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Ołów i jego związki nieorganiczne - frakcja wdychalna. Dokumentacja proponowanych wartości dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Ligocka Danuta, Kupczewska-Dobecka Małgorzata, Jurewicz Joanna

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

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2025

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Nr 4 (126)

13-114

PL

Ołów to srebrzystoszary, miękki, plastyczny metal. W Unii Europejskiej ołów w postaci proszku, w formie litej oraz nieorganiczne związki ołowiu sklasyfikowano jako Repr. 1A - substancje szkodliwe na rozrodczość. W Polsce największe narażenie zawodowe dotyczy hutnictwa, spawania konstrukcji pokrytych farbami ołowiowymi, odlewnictwa, produkcji akumulatorów, pigmentów, szkła kryształowego oraz obsługi broni i strzelnic. W 2021 r. 1267 osób pracowało w narażeniu na ołów w stężeniach przekraczających wartość NDS, tj. 0,05 mg/m3. Główną drogą wchłaniania ołowiu jest układ oddechowy. W 2020 r. Komitet ds. Oceny Ryzyka (RAC), na wniosek Komisji Europejskiej, przedstawił opinię naukową dotyczącą wartości dopuszczalnych narażenia zawodowego na ołów i jego związki nieorganiczne. Zaproponowano wartość DSB wynoszącą 150 µg Pb/l krwi oraz wartość OEL w powietrzu równą 4 µg/m3. Za skutek krytyczny przyjęto neurotoksyczność (NOAEL 180 µg Pb/l krwi). Przy PbB ≥300 µg/l obserwowano skutki genotoksyczne i podwyższenie ciśnienia krwi. Podkreślono, że obecne propozycje nie chronią przed toksycznością rozwojową. Na podstawie przedstawionego przeglądu piśmiennictwa i przeprowadzonej analizy danych wnioskuje się o wdrożenie w Polsce wartości granicznej narażenia zawodowego i wartości dopuszczalnej w materiale biologicznym (DSB) dla ołowiu określonych w dyrektywie 2024/869. Zaleca się obniżenie NDS do 0,03 mg/m3 (frakcja wdychalna, przeliczona na Pb), z oznakowaniem „nieprogowa substancja reprotoksyczna” od dnia 9 kwietnia 2026 r. Konieczne jest wprowadzenie przypisu: nieprogowa substancja reprotoksyczna oraz oznakowania Ft (Repr. 1A) - substancja o działaniu szkodliwym na rozrodczość.

EN

Lead is a silvery-grey, soft and malleable metal. In the European Union, lead in powder form, solid lead, and inorganic lead compounds are classified as Repr. 1A - toxic for reproduction. In Poland, the highest occupational exposure occurs in lead smelting and metallurgy, welding of structures coated with lead-based paints, foundry work, the manufacture of batteries, pigments and crystal glass, as well as firearms handling and shooting range operation. In 2021, 1,267 workers were exposed to lead concentrations exceeding the Polish occupational exposure limit (NDS) of 0.05 mg/m3. The primary route of lead absorption is the respiratory system. In 2020, the Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC), at the request of the European Commission, issued a scientific opinion on occupational exposure limits for lead and its inorganic compounds. A biological limit value (BLV) of 150 µg Pb/L blood and an occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 4 µg/m3 in air were proposed. Neurotoxicity (NOAEL: 180 µg Pb/L blood) was identified as the critical effect. At blood lead levels (PbB) ≥300 µg/L, genotoxic effects and increased blood pressure were observed. It was emphasized that the proposed values do not protect against developmental toxicity. Based on the literature review and data analysis, it is recommended that Poland implement the occupational exposure limit and biological limit value for lead as specified in Directive (EU) 2024/869. It is recommended to reduce the NDS to 0.03 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction, expressed as Pb), with the notation “non-threshold reproductive toxicant” as of 9 April 2026. The following notations should be applied: non-threshold reproductive toxicant and Ft (Repr. 1A) - toxic for reproduction.

2

Response of the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae response in heavy media contaminated with lead

Rahmatina Imroatin Sakinah, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman, Purwanti Ipung Fitri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 5

129--138

EN

Water is a fundamental resource for life, essential for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. The increasing demand for clean water due to population and industrial growth has led to significant pollution challenges, particularly from untreated wastewater and the excessive use of chemicals. Heavy metal contamination, specifically lead (Pb), poses severe risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Pb pollution in coastal and port waters, such as Tanjung Emas Port in Indonesia, has been documented to exceed permissible limits, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Microalgae offer sustainable and cost-effective solutions for heavy metal removal through biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms. This study explored the potential through the responses of Chlorella vulgaris, a green microalga, in saline and Pb-contaminated media. The research was conducted in a laboratory using a controlled photobioreactor with 20‰ salinity and varying Pb concentrations, 0 mg/L as control, 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 9 mg/L. The response of Chlorella vulgaris was monitored and analyzed by the key parameters, including cell density, growth rate, pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration over 14 days to assess the ability of Chlorella vulgaris to survive in saline and contaminated media. The research found that Chlorella vulgaris with an initial cell density of + 347 × 104 cells/mL can survive and grow in media with 20‰ of salinity and a heavy metal concentration of up to 9 mg/L. Over 14 days, cell density observations revealed optimal growth in a reactor with 3 L/min aeration, 20‰ salinity, and a Pb concentration of 3 mg/L. The cell density value was 16.58 × 106 cells/mL, the same as the cell density in the control reactor, 18.78 × 106 cells/mL.

3

The application of numerical simulations to analyze the forward extrusion process along with the verification of results and tuning of the numerical model

Hawryluk Marek, Dudkiewicz Łukasz, Marzec Jan, Tkocz Roger, Borowski Jacek, Ficak Grzegorz, Jóźwiak Bartosz, Ziemba Jacek

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, No. 2

27--39

EN

The paper presents the application of numerical simulations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) for analyzing and optimizing the extrusion processes of aluminum and lead. These processes are efficient methods for manufacturing critical machine parts and metal components, ensuring excellent mechanical properties. A detailed analysis was conducted on the numerical modeling of the impact of die taper angles on strain distribution and forming forces during co-extrusion. The study found that a 45-degree angle provides optimal deformation conditions, minimizing extrusion forces and reducing the formation of dead zones compared to a 90-degree angle. Numerical simulations, supplemented by technological trials under semi-industrial conditions and image analysis involving the deformation of the coordinate grid, provided key insights into a material flow, strain distribution, and force parameters. The results emphasize the importance of validating numerical models with semi-industrial experiments to ensure accuracy and reliability, as assuming constant tribological conditions may not reflect actual process conditions, including the formation of dead zones for angles greater than 45°. It was only through a thorough analysis of the actual process and the introduction of variable friction coefficients for individual tools that a dead zone was achieved in the modelling. The findings from this research can serve as the foundation for further optimization and adaptation of technological processes, aiming to further enhance extrusion processes through the use of numerical simulations.

4

Study of lignite as the raw material for adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution

Thaçi Bashkim, Gashi Salih, Podvorica Fetah, Sopaj Flamur, Hasani Gentiana, Veseli Albana, Prado-Roller Alexander

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 3

31--39

EN

The adsorption of two heavy metal ions, lead and cadmium, from an aqueous solution was investigated using Kosovo's lignite as the raw material. The material's properties, including nature, functional groups, surface shape, and charge, were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and pHPZC techniques. The objective of determining parameters such as initial concentration, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature was to understand how these variables influence adsorption. Under optimal conditions (0.125g/50cm3, 30 mg/dm3, 30 min, 200 rpm, and pH 6), Tthe removal efficiency of Pb(II) was 97.22 %, and 90.04% for Cd(II) under optimal conditions (0.125g/50cm3, 30 mg/dm3, 30 min, 200 rpm, and pH 6). To investigate the achievement of equilibrium between lignite and metal ions, two key isotherm models, Langmuir and Freundlich, were applied. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacities for lead and cadmium were 55.55 mg/g and 48.78 mg/g, respectively, at 288 K. The best medium for removing metal ions from lignite (desorption) is was found to be 0.5M HCl. Standard enthalpy change, standard entropy change, and Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption of heavy metals with onto lignite is a favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous process and is spontaneous. This investigation study shows that this lignite from Kosovo is highly effective in adsorbing lead and cadmium these two heavy metalsfrom aqueous solutions.

5

Improving geopolymers with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous adsorption of lead and anthracene from rainwater

Marszałek Anna, Salam Noura Fathy Abdel, Kamińska Gabriela

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

32--44

EN

The aim of this study was to prepare and assess the effectiveness of a geopolymer doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxyl groups (GEO+MWCNT) for removing lead (Pb(II)) and anthracene (ANT) from rainwater. Characterization of the GEO+MWCNT demonstrated an increased specific surface area and microporosity compared to the pristine geopolymer (GEO). Adsorption experiments revealed that GEO+MWCNT achieved higher removal efficiencies for Pb(II) and ANT compared to GEO alone. The maximum removal rates of lead and anthracene by GEO+MWCNT were 100% and 87.5%, respectively, compared to 71.5% and 76.2% for GEO. For GEO+MWCNT, lead removal was 78.2% in anthracene-containing solutions and 86.7% in anthracene-free rainwater. The optimal removal of Pb(II) occurred at pH 8. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating a complex mechanism involving physical adsorption, chemisorption, and electrostatic attraction. These findings suggest that geopolymers, particularly when combined with MWCNT-COOH, have significant application potential for rainwater purification processes.

PL

Celem badań było przygotowanie i ocena skuteczności geopolimeru domieszkowanego wielościennymi nanorurkami węglowymi funkcjonalizowanymi grupami karboksylowymi (GEO+MWCNT) w usuwaniu ołowiu i antracenu (ANT) z wód opadowych. Przeprowadzone procesy adsorpcyjne pozwoliły określić skuteczność usuwania jonów ołowiu i antracenu, dobrać dawkę adsorbentu i czas procesu, a także określić wpływ pH roztworu na skuteczność adsorpcji. W badaniach skupiono się także na charakterystyce geopolimerów (potencjał SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, XRF, ZETA), izotermach adsorpcji i kinetyce adsorpcji. Charakterystyka GEO+MWCNT wykazała zwiększoną powierzchnię właściwą i mikroporowatość w porównaniu z nieskazitelnym geopolimerem (GEO). Eksperymenty adsorpcyjne wykazały, że GEO+MWCNT osiągnął wyższą skuteczność usuwania Pb(II) i ANT w porównaniu z GEO. Maksymalne usunięcie ołowiu i antracenu przez GEO+MWCNT wyniosło odpowiednio 100% i 87,5%, natomiast dla GEO 71,5% i 76,2%. W przypadku GEO+MWCNT usunięcie ołowiu osiągnęło 78,2% w roztworach zawierających antracen i 86,7% w wodach deszczowych wolnych od antracenu. Optymalne usuwanie Pb(II) nastąpiło przy pH 8 dla GEO+MWCNT. Kinetyka adsorpcji była zgodna z modelem pseudodrugiego rzędu, wskazując na złożony mechanizm obejmujący adsorpcję fizyczną, chemisorpcję i przyciąganie elektrostatyczne. Odkrycia te sugerują, że geopolimery, szczególnie w połączeniu z MWCNT- COOH, mają znaczny potencjał zastosowania w procesach oczyszczania wody deszczowej.

6

The role of lead in the machinability of copper alloys used for drinking water installations

Krawczyk Janusz, Skoda Philipp, Chaczyk Agnieszka

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 3(85)

53--66

EN

The machinability of two copper alloys with lead: CuZn40Pb2 and CuSn5Zn5Pb2, was assessed. Turning tests were performed based on the selection of parameters that will result in the tool being worn out after 1 minute. Tool wear was assessed by observing dimensional and microstructural changes in the blade. When assessing machinability, power consumption, chip shape, changes in the surface layer and surface roughness were taken into account. The research aims to determine the custom machinability index of materials used in SANHA Polska. A publicly available index must be adapted to a given application, and such adaptation is often quite time-consuming. Therefore, a 1-minute test was carried out as a quick and cheap alternative to a large fleet of machines with various machining properties. The developed methodology and the results obtained are the basis for further research conducted as part of the implementation doctorate, the aim of which is to implement the production of well-machinable lead-free materials for drinking water installations, characterized by good solderability and corrosion resistance. As a result of the conducted research, the role of lead in the machining of copper alloys was identified, which is important due to European restrictions on the elimination of this element and its replacement in a way that allows for precise removal processing.

7

Characterization of the effects of acetic acid on the recovery of valuable contents from flotation tailings of non-sulfide metals

Yoğurtcuoğlu Emine

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 1

art. no. 185168

EN

Non-sulfide lead flotation tailings draw attention in terms of their valuable contents. Dissolution studies have been carried out with strong inorganic acids, especially in ore form, but these acids have been unfavorable in removal in the context of metal recovery processes. Organic acids, on the other hand, are notable for their environmentally friendly properties and selective metal recovery opportunities. In this study, the effects of acetic acid on metal recovery from oxidized waste were investigated with different experimental parameters at a laboratory scale. Optimal conditions were determined depending on the increase in acetic acid concentration. At 0.75-1.0 M acid concentrations, 49-55% Pb and 49-54% Zn recovery efficiencies were obtained with grades of 7.0-7.2% and 19.5-19.7%, respectively. The recovery of Pb/Zn by the leaching process with acetic acid and the selective nonrecovery of iron were also observed through characterization studies. With the Rietveld XRD method, an increase in iron minerals such as goethite and a decrease in smithsonite-hydrozincite minerals were determined. These changes were seen as a decrease in the contents of these minerals in SEM/EDX analysis and as a decrease in smithsonite mineral bond structures in the FT-IR analysis. This study showed that acetic acid has many advantages in the utilization of zinc-lead-containing oxide flotation tailings, which have high economic value, such as selective metal recovery, easy biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and non-corrosiveness.

8

Effect of lead and molybdenum disulfide additives on wear resistance and physical properties of copper–graphite composite

Hosseini Maryam, Mashtizadeh Amir Reza, Tabrizi Arvin Taghizadeh, Aghajani Hossein

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 4

148--161

EN

This study investigated the impact of adding lead (Pb) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to copper–graphite (Cu–Gr) composites used in electric motors. The composites were produced by mechanical alloying (MA). The mixture was then poured and compressed with varying amounts of Pb and MoS2. Differential thermal analysis was used to determine the sintering temperature of the samples. Further tests were conducted to assess the samples’ wear resistance, density, hardness, and porosity. The effects of the additives of these factors were examined, and the output current of the samples was measured. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to analyze the morphology of the Gr plates coated with Cu, Pb, and MoS2. The results indicated that adding Pb and MoS2 increased the density of the sintered samples and their Vickers hardness. Meanwhile, porosity decreased with increased concentrations of Pb and MoS2. Additionally, MoS2 was found to improve wear resistance via a pin-on-disk test.

9

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water, Sediment, and Polychaeta (Neoleanira Tetragona) from Coastal Areas Affected by Aquaculture, Urban Rivers, and Ports in South Sumatra

Rozirwan, Az-Zahrah Shahnaz Ajeng Fatimah, Khotimah Nadila Nur, Nugroho Redho Yoga, Putri Wike Ayu Eka, Fauziyah, Melki, Agustriani Fitri, Siregar Yusni Ikhwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

303--319

EN

Industrial activities in coastal areas can produce pollutant substances that are detrimental to the ecological environment. This study aimed to assess the ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and polychaeta (Neoleanira tetragona) affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports. Water parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, and salinity were measured in situ at fifteen observation stations. Samples were taken at three locations around the aquaculture area, namely the Barong River, the Musi River Estuary as an urban river area, and Tanjung Api-api port in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Analysis of sediment grain size and substrate types using the method of Shepard’s triangle Heavy metal concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey statistical analysis. Ecological risk assessment uses the bioconcentration factor (BCF), index geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and pollution load index (PLI). Based on the results, the concentration of heavy metal Pb in water was not detected until 0.625 mg/L, and Cu was not detected. Furthermore, Pb in sediments was 1.261–11.070 mg/kg, Cu was 0.193–19.300 mg/kg, Pb polychaeta was not detected until 0.0044 mg/kg, and Cu ranged from 0.0003–0.0014 mg/kg. Ecological risk assessment for BCF showed that the level of accumulation of polychaeta (N. tetragona) was categorized as an excluder (BCF < 1). Igeo and Cf indicate uncontaminated pollution levels (Igeo < 0) and low contamination (Cf < 1). Meanwhile, the Pollution Load Index is included in the nonpolluted category (PLI <0). Based on the results, the quality of the ecological environment affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports is still classified as safe for ecological risk assessment; further studies are needed regarding the relationship between pollution levels and the physiological response of biota.

10

Manufacturing Cu-Pb alloys and studying efficiency in resisting oxidation

Sufian Amina, Hamood Mahmood Ahmad Al- Jiboori

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2023

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nr 12

388--392

EN

Binary alloys of copper and lead were produced by casting these elements in specially designed moulds with dimensions appropriate to the tests to be carried out on them. The effectiveness of these alloys in resisting oxidation was then studied in an atmosphere of a mixture of sodium chloride vapour and sodium sulphate at specific concentrations and heating the mixture to 180°C. Recently, corrosion has become a major problem in the overall performance of many engineering devices due to automotive exhaust gases produced by the internal combustion engine, which leads to corrosion of materials that make up some components of engineering industries. Copper also has good corrosion performance due to the formation of a copper oxide layer, which has made it the most important material in industrial applications. Through this research, we have achieved the desired goal as the alloys produced have shown their efficiency in resisting saline and acidic conditions and at high levels. The best sample is Cu95Pb5 and Cu90Pb10 with little difference between them in terms of efficiency. The aim of this work is to produce alloys and study their efficiency in resisting oxidation at high temperatures.

PL

Binarne stopy miedzi i ołowiu zostały wytworzone metodą odlewania w specjalnie zaprojektowanych formach o wymiarach dostosowanych do badań. Odporność stopów na utlenianie została zbadana w atmosferze mieszaniny oparów chlorku sodu i siarczanu sodu w określonych stężeniach i po podgrzaniu mieszaniny do 180°C. Korozja jest poważnym problemem, zaburza funkcjonowanie wielu urządzeń inżynieryjnych. Jej źródłem są m.in. spaliny wytwarzane przez silniki spalinowe. Miedź ma dobre właściwości antykorozyjne ze względu na warstwę tlenku miedzi, tworzącą się na jej powierzchni w wyniku utleniania. Z tego względu jest głównym materiałem stosowanym w przemyśle. Badane stopy miedzi i ołowiu wykazały wysoką odporność na działanie soli i kwasów w dużych stężeniach. Najlepsze wyniki uzyskano dla stopów Cu95Pb5 i Cu90Pb10 (różnica między nimi była niewielka). Celem pracy było zbadanie odporności wytworzonych stopów na utlenianie w wysokich temperaturach.

11

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

Razanov Serhii, Husak Oksana, Hnativ Petro, Dydiv Andrii, Bakhmat Oleh, Stepanchenko Vitalii, Pryshchepa Alla, Shcherbachuk Victor, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

285--292

EN

Among a number of climate-related factors, moisture has the greatest impact on crop productivity. In recent years, certain changes have been observed under conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with regard to precipitation – from low to in some cases – abnormally high, which requires the study of their impact on the yield and safety of cereal grain for its forecasted production. The article examined the effect of a high level of soil moisture (256.2–272.5 mm) and a low level (47.4–52.3 mm) during the growing season (germination→earing) of spring barley grain on the accumulation of heavy metals in it and its productivity under the conditions of gray forest soils of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Spring barley varieties Helios and Caesar were selected for the research. A decrease in the accumulation coefficient at a high level of soil moisture (256.6–272.5 mm) in spring barley grain Pb from 8.3% to 11.3%, Cd – from 35.0% to 35.5%, Zn was established – by 15% and Cu – from 11.2% to 16.6% compared to the low level of soil moisture (47.1 mm – 53.3 mm). At the same time, it was found that with a high level of soil moisture, there is a decrease in the yield of Helios and Caesar spring barley by 18.0% and 14.1%, respectively.

12

The Influence of Structural Parameters of Georgian Natural and Modified Mordenite over its Adsorption Properties Towards Lead Ions

Gagniashvili Nino, Akhalbedashvili Lali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

130--138

EN

The potential of Georgian natural Mordenite has been studied as a low-cost, eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions in various experimental environments. The natural and modified Mordenite structural characterization was carried out using XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF, methods. The following parameters were studied for adsorption: dependence of solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of lead (II) ions. The results of the optimization study showed that a high dose of adsorbent and a low concentration of Pb (II) ion increase the sorption. The optimum pH was found to be 6-8. Sorption capacity increased along with pH. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to model the adsorption data. Correlation coefficient values (R2) were 0.975 and 0.922, respectively. Isotherm studies showed that the uptake equilibrium is best described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum sorption capacity was found to be 11.439 mg/g. The research results showed that natural Georgian Mordenite can be used to remove Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions.

13

The Effect of Use of the Biologically Active Substances in Alleviating the Stress Caused by Lead in Barley Seedling on the Basis of Biochemical and Physiological Parameters

Sędzik-Wójcikowska Maja, Krupa-Małkiewicz Marcelina, Smolik Beata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

198--208

EN

Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of stressors during their lives. One of such stressors is contamination of the environment with heavy metals. Lead is one of highly toxic metals and it significantly inhibits normal plant growth. The study aimed at assessing the degree of relieving the stress caused by 1 mM Pb(NO3)2 via different biologically active substances (AsA, GSH, PP, α-Toc, SA) on the basis of the measurement of morphological (root length, coleoptile length, fresh weight), biochemical (Pro, MDA, CAT, POX) and physiological (Chl a+b, Car) traits in 10-day leaves of spring barley of the cultivar Eunova under laboratory conditions. Pb-stress reduced the fresh weight, root length and coleoptiles of the barley tested. Lead increased lipid peroxidation and Pro content, enhanced CAT and POX activity, and significantly suppressed the photosynthetic pigments content. Among the substances used in the experiment, PP, α-Toc and GSH generally relieved the toxic effect of lead to the barley seedlings to the greatest degree.

14

Bioaccumulation and Bioleaching of Cu, Pb, and Zn from Mining Waste

Cermak Patrik, Cernansky Slavomir

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 2

87--91

EN

The subject of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Aspergillus niger (Pezinok) and Neosartorya fischeri strains in bioleaching and bioaccumulation of metals from mining waste from the Hodruša tailings pond. The waste used in the work contained 0.10 mm fractions weighing 1 and 2 g from different depths of the soil matrix, samples A: 10–20 cm, samples B: 20–30 cm. We focused on the elements copper, lead and zinc with the content of individual elements (mg/kg) copper – in samples A 487 mg/kg, in samples B 115 mg/kg. Lead – samples A 1208 mg/kg, samples B 582 mg/kg. Zinc – samples A 6970 mg/kg, samples B 6808 mg/kg. We confirmed the effectiveness of the Aspergillus niger strain in this process due to the production of organic acids (citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid). In the experimental part, we found that the most effective strain in determining the efficiency of extraction and concentration of metals in the solution after bioleaching was the Aspergillus niger strain. The Neosartorya fischeri strain appears to be most effective in accumulating metals in solution and accumulating metals in biomass. We can justify this phenomenon due to the different properties of the cell walls of individual fungal strains and it is necessary to keep these differences in mind when comparing biosorption properties

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego badania było określenie skuteczności szczepów Aspergillus niger (Pezinok) i Neosartorya fischeri w bioługowaniu i bioakumulacji metali z odpadów górniczych ze stawu osadowego Hodruša. Odpady wykorzystane w pracy zawierały frakcje 0,10 mm o masie 1 i 2 g z różnych głębokości matrycy glebowej, próbki A: 10–20 cm, próbki B: 20–30 cm. Skupiliśmy się na pierwiastkach miedzi, ołowiu i cynku z zawartością poszczególnych pierwiastków (mg/kg) miedź – w próbkach A 487 mg/kg, w próbkach B 115 mg/kg. Ołów – próbki A 1208 mg/kg, próbki B 582 mg/kg. Cynk – próbki A 6970 mg/kg, próbki B 6808 mg/kg. Potwierdziliśmy skuteczność szczepu Aspergillus niger w tym procesie ze względu na produkcję kwasów organicznych (kwas cytrynowy, kwas szczawiowy, kwas octowy). W części eksperymentalnej stwierdziliśmy, że najskuteczniejszym szczepem w określaniu wydajności ekstrakcji i stężenia metali w roztworze po bioługowaniu był szczep Aspergillus niger. Szczep Neosartorya fischeri wydaje się być najbardziej efektywny w akumulacji metali w roztworze i akumulacji metali w biomasie. Zjawisko to można uzasadnić różnymi właściwościami ścian komórkowych poszczególnych szczepów grzybów i należy pamiętać o tych różnicach przy porównywaniu właściwości biosorpcyjnych.

15

The use of algae to remove copper and lead from industrial wastewater

Cygnarowska Katarzyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 1

85--93

EN

The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the removal of Cu and Pb ions by algae. The experiments were carried out in the presence of two algal populations: a pure culture of Raphidocelis subcapitata, and a mixed chlorophyta population. The research involved a model study, experiments in the presence of wastewater from the manufacture of batteries, and the study of process kinetics. The wastewater pH was 4.0, and the initial concentrations of metal ions in the wastewater were 95.4 mg/L for Pb and 48.3 mg/L for Cu, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity of the pure Raphidocelis subcapitata culture was 14.8 mg/g d.m. for Pb, corresponding to the removal of 72% of lead, and 6.1 mg/g d.m. for Cu, corresponding to the removal of 43% of copper from the wastewater. The best ion sorption efficiency in the case of the mixed chlorophyta population was 7.0 mg/g d.m. for Pb, i.e., 61% removal of lead, and 12.8 mg/g d.m. for Cu, i.e., 69% removal of copper ions from the wastewater. The optimum duration of the process was found to be 1 hour, since the majority of biomass samples reached the maximum saturation after that time. On the basis of the obtained results (Lagergren models), it was found that the dominant mechanism of the process was chemisorption.

16

The Morphological and Physiological Appearance of Two Vegetable Plants Due to Lead Exposure

Lestari Mahayu Woro, Rosyidah Anis

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

213--222

EN

This research aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of Lead (Pb) on the morphology of kale and spinach plants. The process involved planting kale and spinach seeds in tubs and transferring them to polybags with planting media in the form of soil and sand at a ratio of 4:1 after strong roots were developed. It is important to note that the media were analyzed to ensure the Pb content in the soil was below the threshold before planting. Pb was later provided 1 week before planting in the form of PbNO3 in the media at a dose of 1 and 2 g/polybag and mixed effectively to ensure even distribution, while the sample used as the control was not given any Pb. The transplanting process was conducted after the plants were 18 days old in the nursery and the initial observations at 9 DAT showed that the kale leaves were darker with a score of 3 than spinach with a score of 1, but the spinach leaves became darker in color with score 3 as the age of the plants increased. Moreover, the kale changed to a lighter color with a score of 2 from the 9th day of observation after transplanting, while spinach requires 15 DAT to become score 2 until the end of the observation. It should be pointed out that both plants showed morphological changes due to the existence of the Pb but their base leaves did not reflect any effect. The kale leaf tip became blunt, while the spinach leaf tip was not affected and both plants were discovered to have longer roots and more root hairs in the control compared to the treatments. Furthermore, the total chlorophyll of spinach in the control was higher than kale but observed to reduce as the concentration of Pb increased in the treatments. The morphology and physiology of spinach and kale plants changed due to the Pb exposure with the spinach was discovered to be more sensitive as indicated by more visible morphological damage to its leaves at the end of the observation. It is possible to use the morphology of spinach and kale to detect Pb-contaminated land.

17

Potential of Two Vegetable Plants in Reducing Lead Contamination in Soil

Lestari Mahayu Woro, Rosyidah Anis

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

320--326

EN

Phytoremediation is the technique of using green plants to remove toxic pollutants from heavy metal contaminated soil through degradation and detoxification mechanisms. Therefore, this research examines the potential of two types of vegetable crops, namely Crassocephalum crepidioides and Amaranthus sp., in reducing Pb contamination in polluted soil. The treatments tested were planting media in polybags dosed with 0.3 and 6 g/polybag of Pb 1 week before planting. The method used was a randomized block design, with each treatment being repeated three times. Furthermore, each treatment consists of three sample plants. The growth evaluation started 6 days after planting and was performed every 6 days. The evaluation was conducted on plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, Pb levels in roots and shoots, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that the higher the Pb in the media, the lower the rate of change in plant height, leaf area, biomass, and chlorophyll content. Additionally, C. crepidioides and Amaranthussp. absorb Pb in the soil with a phytoextraction mechanism, thereby remediating heavy metal contaminated soil, as indicated by the TF value > 1. In conclusion,soil remediation should be performed using C. crepidioides, considering that it is less popular as a vegetable in Indonesia.

18

The Use of Algae in the Process of Cadmium and Lead Ions Removal from Wastewater

Cygnarowska Katarzyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2021

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Tom 23

823--834

EN

The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata).

19

MgAl-LDH-biochar composites as a green sorbent for lead removal from water

Idan Intidhar J., Al-Rifaie Jawad K., Ewadh Hind M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2021

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Vol. 30, No. 2

250--260

EN

The present study aims at the development of a green sorbent (MgAl-LDH-biochar) from the municipal solid wastes (cow bones) to remediate water from heavy metals. MgAl-LDH-biochar was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was used to remove lead at different pH, doses, contact time (Ct), and solution temperatures (St). The obtained results proved MgAl-LDH-biochar removes 99% of lead when the initial pH, Ct, St, and dose were 5.0, 80 min, 45°C, and 0.2 g·L–1, respectively.

20

Ocena zawartości wybranych metali ciężkich w glebach strzelnic

Tradecki Piotr, Pałka Wojciech

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2021

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R. 50, z. 158

91--110

PL

W artykule przeprowadzono analizy gleb na terenach strzelnic otwartych pod względem zanieczyszczeń w postaci wybranych metali ciężkich. Badane próbki pochodziły z wyłączonych z eksploatacji strzelnic zlokalizowanych na terenach gminy Włocławek. W toku badań zrealizowano oznaczenia zawartości następujących pierwiastków: Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, As. Dokonano również charakterystyki badanych lokalizacji oraz oceny pobranych próbek gleb zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem Ministra Środowiska z dnia 1 września 2016 r. w sprawie sposobu prowadzenia oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi. Badania potwierdzają zależność zachodzącą pomiędzy oddziaływaniem prowadzonych zajęć strzeleckich, a stopniem akumulacji wybranych pierwiastków metali ciężkich w glebie otwartych strzelnic. Oznaczenia dowodzą, że stanowi to niekiedy bardzo złożone zagadnienie, które zbagatelizowane może w przyszłości spowodować poważne zagrożenie.

EN

The paper describes analyses of soils taken from open shooting ranges to find pollutants in the form of selected heavy metals. Test samples were taken from closed shooting ranges located in Wloclawek commune. During the investigations the content of following elements was identified: Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, As. The characterization of investigated localizations was also made with evaluation of samples of soils according to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment from 01 September, 2016 on the assessment of ground surface pollution. Studies confirm the relationship occurring between the effects of carried out shooting activities and the degree of accumulation of selected heavy metals elements in the soil of open shooting ranges. Indications show that this is sometimes a very complex issue and if neglected it can cause in the future a serious threat.