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1

Exploring Gnetum Gnemon L. Fibers in Noken bag: a Path to Sustainable Material Development Through Mechanical Testing

Ramandey Johanis Manuel, Dharsono Wardhana Wahyu, Bawono Nugroho Mamayu Hayuning, Suryadi, Anggoro Paulus Wisnu

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2026

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nr 1 (34)

97--102

EN

This research investigates the mechanical properties of Gnetum gnemon L. fibers, a traditional material used in Papua’s UNESCO-recognized Noken bags. The study examined three different weaving patterns (1×1, 2×1, and 2×2) to determine their tensile strength and elongation characteristics. Testing revealed that the 2×2 weave pattern demonstrated the highest tensile strength with a mean breaking force of 678.09 N, while the 1×1 pattern showed the greatest elongation at break at 195.37%. Compared to other natural fibers like pineapple, yucca, coir, cotton, and bamboo, Gnetum gnemon fibers exhibited superior mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 739 N and density of 1.72 g/cm³. These findings suggest significant potential applications in technical textiles, protective clothing, and composite materials. The study highlights the untapped potential of Gnetum gnemon fibers, particularly in Papua where the species is abundant yet underutilized. Further research on durability, environmental resistance, and industrial-scale performance would be valuable for developing practical applications of this promising natural fiber.

2

A descriptive view of rammed earth performance: bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review

Bilad Ayoub, Ikharrazne Lmokhtar

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2026

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Vol. 25, no. 2

art. no 26032

EN

Rammed earth is a sustainable material with several features that warrant being studied and analysed for safe use as a green building for low-rise buildings due to its minimal CO₂ emissions. The initial section of this paper used bibliometric analysis to review various studies conducted on rammed earth from 2010 to 2024, comprising 960 publications. The subsequent section presents a systematic literature review of 52 publications, focusing on the mechanical properties of rammed earth, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength, and shear parameters (friction angle and cohesion), as well as thermal performance. The analysis of the outcomes of the previous studies showed that the compressive strength of unstabilised rammed earth ranges from 1 to 2.75 MPa, while stabilised rammed earth exhibits a range of 1.2 to 9.40 MPa, which is adequate for single-story and double-story buildings. The tensile strengths are reported to be between 0.16 and 0.38 MPa for unstabilized rammed earth, and the incorporation of fibres and chemical stabilisers increases them to the range of 0.73 to 1.16 MPa. Furthermore, the seismic behaviour of rammed earth is affected by its shear strength, which is only a small fraction of compressive strength, ranging from 7% to 10%, and is dependent on cohesion and friction angle. This study also developed an expression for predicting the tensile strength of rammed earth based on the percentage of fibres and chemical stabilisers used.

3

Multi-objective prediction and optimization of 3D-printed polymer properties using neural networks and desirability functions

Shakir Layth Fadhil, Ismael Hameed Sarhan, Abdullah Mostafa Adel, Huayier Abdullah Faraj, Ghazi Safaa Kadhim

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 1

288--300

EN

The industry uses Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) in the manufacture of the final products through the additive manufacturing method (AM). Due to this approach, one can construct a prototype and other components with complicated geometry, which not only translates into the saving of expensive dollars but also makes the project more flexible. Printing and material type, as well as other processing settings, affect the nature of parts, in terms of mechanics as well as other aspects. This paper attempts to develop a model to predict the mechanical capabilities and surface quality of FDM-printed ABS objects based on Artificial Neural Networks. Taguchi design of experiments is applied with an L27 orthogonal array coupled with a two-layer Neural Network (NN) with 15 neurons. The impact of the characteristics of the layer height, the orientation angle, and the nozzle temperature on the strength and finish of parts was investigated by means of the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Layer thickness seemed to be the major variable in the analysis because it was identified to create over 43.67% variation in ultimate tensile strength and 46.38% variation in surface roughness. The predicted results by the model were just a little different compared with the actual results. The highest percent error in the tensile strength and the surface roughness are 2.346 and 1.876, respectively, which arises when comparing the experimental and predicted values as calculated using the ANN model. With such a model, different parameters selected are able to achieve the requirements of a particular application.

4

Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of AA8011 aluminium alloy after tungsten inert gas welding under variable current parameters

Dianto Wahyu, Wahyudianto Fx. Arif, Suprihanto Agus, Rusman Rusman, Patayang Mika

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 5

185--201

EN

AA8011 aluminium alloy is widely used in automotive radiator applications due to its good corrosion resistance, adequate strength, and excellent thermal conductivity. However, its mechanical performance after welding is strongly influenced by the thermal cycle and the heat input during TIG welding. This study investigates the effect of welding current variations (115 A, 120 A, and 125 A) on the post-weld mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of AA8011 alloy. Tensile testing, Vickers microhardness mapping, macro-microstructural observations, and weld-bead geometry evaluation were performed in accordance with ASTM and AWS standards. Results show that welding current significantly affects grain morphology, hardness distribution, and tensile performance. The optimum mechanical response was obtained at 120 A. The novelty of this work lies in providing a comprehensive mechanical–microstructural characterisation of TIG-welded AA8011 alloy, thereby contributing scientific insights toward the optimisation of welding parameters for lightweight radiator components.

5

Experimental investigation and prediction of the tensile strength and surface roughness of fused deposition modeling-printed thermoplastic polyurethane parts using response surface methodology and artificial neural network models

Saeed Warqaa Majid, Huayier Abdullah Faraj, Shabeeb Alaa Hassan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 8

269--281

EN

The versatility across engineering applications, low production costs, and environmental sustainability position 3D printing as one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. Process parameters directly govern the quality of printed parts, making their optimization essential for performance enhancement. This paper explores how tensile strength and surface roughness of FDM-printed parts of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) can be optimized and predicted using Taguchi, RSM and ANN Models. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array design and ANOVA were used to test the effects of layer thickness (0.16, 0.2, 0.24 mm), infill density (40,60,80%), and infill pattern (Gyroid, Grid, Line) to achieve higher-the-better UTS and lower-the-better (Ra) per the ASTM D638 Type IV test. Optimal settings (LT 0.24 mm, ID 80%, IP Line) had a maximum UTS of 38.463 MPa, (LT 0.20 mm, ID 60, IP Grid) had a minimum RA of 1.88 µm, the infill pattern had the greatest effect on UTS (38.1 percent, p=0.043), and layer thickness had the greatest effect on RA (47.4 percent, p=0.010). The prediction was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. ANN performed better than RSM with maximum prediction errors of 6.90 (UTS) and 6.49 (Ra) compared to the higher values of RSM, lower values of MSE, and an outstanding correlation coefficient of R = 0.99997. The validation of ANN on the experimental data indicated the high accuracy (MAE 0.011 UTS, 0.032 Ra) was achieved with the training of Levenberg-Marquardt (70-15-15 split), and the standard errors were low among all the runs. This combination of Taguchi design, RSM, ANOVA, and interpretable ANN modeling is a powerful scheme of optimization of the parameters of the FDM process when printing TPU, which improves the mechanical performance and the surface quality of the material in flexible engineering tasks.

6

Wpływ stosowania cementu wieloskładnikowego CEM II/C-M (V-LL) na podstawowe parametry wytrzymałościowe betonu

Walczak Aleksandra

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 5

90--93

PL

W niniejszym artykule zbadano wpływ stosowania cementu wieloskładnikowego CEM II/C-M (V-LL) w matrycy cementowej betonu na jego podstawowe parametry wytrzymałościowe. W myśl Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu i strategii opartej na zmniejszeniu ilości emisji dwutlenku węgla wprowadzono do mieszanki betonowej cement o zmniejszonej ilości klinkieru portlandzkiego w swoim składzie (CEM II) względem obecnie stosowanych w powszechnym budownictwie cementów (CEM I). Badaniu poddano podstawowe parametry wytrzymałościowe betonu: wytrzymałość na ściskanie, wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, moduł sprężystości. Sporządzono krzywą uziarnienia oraz krzywą przyrostu wytrzymałości na ściskanie betonu w czasie. Zbadane parametry uznano za strategiczne i mające znaczący wpływ na znajdujące praktyczne zastosowanie aspekty wymiarowania konstrukcji żelbetowych jak m.in. długość zakładu i zakotwienia prętów zbrojeniowych, ugięcie belek oraz nośność elementów.

EN

This article investigates the effect of using CEM II/C-M (V-LL) multi-component cement in the cement matrix of concrete on its basic strength parameters. In accordance with the European Green Deal and a strategy based on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, a cement with a reduced amount of Portland clinker in its composition (CEM II) was introduced into the concrete mix relative to the cements currently used in common construction (CEM I). The basic strength parameters of concrete were tested: compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity. The grain size curve and the curve of increase in compressive strength of concrete over time were prepared. The studied parameters were considered strategic and have a significant impact on the practically applicable aspects of the dimensioning of reinforced concrete structures such as the length of the overlap and anchorage of reinforcing bars, the deflection of beams and the load carrying capacity of elements.

7

Porównanie metod badania wytrzymałości betonu na rozciąganie

Szpetulski Jacek, Sobiech Marcin

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 5

148--152

PL

Artykuł obejmuje badania wytrzymałości próbek betonowych rozciąganych osiowo w odniesieniu do innych metod badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie. Wybór właściwej metody badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie jest bardzo ważny, ponieważ badania te są często wykorzystywane w pracach naukowych w określeniu wytrzymałości fibrobetonu i betonu niezbrojonego. Badania wymagały opracowania czterech receptur mieszanek betonowych (różnej wytrzymałości oraz z dodatkiem kruszywa łamanego w postaci granitu), które konieczne były do przygotowania próbek umożliwiających przeprowadzenie badań wytrzymałości betonu na rozciąganie przy rozłupywaniu, rozciąganie przy zginaniu, rozciąganie osiowe oraz na ściskanie. W artykule przedstawiono porównania wyników wytrzymałości betonu na rozciąganie określonych w próbie bezpośredniego rozciągania osiowego z innymi metodami badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie oraz porównano określone klasy wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie badania na rozciąganie.

EN

The article covers the strength tests of concrete samples stretched axially in relation to other methods of testing tensile strength. Choosing the right method of testing tensile strength is very important because these tests are often used in scientific work to determine the strength of fiber-reinforced concrete and unreinforced concrete. The research required the development of four formulas for concrete mix (different compressive strength and with the addition of crushed aggregates in the form of granite), which were necessary to prepare samples enabling the performance of tests of concrete strength in tensile splitting strength, flexural strength, tensile axial strength and compression strength. The article presents comparisons of concrete tensile strength results determined in the direct axial tensile test with other methods of testing tensile strength and compared specific concrete strength classes based on the tensile test.

8

Improving the mechanical and thermal properties of polyurea by adding copper(ιι) oxide nanoparticles

Saeed Jilan Khalid Mohammed, Sulyman Ebtahag Z., Al-Ahmady Kossay K.

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2025

|

nr 7

206--214

EN

Composites consisting of polyurea (PUA) as a matrix material, reinforced with the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) used in various mass ratios (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%) were tested. The resulting composites were examined for their mechanical (hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength), thermal (thermal conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis) and structural (FTIR) properties. The tests showed that reinforcing polyurea with copper oxide nanoparticles improved the mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus), while compressive strength decreased by 77% at a weight percentage of 6%, and the best result was obtained at a weight percentage of 1%. Heat treatment also affected the mechanical properties; for example, hardness increased at 7°C and 80°C. Thermal conductivity increased by 57% with the addition of the reinforcement material at room temperature and further increased during heat treatment at 7°C and 80°C. Thermal analysis showed slight changes in the curves, resulting in an improvement in the resistance of the matrix to thermal decomposition. The infrared spectrum showed that the nanoparticles bands overlapped with the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization revealed the presence of bonding between the copper nanoparticles (CuONPs) and the polyurea (PUA) matrix.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania kompozytów składających się z polimocznika (PUA) jako materiału matrycowego, wzmocnionego dodatkiem nanocząstek tlenku miedzi (CuONPs) stosowanego w różnych proporcjach masowych (0,5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% i 10%). Otrzymane kompozyty badano pod kątem ich właściwości mechanicznych (twardość, wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, wytrzymałość na ściskanie), termicznych (przewodność cieplna, analiza termograwimetryczna) i strukturalnych (FTIR). Badania wykazały, że wzmocnienie polimocznika nanocząsteczkami tlenku miedzi poprawiło właściwości mechaniczne (twardość i moduł sprężystości), natomiast wytrzymałość na ściskanie spadła o 77% przy udziale masowym tlenku miedzi 6%, a najlepszy wynik uzyskano dla kompozytów zawierających 1% tlenku miedzi. Obróbka cieplna również wpłynęła na właściwości mechaniczne, twardość wzrosła w temp. 7°C i 80°C. Przewodność cieplna wzrosła o 57% po dodaniu materiału wzmacniającego w temperaturze pokojowej i dalej wzrosła podczas obróbki cieplnej w temp. 7°C i 80°C. Analiza termiczna wykazała niewielkie zmiany krzywych, wynikające z poprawy odporności matrycy na rozkład termiczny. Widmo kompozytu w podczerwieni wykazało, obecność dodatkowego pasma wskazującego na obecność nanomateriału Cu-O i podwójnego pasma pochodzącego od grupy C=O co wskazuje na interakcję między nanocząstkami CuO a grupą C=O matrycy. Charakterystyka metodą elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej (SEM) ujawniła obecność wiązania między nanocząsteczkami miedzi (CuONP) a matrycą polimocznikową (PUA).

9

Analytical method for calculating parameters of destruction diagrams of cylindrical rock samples with their wedge form of destruction

Vasyliev Leonid, Rizo Zakhar, Vasyliev Dmytro, Kress Denys, Krasovskyi Ihor, Katan Volodymyr, Malich Mykola

Mining Science

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2025

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Vol. 32

253-266

EN

This study aims to develop an analytical method for calculating the parameters of destruction diagrams of cylindrical rock samples experiencing wedge-shaped fractures, facilitating the effective disintegration of rocks. The method employs analytical modeling to simulate the destruction process of cylindrical rock samples, leveraging experimental values of three key rock properties: shear resistance limit, internal friction coefficient and external friction coefficient. The proposed method accurately determines the limit and residual strength of the rock samples using these three indicators, which can be experimentally obtained through straightforward procedures in mining enterprises. This research marks the first instance of analytically modeling the destruction of cylindrical rock samples with wedge-shaped fractures while accounting for both internal and external friction. The practical application of this method allows for the rapid assessment of stress-strain parameters in rock samples, thereby enhancing the efficiency of rock disintegration processes in mining operations.

10

Investigating the impact of heat treatment on mechanical behaviour of A36 low-carbon steel

Agrawal Anant Prakash, Ali Shahazad

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2025

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Vol. 46, no. 3

141--149

EN

Quenching and tempering processes are commonly employed to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of multiphase steels. This study investigated the effects of heat treatment on ASTM A36 low-carbon steel, a material well-suited for structural applications. The novelty of this study lies in the detailed investigation of the quenching and tempering processes applied to ASTM A36 low-carbon steel, focusing on specific tempering temperatures and varying soaking times. The specimens were heated to 900°C and soaked for 2 hours, followed by quenching in an oil bath. Subsequently, they were tempered at low (200°C), medium (300°C), and high (400°C) temperatures for 60, 90, and 120 minutes, respectively. The mechanical properties of the processed specimens, including hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength, were evaluated. The Rockwell hardness showed a significant improvement of 22.75% after treatment. Oil bath quenching followed by tempering increased the ultimate tensile strength by 31.51% and 29.36%, respectively, compared to steel without any heat treatment. However, elongation at break and impact strength decreased by 11.55% and 27.27%, respectively, during quenching. Low, medium, and high temperature tempering at various soaking times released the internal stresses, refined the grain structure and exhibited the effect on tensile strength, as well as improved the elongation at break and impact strength by 35.08% and 125%, respectively, compared to quenched steel.

11

Effect of Ti on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Vertical EGW Welded Joint of 12MnNiVR Steel

Tang Jiaqing, Li Jie, Liu Kun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2025

|

Vol. 70, iss. 2

785--796

EN

Ti-containing and Ti-free 12MnNiVR steels were welded separately by vertical EGW welding with a heat input of 100 kJ/cm. The microstructure, precipitates and inclusions of the welded joints were studied by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer, and the mechanical properties of the welded joints such as tensile strength, bending, and impact were tested. Results indicate that microstructure of Ti-free steel (TFS) weld metal is mainly coarse acicular and massive proeutectoid ferrite, coarse acicular ferrite Widmanstatten structure and granular bainite. The microstructure of Ti-containing steel (TCS) weld metal is mainly granular bainite and acicular ferrite. Ti has little effect on the tensile and flexural properties of welded joints, but it can improve the impact toughness of welded joints, from 101.6 J to 176.4 J at the center of weld, from 43.6 J to 80.1 J at the fusion line, from 61.5 J to 163.1 J at the fusion line + 2 mm, increasing by 73.6%, 83.7%, 165.2%, and the content of Ni and Ti in the dimples of impact fracture surface is high.

12

Analysis of Process Parameters for Resistance Spot Welding on Galvanized Steel using Taguchi Method

Hayazi Nur Farhana, Jaraman Poorani, Halin Dewi Suriyani Che, Foudzi Farhana Mohd, Nabiałek Marcin, Vizureanu Petrica

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2025

|

Vol. 70, iss. 1

39--46

EN

Resistance spot welding (RSW) involved two or more sheets of metal that are welded together with or without filler materials. This paper discussed the optimization of RSW process parameters that were varied on galvanized steel below 6 kA by using Taguchi method. Galvanized steel can be more difficult to spot weld than any other uncoated metal due to the tendency of zinc coating alloying with electrodes. The three process parameters are welding current, welding time and holding time. The type of OA used in this study was L9. Subsequently, tensile and Vickers microhardness tests were conducted on the sample. Results from these tests were used to calculate the S/N ratio, ANOVA and confirmation test. The optimal parameters value and percentage of contributing factors to the welding can be identified. It will help to produce high-quality weld joints.

13

Effect of study of composite materials under high-velocity impact

Hasan I.S., Ali M., Hussein E.Q.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 132, nr 2

49--58

EN

Purpose: The research investigates the design, fabrication, and experimental and theoretical testing of a hybrid composite material. The purpose of the research is to find the design and precise calibration of a custom-made projectile launcher, which ensures consistency in the impact tests. Design/methodology/approach: It can achieve these aims by calibration according to air pressure variation, checking the consistency in the velocity of the projectile, hence proving the reliability of the device for impact resistance measurements. Findings: Test results indicated that an increase in glass fibre percentage significantly improved the values of tensile strength and shock resistance for the tested samples, with the best performance attained for specimens containing a 60% fibre content. The addition of aluminium powder exhibited a moderate improvement in the material characteristics at impact absorption. This study proposed that the addition of carbon fibres or replacing aluminium powder with copper powder could further increase the resistance to impact. Research limitations/implications: It is suggested to carry out the study, which provides useful input into the development and optimisation of the hybrid composite materials, plus forms an extremely solid basis for studies that could be dedicated later to further improvement of the material performance in view of commercial applications. By combining practical testing with theoretical research using SolidWorks and ANSYS, it has been proven that hybrid materials work well in any application requiring high tensile strength and impact resistance. Originality/value: The effect of aluminium powder exhibited a moderate improvement of the material characteristics at impact absorption. It has again been proposed that the addition of carbon fibres or replacing aluminium powder with copper powder will further increase the resistance to impact. The results showed a significant increase in tensile strength and shock resistance, especially for samples affected by the glass fibre content, which improved the shock resistance grade of the material.

14

Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion behavior of ZrO2, HA, and Y2O3 hybrid reinforced AZ91D alloy surface composites fabricated through FSP route

Patel Surendra Kumar, Dai Guoxin, Shi Lei, Wu Chuansong, Mironov Sergey, Guan Lei

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. e56, 2025

EN

In the present work, ZrO2, HA, and Y2O3 hybrid reinforced AZ91D alloy surface composites were fabricated using multi-passes friction stir processing (FSP) route. Consequently, microstructure, microhardness, tensile, and corrosion behavior were thoroughly examined on processing passes. The FSP passes increased coarse-shaped grains which were gradually refined into finer equiaxial grains due to severe plastic deformation and equal dispersion of reinforcements. Microhardness values successfully increased with the incorporation of hybrid reinforcements and increasing FSP passes. Tensile tests demonstrated decreased ultimate tensile strength as compared to substrate materials but an increase compared to 1 pass to 3 passes. Due to grain arrangements, grain dislocations decreased between surface matrices. Corrosion rate increases with the number of days; however, when FSP passes rise, compared to FSP passes, corrosion rate also increases due to the formation of secondary surface layers on the surface.

15

Effect of normal load and strain accumulation on tribological properties of Al3003/St12 multilayered composite produce by severe plastic deformation

Nan Jiangping, Xiao Qi, Yao Dan, Wang Juanjuan

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2025

|

Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. e40, 2025

EN

Developing novel methods for manufacturing multilayered composites has been the central effort of researchers for years. This study presents the fabrication of Aluminum/steel/Aluminum (Al/St12/Al) multilayered composites using the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technique, with an examination of the impact of normal load and strain accumulation on microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological properties. As the applied accumulative strain increased, more instabilities were detected in the St12 layers, with no defects present. The mechanical properties exhibited enhancements as the ARB passes increased, with ultimate and yield strength values as well as microhardness rising, while elongation decreased due to the uneven distribution of hard layers within the Al matrix. The composite achieved a maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 260 MPa and a breakpoint elongation of 7% after six passes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed both ductile and cleavage fracture modes on the surfaces. Also, based on the results of wear tests, the application of higher accumulative strain improves wear resistance while normal load deteriorates it. Moreover, wear tests indicated various wear mechanisms, including adhesion, abrasion, and delamination, with a reduction in weight loss observed with an increase in the number of rolling passes attributed to the increased hardness of the strain-hardened layers.

16

Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters to enhance tensile strength and surface roughness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol

Shabeeb Alaa Hassan, Abdulwahhab Ahmed Basil, Ismael Hameed S., Ghazi Safaa Kadhim

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 8

345--358

EN

The wide examination of FDM as an industrial additive manufacturing technique appears because it provides design freedom alongside improved material efficiency and reasonable cost. This study's main objective is to investigate the relationship of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process parameters with the tensile properties and surface roughness of Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) parts. A response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing Box–Behnken design methodology studied three essential parameters consisting of infill density and layer height, together with plate temperature. The analysis demonstrated that layer height proved to be the main element affecting tensile strength because it contributed 80.9% of the experimental variations, while infill density stood out as the leading determinant of surface roughness, which was responsible for 78% of the contribution. Experimental testing proved that the predictive model showed accurate results when validated through measurements of tensile strength, which produced maximum errors of 1.28%, and surface roughness, which yielded maximum errors of 6.54%. A desirability analysis indicated that the ideal parameters of the roughness and tensile strength of the printed parts included an infill density of 64.24% combined with a layer height of 0.1813 mm and plate temperature of 51.46°C. These outcomes provide a comprehensive understanding of process parameter effects that result in quality PETG parts with mechanical performance. The two-axis optimization methodology for PETG also enhances its use in functional engineering systems that require simultaneous mechanical durability and manufacturing accuracy.

17

Influence of compressive strength and curing time of fibre reinforced concrete on its residual flexural tensile strength

Witkowski Paweł, Kuczma Mieczysław, Demby Michał, Rudnicki Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 4

329--341

EN

Compressive strength is the basic parameter determining the quality of concrete. The addition of fibers to concrete allows us to create a composite with unique properties. The resulting fiber concrete can be tested in many ways, and one of the most interesting and still developing parameter is the residual flexural tensile strength. The current market situation in the construction industry in Central and Western Europe related to the problem of obtaining qualified manual workers and the prices of building materials encourage the design and thorough testing of increasingly complex products, including modern concrete. The relationship between compressive strength and residual strength is an unexplored area that is worth developing in scientific studies. The article presents the relationship between the compressive strength of designed fibre reinforced concrete and its residual flexural tensile strength. The test program included the analysis of concrete in compressive strength classes: C16/20, C25/30, C30/37 and C70/85 made of cement CEM II/B-V 42.5 R - HSR/NA and CEM I 42.5 N - MSR/NA. In each of the designed concrete classes, two types of hook-shaped steel fibres with variable slenderness (l/d ratio) of 50 and 67 were used. Fibre dosage was also diversified and set at 20, 30, 40 and 45 kg/m3 of the concrete mixture. Residual strength tests were performed in accordance with PN-EN 14651 using the ARAMIS device for digital image correlation. The experimental findings showing the relationship between the compressive strength of concrete and its residual flexural tensile strength are included. The experimental data obtained show that increasing the compressive strength class of concrete does not result in an evident increase in the residual flexural tensile strength. The research also analyzed the influence of curing time of concrete on its residual strength, including tests after 28, 180 and 360 days after concreting. The obtained results confirm the significant influence of steel fibres in transferring bending loads. The influence of sample maturation time on the compressive strength of the designed fibre concrete was also confirmed.

18

Performing comparative analysis on additive manufactured hybrid strut-based metamaterials on the basis of specific energy absorption

Mishra Akshansh, Jatti Vijaykumar S., Sawant Dhruv, Sefene Eyob Messele, Saiyathibrahim A., Mohan Dhanesh G.

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 2(84)

52--72

EN

Architected metamaterials utilize unique geometries to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of structures. This study investigates the energy absorption capabilities of additively manufactured hybrid strut-based metamaterials, produced using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with Polylactic Acid (PLA). Compression tests were conducted on six novel hybrid strut lattice designs to analyze their structure-property relationships. The designs integrated Kelvin cells, edge struts, octagonal shapes, hex trusses, face-centered components, and corner diagonal struts. The combination of "Kelvin Cell + Octagon" achieved excellent energy absorption efficiency, with the highest Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) of 1450 kJ/kg. Through the synergistic effect of octagonal geometry and Kelvin cell structure, controlled deformation and delayed buckling are realized to release the energy fully and maximize stress wave interaction. However, the configuration of the "Edge Struts + Hex Truss" configuration was not far away either, exhibiting an SEA of 1388.89 kJ/kg, owing to the effective load distribution provided by the hexagonal truss structure. Other configurations had much lower SEA values: 275 kJ/kg for "Kelvin Cell + Hex Truss" 185.71 kJ/kg for "Kelvin Cell + Edge Struts" 162.5 kJ/kg for "Edge Struts + Corner Diagonal" and 26.67 kJ/kg for "Edge Struts + Face Centre". Using microscopy to look at failed samples showed that shapes with hexagonal and octagonal parts increased SEA by making stress distribution more even and limiting deformation during compression. The unit cell geometry is the critical factor for deciding upon the energy absorption capacity of metamaterials. This work provides useful insights to design optimized additively manufactured metamaterials to achieve high energy absorption, which will be useful to applications such as automotive crash protection, aerospace components, personal protective equipment, and vibration damping systems. The "Kelvin Cell + Octagon" and "Edge Struts + Hex Truss" configurations emerge as highly effective designs, balancing strength, ductility, and energy absorption efficiency for advanced engineering applications.

19

Study on laser welding of a copper material and stainless steel

Wang Renping

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 9

963--967

EN

A com. fiber laser was used to weld Cu and stainless steel plates. The laser power was 2.2 kW, the welding speed 2.5 mm/s, the spot diam. about 0.5 mm, and the wire feeding speed 2-3.5 mm/s. Ar gas flow rate was 10 L/min. The weld produced was smooth and defect-free, the grain distribution was uniform and the mech. properties of the joint were high. The av. tensile strength of the welded joints was 984 MPa, and the av. yield strength of the joints was 351.4 MPa. The superior ity and potential of laser welding in dissimilar metal welding was evidenced.

PL

Do spawania płyt z miedzi i stali nierdzewnej użyto komercyjnego lasera światłowodowego. Moc lasera wynosiła 2,2 kW, prędkość spawania 2,5 mm/s, średnica plamki ok. 0,5 mm, prędkość podawania drutu 2-3,5 mm/s, a natężenie przepływu argonu 10 L/min. Uzyskana spoina była gładka i wolna od wad, rozkład ziarna był równomierny. Spoina miała dobre właściwości mechaniczne. Średnia wytrzymałość na rozciąganie spoin spawanych wynosiła 984 MPa, a średnia granica plastyczności spoin to 351,4 MPa. Udowodniono potencjał spawania laserowego w spawaniu różnych metali.

20

Beton zbrojony włóknami pozyskanymi ze zużytych maseczek ochronnych

Szpetulski Jacek, Stawiski Bohdan, Michalska Klaudia

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 1-2

92--95

PL

Produkcja odpadów medycznych na świecie jest bardzo duża, co przekłada się na zaśmiecenie środowiska. W ostatnim czasie produkcja odpadów medycznych została znacznie zwiększona z powodu przeciwdziałania wirusowi SARS-CoV-2, który wywołuje chorobę zwaną COVID-19 i przyczynił się do powstania pandemii. W celu zapobiegania zarażeniu się wirusem SARS-CoV-2 stało się powszechne używanie maseczek ochronnych, a tym samym na wysypiskach przybyło w ogromnym stopniu odpadów w postaci zużytych maseczek. Wychodząc naprzeciw ochronie środowiska zaproponowano metodę przetwarzania maseczek ochronnych, w sposób umożliwiający ich powtórne użycie do produkcji fibrobetonu. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań wytrzymałości na ściskanie i na rozciąganie betonu zbrojonego włóknami pozyskanymi ze zużytych maseczek ochronnych składających się z warstw włókniny polipropylenowej. Wyniki badań betonu zbrojonego włóknami stanowiącymi 0,05% objętości mieszanki betonowej oraz 0,2% objętości mieszanki betonowej porównano z wynikami betonu referencyjnego.

EN

The production of medical waste in the world is very large, which translates into environmental pollution. Recently, the production of medical waste has been significantly increased due to the counteraction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes the disease called COVID-19 and contributed to the creation of the pandemic. In order to prevent infection with the SARS-Co-V-2 virus, it has become common to use protective masks, and thus a huge amount of waste in the form of used masks has arrived in landfills. To meet environmental protection, a method of processing protective masks was proposed in a way that allows their reuse for the production of fiber-reinforced concrete. The article presents the results of testing the compressive of concrete and the tensile strength of concrete reinforced with fibers obtained from used protective masks consisting of layers of polypropylene non-woven fabric. The test results of concrete reinforced with fibers constituting 0.05% of the concrete mix volume and 0,2% of the concrete mix volume were compared with the results of the reference concrete.