delayed germination, inconsistent seedling growth, and increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation. However, hydro-priming and MLE priming enhanced emergence dynamics, growth, biochemical and enzymatic characteristics, and physiological aspects. The cultivar Faisalabad-2008 (wheat) performed well, but at high salinity levels, the hormetic impact of moringa leaf extract was more obvious, enhancing the germination and growth of cultivar Galaxy-2013, which was salinity-sensitive. Wheat cultivars’ germination and seedling growth improved most when primed with 2% MLE (Faisalabad-2008) and 2.5% MLE (Galaxy-2013). This demonstrated that moringa possesses growthpromoting compounds that efficiently mitigate the toxic impacts of salinity.

10

Effects of Water Stress on Water Consumption, Water Use Efficiency of Different Wheat Varieties

Al-Dulaimi Zaman Salah, Al-Ubori Rafid S., Ahmed Shatha A.H.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 10

268--281

EN

Given the challenges posed by climate change and population growth, Iraq faces increasing demands for food production and water resources. To enhance agricultural productivity and optimize water management for crop efficiency, this study evaluated various wheat varieties, specifically Mawaddah, Bohuth 10, Aba99, and Babel113, under different irrigation level. These level were based on depletion levels of available water at 40%, 55%, and 70%. Key metrics measured included actual evapotranspiration, water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, spike number, grains per spike, and the weight of 100 grains over the growing seasons of 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. The findings revealed that water consumption varied with depletion levels for all wheat varieties, amounting to 435.53, 397.13, and 365.13 mm season-1, and 465.7, 422.10, and 385.40 mm season-1 for the respective depletion levels of 40%, 55%, and 70%, across the two seasons. WUE ranged from 1.01 for Babel 113 at the 70% depletion level to 1.85 for Bohuth and Mawaddah at the 40% depletion level. Among the plant traits, Mawaddah had the best performance at the 40% depletion level, while Babel113 had the lowest performance at the 75% depletion level. The drought sensitivity index varied among the varieties due to their genetic differences. Our research supports the feasibility of utilizing water at depletion levels up to 75% when cultivating drought-tolerant wheat varieties in semi-arid and arid conditions.

11

Analysis of Heavy Metals and Determination of Physicochemical Parameters in Agricultural Soils as a Condition for the Cultivation of Wheat Varieties Triticum Aestivum and Triticum Durum in the Agro Ecological Conditions of Kosovo

Xhurkaj Albulena, Hoxha Besiana, Hoxha Ibrahim, Stamatovsca Victoria

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

243--250

EN

The purpose of the study is the determination of heavy metals in soil samples and their circulation in the food chain. In this study, the correlation between the presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils and the quality preservation of wheat, specifically Triticum Aestivum and Triticum Durum, was investigated. The results indicate that over 85% of the samples contain a high presence of metals compared to Kosovar standards. Land surveying was conducted at distances ranging from 20 m to 400 m from the highway. The results for Pb at a distance from 20 m showed a value of 2.11 mg·kg-1, while Zn varied with a value of 5.12 mg·kg-1. However, the amount of heavy metals in agricultural soil is not sufficient to determine their risk in the food chain. The samples studied from the wheat varieties exhibited the accumulation of metals in the wheat cultivated in the studied soils. Some wheat samples showed high levels of heavy metals, with Pb varying significantly with a value of 1.99 mg·kg-1, and Cr with a value of 6.12 mg·kg-1. In this study, the circulation of soil metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn was monitored. The study then continued with the monitoring of soil physicochemical parameters as indicators of soil quality, such as organic carbon. The results showed variations depending on the distance and its concentration. The maximum protein value varied at 11.9%, gluten at 22.8%, moisture at 11.4%, etc., especially for Triticum E. and Triticum D. wheat varieties.

12

Towards crop traits estimation from hyperspectral data: evaluation of neural network models trained with real multi-site data or synthetic RTM simulations

Parigi Lorenzo, Candiani Gabriele, Gallo Ignazio, Toscano Piero, Boschetti Mirco

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

475--484

EN

Hyperspectral images from newly launched (ASI-PRISMA and DLR-EnMAP) and future satellite (ESA-CHIME) are an opportunity, thanks to the high spectral resolution and full range continuity, to improve the retrieval of information about the crop parameters and status. The high dimensionality of hyperspectral data and the non-linear relationship between the crop biophysical parameters and their spectral signature make quantitative estimation of crop characteristics challenging, to address these problems we tested different configurations of neural networks (fully connected and convolutional). We tested the different architectures on two training dataset, one consists in ground data collected in three experiments, in different locations and seasons, the second one (hybrid) is composed by synthetic data generated using a radiative transfer model (PROSAIL-PRO). Preliminary results for LAI, CCC and CNC retrieval are encouraging in particular when ground data are exploited demonstrating of the potentiality of NN to fully exploit the information density of the hyperspectral data.

13

Analysis of energy indicators of dry farming wheat production in Northwest of Iran

Mohammadzadeh Peyman, Shahgholi Gholamhosein, Szymanek Mariusz, Tanaś Wojciech

Agricultural Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 28, No. 1

37--49

EN

Majority of past research on agricultural product production is related with irrigated areas. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy use pattern in wheat production planted as dry farming in Northwest of Iran. Initial data were collected by means of questionnaires from farmers and agricultural experts in the area. Energy use efficiency indices, net energy, specific energy, energy productivity, energy intensiveness and the total input of energy and total output were computed. Analysis of the total input energy showed that fuel and chemical fertilizer had the highest energy consumption, and the seeds, labor work and chemical pesticides had the lowest energy consumption in wheat production. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity of 1.79 and 0.748 kg⸱mJ-1 were obtained, respectively. The total input and output energy were 33927.61 and 60803.81 MJ⸱ha-1, respectively.

PL

Większość przeprowadzonych badań dotyczących produkcji produktów rolniczych dotyczy terenów nawadnianych. Dlatego, celem opracowania była ocena wzoru zużycia energii w produkcji pszenicy zasianej jako uprawa sucha w rejonie północno-zachodniego Iranu. Dane wstępne zgromadzono za pomocą kwestionariuszy przeprowadzonych z rolnikami i ekspertami ds. rolnictwa w tym rejonie. Wskaźniki zużycia energii, energia netto, energia właściwa, wydajność energetyczna, intensywność energetyczna oraz całkowity wkład energetyczny oraz całkowite zużycie energii zostały obliczone. Analiza całkowitego wkładu energetycznego wykazała, że paliwo oraz nawozy chemiczne najbardziej pochłaniały energię, a ziarna, praca człowieka oraz pestycydy wykazywały się najniższym zużyciem energii w produkcji pszenicy. Otrzymano odpowiednio wydajność zużycia energii i produktywność energii w wysokości 1,79 oraz 0,748 kg⸱mJ-1. Całkowity energia włożona i wytworzona wynosiły odpowiednio 33927,61 oraz 60803,81 MJ⸱ha-1.

14

Vibrating moistening of wheat grain

Chornyi Valentyn, Kharchenko Yevgen

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2023

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Vol. 34, nr 1

art. no. 2023113

EN

The article experimentally established the influence of amplitude, frequency and duration of processing on the efficiency of vibratory wetting of wheat. With increasing amplitude and frequency of oscillations, as well as the duration of processing, the increase in moisture in the grain increases nonlinearly. With oscillation amplitudes of 10 and 20 mm and constant frequency of 10 Hz and processing duration of 8 min., Wheat grain increased moisture by 2.1%. Processing time more than 8 min. does not increase the moisture content of wheat. The largest increase in moisture in wheat was observed at an oscillation frequency of 12 Hz and an amplitude of 20 mm and a treatment duration of 5 min. Increasing the oscillation frequency more than 12 Hz did not lead to an increase in wheat moisture. It was found that the load does not affect the efficiency of moistening wheat grain.

15

Land Suitability Assessment for Wheat Production Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Parametric Method in Babylon Province

Mohammed Rafal J., Suliman Abdulhalim A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

75--87

EN

This study was carried out to show the extent to which the land is productive due to the effect that climatic changes and the increase in population growth are the reasons that led to an increase in the demand for food, especially in developing countries. Therefore, a scientific way must assess the land suitability for growing crops. This research aimed to provide an integrated approach to the process of analyzing the suitability of agricultural lands for crop growth. Wheat in the Nile region of Babylon Governorate, was studied using the analytical hierarchy model (AHP) and compared with the parametric method and the actual crop in the field, as twelve soil criteria were determined (electrical conductivity, soil interaction, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium ratio, soil texture, lime, gypsum, organic carbon, drainage, soil depth, slope, flooding) and three criteria were added in the AHP method due to their importance in Iraqi soils, which are (total nitrogen, availability phosphorus, crop variety). The results were extracted and showed that all the results of the study using the parametric method within the very unsuitable class for cultivation, N2, 72.5%, with an area of 37,734.07 hectares, and the unsuitable class, N1, 27.5%, with an area of 14,312.92 hectares, either by using the method. According to the analytical hierarchy process and giving varying importance to the soil criteria above, it was found that 37.5% are very suitable S1 with an area of 19517.62 hectares, 42.5% suitable for agriculture S2 with an area of 22119.97 hectares, and 20% moderately suitable S3 with an area of 10409.4 hectares. These results were similar to the agricultural reality of the regions under study.

16

„Bazalt-S”- innowacyjna technologia nawożenia roślin

Kufka Dominika, Choińska-Pulit Anna, Sobolczyk-Bednarek Justyna, Zielińska Amelia, Glubiak Ewa, Korzeniowska Jolanta

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2023

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R. 64, nr 3

9--14

PL

Przedstawiony projekt skupia się na opracowaniu innowacyjnej technologii w zakresie poprawy jakości ziarna lub nasion co najmniej jednego z ważnych gospodarczo gatunków roślin uprawnych np. zbóż, roślin bobowatych lub rzepaku. W rezultacie w uprawie ww. roślin, w ziarnie lub nasionach nastąpiło zwiększenie zawartości białka, aminokwasu metioniny lub tłuszczu. W proponowanej technologii uprawy użyto pył bazaltowy wzbogacony siarką w postaci granulatu o nazwie Bazalt-S. Zadaniem zastosowania granulatu Bazaltu-S, była poprawa właściwości gleb, zwłaszcza zakwaszonych i ubogich w siarkę, co miało wpływ na stabilność i wielkość plonowania. Ponadto użycie polepszacza pozwoliło na uzyskanie plonów o znacznie lepszej jakości w porównaniu do produktów rolnych dotychczas uzyskiwanych z gleb mało żyznych na terenie Polski i krajów Europy o podobnych warunkach glebowo-klimatycznych.

EN

The presented project focuses on the development of innovative technology to improve the quality of grain or seeds of at least one of the economically important crops eg. cereals, Fabaceae or rape. As a result in the cultivation of the above mentioned plants, in grain or in seeds will increase their protein, methionine, or fat content. In the proposed cultivation technology, basalt dust enriched with sulfur in the form of granules called Basalt-S was planned to use. The task of Basalt-S, will be to improve the properties of soils, especially acidified and low-sulfur soils, which will have an impact on the stability and yield. Furthermore, it will allow to obtain products of much better quality compared to products previously obtained from poorly fertile soils in Poland and European countries with similar soil and climatic conditions.

17

Crop Yields under Climate Variability and No-Tillage System in Dry Areas of Morocco

Moussadek Rachid, Laghrour Malika, Mrabet Rachid, Van Ranst Eric

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

221--232

EN

In Morocco, the intensive use of agricultural land coupled with irregular precipitation is a serious threat to the country’s food security. Conservation agriculture especially no-tillage (NT) system has shown an important result in the semi-arid regions of Morocco, but its dissemination to other, more humid, agro-ecological zones (precipitation > 350 mm) is still low. For this purpose, a field experiment under NT system has been installed since 2004 in the Zaer Plateau (Central Morocco) to study the adaptation of this system to the irregular rainfall compared to a conventional tillage (CT). Yields (grain and biomass) of crops (wheat and lentil) under NT and CT were analyzed and compared over the years of study. The ANOVA test showed that yields over the seven years were significantly different and that both crop yields under NT system were greater than or equal to those under CT system even though lentil is more vulnerable to extreme climate events under CT and NT systems. Unlike NT, yields under CT were significantly correlated with the rainfall amount received during the crop cycle. This indicates the dependence of CT precipitation, whereas NT is more adaptable to the irregularities of the climate in the study area.

18

The latest innovations in wheat flour milling: a review

Dziki Dariusz

Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

147--162

EN

The milling process has evolved over time, employing various techniques to produce flour with different particle sizes and applications. This paper discusses the advancements in the wheat flour milling process and examines their impact on flour quality. The concept of wheat milling value is also introduced, which refers to the ability of wheat to produce flour with desirable properties and high yield. The importance of wheat cleaning in the milling process is highlighted, along with technological advancements such as color sorting machines and debranning of wheat grains before grinding, which facilitate efficient cleaning and increase flour yield. The progress of wheat conditioning in preparing wheat for milling is also discussed, along with current trends in grinding the wheat kernel. These advancements collectively contribute to enhancing flour quality, production efficiency, and overall milling performance.

PL

Sposób przemiału ziarna pszenicy ewoluował na przestrzeni ostatnich lat, poprzez wykorzystanie nowych technik, pozwalających na uzyskanie mąki o zmiennym składzie granulometrycznym i różnych zastosowaniach. W niniejszej pracy omówiono najnowsze trendy związane z produkcją mąki pszennej, analizując wpływ różnych metod i technologii na jej jakość. Omówiono także wartość przemiałową ziarna, pod kątem otrzymywania mąki o wysokim wyciągu i pożądanych właściwościach wypiekowych. Skupiono się również na innowacjach w procesie oczyszczania pszenicy, omawiając maszyny do sortowania ziarna względem barwy oraz urządzenia do obłuskiwania. Przeanalizowano także postęp w procesie kondycjonowania i rozdrabniania ziarna pszenicy. Wszystkie omówione innowacje przyczyniają się do poprawy jakości mąki oraz efektywności i wydajności produkcji mąki.

19

Wpływ stymulacji zmiennym polem magnetycznym nasion pszenicy o różnym przeznaczeniu technologicznym

Jakubowski Tomasz, Syrotyuk Serhiy, Lopushniak Vasyl, Atilgan Atilgan

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 5

38--42

PL

Celem pracy było określenie reakcji nasion pszenicy (Triticum aestivum L.) o różnym przeznaczeniu technologicznym na zmienne pole magnetyczne. W doświadczeniu wykorzystano stanowisko z układem RC OSCILLATOR TYPE G502 generującym sygnały sinusoidalne i prostokątne o częstotliwościach w zakresie 0-100 Hz. Stosowano wielkość indukcji magnetycznej pola: 10, 40 i 70 mT oraz czas ekspozycji nasion: 10, 600 i 1800 s. Wykazano istotny wpływ zmiennego pola magnetycznego na niektóre parametry ontogenetycznych roślin.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the reaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds for various technological purposes to a variable magnetic field. In the experiment, a stand with the RC OSCILLATOR TYPE G502 system generating sinusoidal and square signals with frequencies in the range of 0-100 Hz was used. The magnitude of the magnetic field induction was used: 10, 40 and 70 mT and the seed exposure time: 10, 600 and 1800 s. A significant influence of the alternating magnetic field on some ontogenetic parameters of plants was demonstrated.

20

Lead and cadmium content in wheat grain from different regions of Poland and risk analysis

Jędrzejczak Renata, Ręczajska Wiesława

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

192--199

EN

The level of wheat grain contamination with lead and cadmium was determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction (ETAAS) after microwave digestion. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.001 mg∙kg-1, for both metals. A total of 300 samples of wheat grain from agricultural regions of Poland were examined, 150 each from the two consecutive harvest years 2017 and 2018. None of the tested samples exceeded the maximum level of these metals, as specified in the European regulations. The contents of lead and cadmium in wheat grain from both years of harvest ranged from <0.001 to 0.098 mg∙kg-1 and from 0.006 to 0.098 mg∙kg-1, respectively. Despite similar ranges of these metals, the highest lead contents were two times lower than the maximum limit value, while the highest cadmium contents were close to it. As for lead, a significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean content of this metal was found in wheat grain from the 2018 harvest compared to 2017 and in the western compared to eastern regions of the country. However, the cadmium contents did not differ significantly between the two harvest years, but were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in wheat grain from the southern regions compared to northern regions of Poland. Additionally, the highest contents of cadmium, close to the maximum limit, were found in the South-West region and in the both years of harvest. The risk analysis of the occurrence of the excessive contents of toxic metals in wheat grain showed a low risk level for lead in all investigated regions, and a medium level for cadmium, in general.