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EN
Purpose: This paper presents the issue of welding technology qualification using the example of structural steel S355JR with a plate thickness of 25 mm and 100 mm, bevelling ½V. The main objective of this work was to attempt to perform a full qualification of the submerged arc welding process in accordance with the requirements of PN EN ISO 15614. Particular attention was paid to the issue of the qualification of welding technology. The samples were subjected to non-destructive testing, i.e. visual and penetrant testing, as well as ultrasonic testing and heat treatment. This was followed by destructive testing, including macroscopic testing and hardness testing. According to the proposed procedure for the recognition of submerged arc welding technology, once the necessary tests had been carried out and the protocols with positive results had been obtained. The documentation had been completed, the analysis needed to obtain certificates of conformity for factory production control and welding quality was carried out. Design/methodology/approach: Submerged arc welding is often used for highly responsible butt joints, particularly when joining thick components. This has been achieved through the proper design of the preparation of the parts to be welded and the development of a welding technology that practically eliminates the pre-phase that occurs in traditional technology, thereby eliminating the risk of it affecting the quality of the welded joint. Findings: During the implementation of submerged arc welding, a number of technological problems were encountered. The first test joints contained many defects, i.e. sticking and slag inclusions inside the welds. In addition, obtaining welds with the correct profile and removing the slag from the weld groove was difficult. These obstacles were eliminated experimentally by carrying out successive tests using different parameters and welding groove geometries. Practical implications: The correct implementation of any welding process depends on its input parameters. These parameters include welding current, welding speed, welding current, wire diameter, welding voltage and many others. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is widely used in the industry for manufacturing as it is more reliable, provides deep penetration in the work, ensures a smooth finish on objects, and results in high productivity. Originality/value: The technology was developed for a company that manufactures control discs for steam turbines.
PL
Jednym z problemów współczesnych technik wytwarzania jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości wyrobu, przy minimalizacji kosztów i jednoczesnym wzroście wydaj­ności produkcji. Podczas obróbki wykończeniowej nadawane są ostateczne wymiary i właściwości użytkowe danego elementu, dlatego też niezbędna jest kontrola ich geometrii – w tym odchyłek kształtu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zmiany parametrów skrawania na wartość odchyłek okrągłości wałków toczonych płytką Wiper. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku o średnicy 39 mm, wykonanym ze stali konstrukcyjnej S235JR. Proces toczenia czopów wału zrealizowano na tokarce uniwersalnej kłowej CU500MRD. Podczas badań wykorzystano nóż tokarski z wymienną płytką skrawającą WNMG-080408 WF. Pomiar odchyłek kształtu wykonano przyrządem Hommel Etamic F50. Urządzenie umożliwia wykonanie precyzyjnych i wydajnych pomiarów odchyłek okrągłości w postaci kompaktowego systemu pomiarowego.
EN
One of the greatest problem of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. During finish treatment the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. Therefore, it is necessary to control their geometry – including deviations of shape.The paper presents the results of influence of changing cutting parameters on the values of the roundness deviations of shaftsafter turning process by Wiper type insert. The turning process of shaft pins f39 mm in diameter, made of S235JR standard steel was carried out on a CU500MRD universal lathe. The turning process was conducted by WNMG-080408 WF replacable insert. The measurement of shape deviation was recorded using a Hommel Etamic F50. The device allows to provide precise and efficient measurements of roundness deviations in the form of a compact measuring system.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore, while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment, the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the results of influence of change of cutting parameters on temperature and cutting forces during turning process of stainless steel. A shaft made of 304L stainless steel was used for the research. The cutting process was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathes. Measurement of cutting forces during turning process used DKM 2010 turning dynamometer. A cutting tool conducted the turning process with CCET09T302R-MF insert by DIJET. During the turning, the following machining parameters were used: cutting speed Vc = 226 m/min, feed f = 0.044; 0.062; 0.083; 0.106 mm/rev and cutting depth ap = 0.375; 0.625; 0.875 mm. The chemical composition of steel was measured by Solaris-ccd plus optical spectrometer. The Smartzoom 5 microscope made the view of the nose radius of cutting tool.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore, while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment, the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the results of influence of cutting parameters change on temperature and cutting forces during turning process of stainless steel. A shaft made of 304L stainless steel was used for the research. The cutting process was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. Measurement of cutting forces during lathing process used DKM 2010 turning dynamometer. The turning process was conducted by a cutting tool with CCET09T302R-MF insert by DIJET. During the turning, the following machining parameters were used: cutting speed Vc = 152, 219, 304 m/min, feed f = 0.044, 0.062, 0.083 mm/rev and cutting depth ap = 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 mm. The view of the nose radius of cutting tool before and after the turning process was made by the Smartzoom 5 microscope.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych problemów współczesnych technik wytwarzania jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości wyrobu, przy minimalizacji kosztów i jednoczesnym wzroście wydajności produkcji. Podczas obróbki wykończeniowej nadawane są ostateczne wymiary i właściwości użytkowe danego elementu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zmiany warunków obróbki na wartość sił podczas toczenia wałów wykonanych ze stali nierdzewnej. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku o średnicy 59 mm wykonanego ze stali nierdzewnej X5CrNi18-10. Proces toczenia czopów wału przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej kłowej CDS6250BX-1000. Podczas badań wykorzystano nóż tokarski z wymiennymi płytkami skrawającymi CCMT09T302WF, CCMT09T304WF oraz CCMT09T308WF. Pomiar sił skrawania podczas toczenia wykonano siłomierzem DKM 2010.
EN
One of the greatest problem of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. During finish treatment the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The paper presents the results of influence of changing treatment conditions on the value of the cutting forces during cutting process. The turning process of shaft pins ? 59 mm in diameter, made of X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel was carried out on a CDS6250BX-1000 universal lathe. The turning process was conducted by a cutting tool with CCMT09T302WF, CCMT09T304WF and CCMT09T308WF replacable inserts. The measurement of cutting forces during turning was recorded using a DKM 2010 dynamometer.
EN
The aim of the paper is to identify which factors influence the production of crude oil in Africa and what it means for the investments in oil production on this continent in the future. In order to identify these factors it is necessary to create a function of production. A number of variables have been chosen, which are likely to have an influence on the level of exploitation, such as the price of oil, oil consumption in Africa, oil import by the US, etc. The estimation of the function was based on the statistical analysis of empirical data. For the years 1980–2015 the linear regression model was estimated using the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) and econometric software – GRETL. In order to find the best model the academic research on the global oil market has been taken into account and a variety of statistical and econometric tests have been made. According to the literature on the subject, the production of crude oil in Africa is mostly affected by two players – Europe and the US. The first includes the member states of the OPEC. There are also countries of West Africa which in the past exported most of their production to the US. The model shows that the situation has changed after the “shale revolution”, which reduced the level of imported oil and consequently the level of African production. Moreover, an interesting trend has been noticed, namely that when oil prices go up, the oil production in Africa decreases. The reason for this phenomenon is that high oil prices make American shale plays more profitable than West African petroleum basins. The model aggregating macroeconomic indicators and statistics is a very useful management tool and it reveals the problems of the efficiency of investments in oil production in Africa.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników determinujących poziom wydobycia ropy naftowej w Afryce, a następnie określenie, co to oznacza dla potencjalnych przyszłych inwestycji na tym kontynencie. Aby rozpoznać wspomniane czynniki, niezbędne jest stworzenie w pierwszej kolejności funkcji wydobycia. Stąd też wybrano szereg zmiennych, mogących mieć wpływ na poziom eksploatacji, m.in. cenę ropy naftowej, poziom jej konsumpcji w Afryce, import ropy do Stanów Zjednoczonych i in. Następnie dokonano estymacji funkcji, posiłkując się statystyczną analizą danych empirycznych. Dla lat 1980–2015 oszacowano za pomocą oprogramowania ekonometrycznego GRETL model liniowej regresji według metody najmniejszych kwadratów (MNK). Aby wybrać model najlepiej odzwierciedlający rzeczywistość, otrzymane wyniki zweryfikowano zarówno danymi pozyskanymi z literatury poświęconej światowemu rynkowi ropy, jak i przy użyciu odpowiednich testów statystycznych oraz ekonometrycznych. Nawiązując do literatury przedmiotu, na poziom wydobycia ropy naftowej wAfryce mają wpływ przede wszystkim dwaj gracze – Europa i Stany Zjednoczone. Z pierwszym z nich związane są przede wszystkim państwa członkowskie organizacji OPEC. Z drugiej strony kraje Afryki Zachodniej w większym stopniu eksportują ropę do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Oszacowany model pokazuje, że sytuacja ta zmieniła się po tzw. łupkowej rewolucji i spadku ilości importowanej przez Amerykę ropy, a co za tym idzie i wydobycia w Afryce. Co więcej, zaobserwowano interesującą tendencję do zmniejszenia wydobycia w Afryce, kiedy ceny ropy rosną. Przyczyną tego zjawiska może być fakt, że wysokie ceny surowca implikują wzrost opłacalności eksploatacji złóż ropy łupkowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych, będących bezpośrednią konkurencją dla złóż afrykańskich. Model, który agreguje makroekonomiczne wskaźniki i dane statystyczne jest bardzo użytecznym narzędziem, które wykazuje efektywność inwestycji w wydobycie ropy naftowej w Afryce.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore, while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment, the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the results of influence of change of cutting parameters on temperature and cutting forces during turning process of stainless steel. A shaft made of 304L stainless steel was used for the research. The cutting process was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathes. Measurement of cutting forces during lathing process used DKM 2010 turning dynamometer. The turning process was conducted by a cutting tool with CCET09T302R-MF insert by DIJET. During the turning, the following machining parameters were used: cutting speed Vc = 226 m/min, feed f = 0.044, 0.062, 0.083, 0.106 mm/rev and cutting depth ap = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mm. The chemical composition of steel was measured by Solaris-ccd plus optical spectrometer.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zmiany głębokości skrawania na wartość sił skrawania oraz parametr chropowatości powierzchni czopów wałów. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku o średnicy 50 mm wykonanym ze stali konstrukcyjnej S235JR. Proces toczenia czopów wału przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej kołowej CU500MRD. Podczas badań wykorzystano nóż tokarski z wymienną płytką skrawającą CCMT09T304 PF. Natomiast pomiar sił skrawania podczas toczenia rejestrowano przy użyciu siłomierza firmy Kistler. Pomiar parametrów chropowatości wykonano na profilometrze W20. Do badań wykorzystano również współrzędnościową optyczną maszynę pomiarową Baty Venture Plus oraz optyczny spektrometr emisyjny Solaris.
EN
The paper presents the results of influence of changes in the depth of cut on the value of the cutting forces and surface roughness parameters of shaft pins. The turning process of shaft pins φ 50 mm in diameter, made of S235JR steel was carried out on a CU500MRD universal machine. The lathing process was conducted by a cutting tool with CCMT 09T304 PF removable inserts. The measurement of cutting forces during turning was recorded using a dynamometer made by Kistler. The measurement of surface roughness parameter was performed by W20 profilometer. For research also used the Baty Venture optical coordinate measuring machine and the Solaris optical emission spectrometer.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore, while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment, the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the results of influence of treatment conditions during turning of shafts on the cutting forces and surface roughness parameter. A roller made of S235JR steel was used for the research. The cutting process was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 and CU500MRD centre lathes. Measurement of cutting forces during lathing process used DKM 2010 and Kistler turning dynamometers. The turning process was conducted by a cutting tool with CCMT09T304 PF removable plate. During the turning, the following machining parameters were used: cutting speed Vc = 150 m/min, feed f=0.106 mm/rev and cutting depth ap = 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 mm. The surface roughness was measured by T8000 profilometer.
EN
The article presents the experimental results of investigation of the pumps shaft surface made of stainless steel after burnishing process. The process of burnishing shafts proposed here aims at increasing the service durability of marine pump shafts of seawater installations, which should give economic benefits in comparison with traditional methods. Burnishing process enables the achievement of high smoothness of machined surface together with the surface layer hardening. This process has been performed in industrial experience on universal machine tools and on CNC machines but it is regarded as plastic tooling. Therefore, the final formation of dimensions and service properties with the use of burnishing constitutes a chipless and dustless treatment, which allows for ranking burnishing among ecological tooling methods. The properties of the surface layers determine the tribological properties of the shaft. The methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation (NI) were used. The morphology of the changed layers formed by plastic deforming of steel during burnishing treatment was investigated on micro- and nanolevel by SEM and AFM after 1, 2, 3 and 4 passed of burnishing tool. The values of microhardness and Young´s modulus were measured on the shaft cross section from the surface till the 50 – 300 μm depth. The presence of the soft changed layer on the hardened shaft surface after burnishing process determines the decrease of the coefficient of friction during exploitation.
EN
The paper presents the research results of relationship between surface roughness reduction index KRa and three input parameters: burnishing speed Vn, feed fn and burnishing force Fn., and all combinations of levels of yields N measured for 48 points of experiment. The experiment was repeated 3 times. In order to select the model describing the results of tests, the stepping approximation analysis was performed. It relayed at incorporated into the model in following steps approximation elements function, giving the biggest decrease of the sum of squared deviations. The first approximation was based on the ternary monomial of the powers from 0 to 3 for each input value. This approximation aim was to show, that the index of surface roughness reduction does not depend on the burnishing speed in the made in the area of research. The reduced input parameters to two, i.e. fn and Fn. The plan of the experiment was brought to N = 12 and M = 12. The best approximation of test results obtained in the case of Laurent polynomial with stepping selection of elements. The biggest contribution to the decrease in the sum of squared deviations was element 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 −1 ∙ 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 3 , and then fn 2. The article shows that in the range fn {0.6:1.2} there was not information on the successful model and the lack of influence of f and Fn on the results of the experiment. It is postulated to retry the experiment for the feed f <0.6.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych problemów współczesnych technik wytwarzania jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości wyrobu, przy minimalizacji kosztów i jednoczesnym wzroście wydajności produkcji. W związku z tym podczas projektowania procesów wytwarzania powinno się zastosować technologię, która ma istotny wpływ na trwałość i niezawodność części maszyn. Podczas obróbki wykończeniowej nadawane są ostateczne wymiary i właściwości użytkowe danego elementu. Osiąga się to poprzez zastosowanie odpowiedniego rodzaju obróbki oraz dobór właściwych parametrów danego procesu. Technolog projektujący proces kształtowania warstwy wierzchniej ma do dyspozycji różne techniki wytwarzania. Konieczne jest znalezienie określonego rozwiązania, które będzie odpowiadać wymaganiom i warunkom pracy danej części maszyny. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zmiany kąta przystawienia noża tokarskiego typu Wiper podczas toczenia czopów wału na parametry chropowatości powierzchni. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku o średnicy 60 mm, wykonanym ze stali X5CrNi18-10. Obróbkę wykończeniową czopów wału przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej kłowej CDS6250BX-1000. Podczas badań wykorzystano nóż tokarski z wymiennymi płytkami skrawającymi: CCMT09T302 WF, CCMT09T304 WF, CCMT09T308 WF o promieniu naroża 0,2 0,4 i 0,8 mm. Zmianę kąta przystawienia realizowano w zakresie ±3º. Proces toczenia wykonano siłomierzem DKM2010.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The process engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution, which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the research results the influence of changing the side angle of the cutting tool by wiper technology on the value of surface roughness parameters during lathing process. The research was performed on a roller 60 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. In the research of lathing process used inserts with Wiper technology. During the lathing the optimal cutting parameters were used for inserts: CCMT09T302WF, CCMT09T304WF and CCMT09T308WF with nose radius 0,2, 0,4 and 0,8 mm. The cutting process was performed at side angle of 90° ±3°. The process of lathing used cutting tool dynamometer DKM 2010.
13
Content available remote Łupkowy cios dla Afryki
PL
Rewolucja łupkowa w Stanach Zjednoczonych to zjawisko, które zmienia nie tylko gospodarkę tego państwa, ale i całego świata. Wbrew pozorom jednym z regionów najbardziej dotkniętych spadkiem importu ropy naftowej do tego kraju był nie Bliski Wschód, a Afryka Zachodnia. Eksporterzy z Czarnego Lądu borykają się dziś z utratą dawnych rynków zbytu, a do tego spadkiem dochodów budżetowych, potęgowanych obniżaniem się cen surowca. Także dla Stanów Zjednoczonych zaprzestanie importu z Afryki niesie za sobą negatywne konsekwencje. W artykule zaprezentowano przyczyny tego stanu rzeczy, czyli historię afrykańskiego przemysłu naftowego, stopień uzależnienia gospodarek afrykańskich od eksportu czarnego złota do Ameryki, a także oszacowano amerykańskie „wpływy naftowe” na przestrzeni ostatnich 25 lat.
EN
The Shale Revolution in the United States is a phenomenon which changes not only economy of that country but also of the one of the World. Contrary to what is generally believed, one of the regions mostly affected by the decrease in crude oil import is not the Middle East, but West Africa. The Dark Continent oil exporters are facing today slide of budget revenues and also loss of the old markets. Sinking of oil prices makes matter even worse. In addition, even for the United States cessation of oil import from Africa brings negative consequences. The article presents the reason for these issues, that is, the history of African oil industry, the degree of African economies dependence on black gold exports to America, as well as the estimated US ‘oil geopolitical influence’ over the last 25 years.
14
Content available Gaz z łupków spod dna Bałtyku
EN
The accomplishment of the vision of exploration and in particular of exploitation of shale oil and shale gas in a perspective of a few years’time seems to be unrealistic. Interest in unconventional deposits occurs amongst small entities seeking a satisfactory return on their investments and becoming pioneers like George P. Mitchell 40 years ago. It is not only a result of high costs or lack of a sufficient technology but most notably the result of lack of an involvement of the key players in the global market. European companies, for instance, are closer to exploration of the new shale gas deposits onshore, although some of them declare to make an offshore research too. While Poland is today’s leader of shale gas exploration on the continent, it is also facing a problem of the lack of appropriate technologies of working at sea and country’s shales in general. In addition, the potential resources from the Baltic Sea bed, belonging to the Lower Paleozoic formations (Ordovician–Silurian) in the Baltic Basin, characterized by a good performance and shallower location than onshore deposits, are over four times more expensive to explore than on the land, which causes that there is no reason for recognizing them as economically recoverable resources. Therefore, any exploration of gas and oil from unconventional deposits in the Baltic Sea will have no economic justification within the next few years, but should only be considered as research.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące toczenia wykończeniowego czopów wałów pomp okrętowych. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku ze stali nierdzewnej X5CrNi18-10 o średnicy 60 mm. Toczenie wykończeniowe wałów przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej CDS 6250 BX-1000. Proces skrawania wykonano przy użyciu wymiennych płytek wieloostrzowych firmy Sandvik Coromant. Do badań wykorzystano płytki dogładzające z technologią Wiper (WF). Podczas procesu toczenia zastosowano optymalne parametry skrawania dla płytek: CCMT 09T302 WF, CCMT 09T304 WF, CCMT 09T308 WF. Toczenie czopów wałów przeprowadzono dla kąta przystawienia równego 90° ± 3°. Do procesu toczenia wykorzystano siłomierz DKM 2010. Podczas badań określono wpływ geometrii noża tokarskiego na parametr chropowatości powierzchni Ra stali stosowanej na wały pomp okrętowych. Pomiary chropowatości powierzchni wykonano z wykorzystaniem profilometru T8000.
EN
The article presents the research results of pump shaft pins finish lathing. The research was performed on a roller 60 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carry out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. The finish lathing process was carried out by means of Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. In the research of lathing process used inserts with Wiper technology (WF). During the lathing the optimal machining parameters were used for inserts: CCMT 09T302 WF,CCMT 09T304 WF, CCMT 09T308 WF. The cutting process was performed at side angle of 90° ± 3°. The process of lathing used cutting tool dynamometer DKM 2010. During the research, the effect of cutting tool geometric on surface roughness parameter Ra of steel applied to marine pumps shaft pins was determined. Measurement of surface roughness parameters was performed by T8000 profilometer.
PL
W siłowniach okrętowych odśrodkowe pompy krętne stosowane są w obiegach chłodzenia silników średniej i dużej mocy, do zasilania kotłów oraz w instalacjach zęzowych, balastowych i przeciwpożarowych. Bardzo szerokie zastosowanie pomp krętnych na pokładzie związane jest z ich licznymi zaletami. Podczas eksploatacji wirowych pomp okrętowych dochodzi do zużycia kadłuba, wirnika, uszczelnień i wału. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące obróbek wykończeniowych czopów wałów pomp okrętowych. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku ze stali nierdzewnej X5CrNi18-10 o średnicy 40 mm. Obróbkę wykończeniową czopów wałów przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej CDS 6250 BX-1000. Proces toczenia wykonano przy użyciu wymiennych płytek wieloostrzowych firmy Sandvik Coromant. Do badań wykorzystano płytki dogładzające z technologią Wiper (WF). Do procesu szlifowania wykorzystano szlifierkę suportową do tokarek CHRIS MARINE. Do obróbki wykorzystano ściernicę 1–80x10x32–99C 80-N V. Obróbkę nagniataniem przeprowadzono nagniatakiem SRMD firmy Yamato. Dodatkowo określono wpływ liczby przejść narzędzia nagniatającego na odporność na zmęczenie stykowe.
EN
Angular momentum pumps are used in cooling circuits of medium and high power engines, power plant boilers and in bilge, ballast and firefighting installations. Very extensive use of angular momentum pumps on board is connected with their advantages. During operation the wear of marine hull, the rotor and shaft seals takes place. The article presents the research results of pump shaft pins finishing treatments. The research was performed on a roller 40 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finishing treatments of shaft pins was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. The finish lathing process was carried out by means of Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. During research of lathing process used inserts with Wiper technology (WF).The grinding process was performed by grinding attachment for lathes by CHRIS MARINE. The 1 - 80x10x32 - 99C 80-N V grinding wheel was used for the process. The process of burnishing was performed by SRMD burnisher by Yamato. In addition, the influence of the burnisher passes number on resistance on fatigue contact was determined.
PL
Pompy krętne znalazły powszechne zastosowanie na statkach. W siłowniach okrętowych odśrodkowe pompy krętne stosowane są w obiegach chłodzenia silników średniej i dużej mocy, do zasilania kotłów oraz w instalacjach zęzowych, balastowych i przeciwpożarowych. Bardzo szerokie zastosowanie pomp krętnych na pokładzie związane jest z ich licznymi zaletami. Podczas eksploatacji wirowych pomp okrętowych dochodzi do zużycia kadłuba, wirnika, uszczelnień i wału. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące toczenia wykończeniowego czopów wałów pomp okrętowych. Badania przeprowadzono na wałku ze stali nierdzewnej X5CrNi18-10 o średnicy 60 mm. Toczenie wykończeniowe wałów przeprowadzono na tokarce uniwersalnej CDS 6250 BX-1000. Proces skrawania wykonano przy użyciu wymiennych płytek wieloostrzowych firmy Sandvik Coromant. Do badań wykorzystano płytki standardowe (MF), płytki o zwiększonej dokładności wykonania (UM) oraz płytki dogładzające z technologią Wiper (WF). Podczas procesu toczenia zastosowano optymalne parametry skrawania. Toczenie czopów wałów przeprowadzono dla kąta przystawienia równego 90°. Do procesu toczenia wykorzystano siłomierz DKM 2010. Podczas badań określono wpływ geometrii noża tokarskiego i optymalnych parametrów skrawania na wartość sił i temperatury skrawania stali stosowanej na wały pomp okrętowych.
EN
Angular momentum pumps are very often applied onboard ships. These pumps are used in cooling circuits of medium and high power engines, power plant boilers and in bilge, ballast and firefighting installations. Very extensive use of angular momentum pumps on board is connected with their advantages. During operation the wear of marine hull, the rotor and shaft seals takes place. The article presents the research results of pump shaft pins finish lathing. The research was performed on a roller 60 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carry out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. The finish lathing process was carried out by means of Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. In the research of lathing process used standard inserts (MF), inserts with increased tolerance (UM) and inserts with Wiper technology (WF).During lathing the optimal machining parameters were used. The cutting process was performed at side angle of 90°. The process of lathing used cutting tool dynamometer DKM 2010. During the research, the effect of cutting tool geometric and optimal cutting parameter on the cutting forces and temperature ofsteel applied to marine pumps shaft pins was determined.
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore, while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment, the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The article presents the research results of pump shaft pins finish turning. The research was performed on a roller 60 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carry out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. The finish lathing process was carried out by means of Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. In the research of lathing process used standard inserts (MF), inserts with increased tolerance (UM) and inserts with Wiper technology (WF). During lathing, the optimal machining parameters were used. The cutting process was performed at entering angle of 90°. The process of lathing used cutting tool dynamometer DKM 2010. During the research, the effect of cutting insert geometric and optimal cutting parameters on the surface roughness of steel applied to marine pumps shaft pins was determined.
EN
Angular momentum pumps are very often used in cooling circuits of medium and high power engines, power plant boilers as well as bilge, ballast and firefighting installations. Such an extensive use of angular momentum pumps on board is connected with their numerous advantages. However, during operation the wear of marine hull, the rotor and shaft seals take place. The research attempts to increase the service life of shafts. The article presents the research results of pump shaft pins after finish lathing. The research was performed on a roller 60 mm in diameter made of X5CrNi18-10 steel. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 centre lathe. The finish lathing process was carried out by means of Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. In the research of lathing, process used inserts with Wiper technology. During the lathing, the optimal cutting parameters were used for inserts: CCMT09T302WF, CCMT09T304WF and CCMT09T308WF. The cutting process was performed at side angle of 90° ± 3°. The process of lathing used cutting tool dynamometer DKM 2010. During the research, the effect of cutting tool geometric on surface roughness parameter Ra of steel applied to marine pumps shaft pins was determined. The article presents the research results of material ratio parameters. In addition provides an examples shaft surface profile analysis and material ratio. Measurement of surface roughness and material ratio parameters was performed by T8000 profilometer.
20
Content available remote Preliminary research of cutting forces of shaft pins
EN
One of the greatest problems of modern production techniques is the achievement of an appropriate quality at minimal costs and accompanied by the production efficiency increase. Therefore while designing the production process, the technology used should have a considerable influence on the durability and reliability of machine parts to be produced. During finish treatment the final dimensions as well as functional properties are imparted to a given element by application of proper treatment type. The engineer has a range of production techniques to choose for the proper surface layer formation. It is crucial to find a suitable solution which will meet the requirements as well as the work conditions of a given machine part. The paper presents the first stage of cutting forces tests which was research for shaft made of steel normal quality. A roller made of S235JR steel was used for the research. The process of sample surface finish lathing was performed by a cutting tool provided with CCMT 09T304 PF plates type. During the research, the effect of changes in the depth of cut on the value of cutting forces and temperature was defined.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych problemów współczesnych technik wytwarzania jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości wyrobu, przy minimalizacji kosztów i jednoczesnym wzroście wydajności produkcji. Dlatego podczas projektowania procesów wytwarzania powinno się zastosować technologię, która ma istotny wpływ na trwałość i niezawodność części maszyn. Podczas obróbki wykończeniowej nadawane są ostateczne wymiary i właściwości użytkowe danego elementu. Osiąga się to poprzez zastosowanie odpowiedniego rodzaju obróbki oraz dobór właściwych parametrów danego procesu. Technolog projektujący proces kształtowania warstwy wierzchniej ma do dyspozycji różne techniki wytwarzania. Konieczne jest znalezienie określonego rozwiązania, które będzie odpowiadać wymaganiom i warunkom pracy danej części maszyny. W artykule przedstawiono pierwszy etap badań pomiarów sił skrawania dla części typu wałek wykonany ze stali S235JR. Proces toczenia powierzchni próbki wykonano nożem z wymiennymi płytkami CCMT 09T304 PF. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań określono wpływ parametrów skrawania na wartość sił skrawania oraz temperatury. Podczas eksperymentu analizowano wpływ głębokości skrawania przy stałej prędkości obrotowej oraz posuwie.
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