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1

Determination of the behaviour of silver nanoparticles and Ag ions in organic-muck soil

Czupioł Justyna

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2025

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Nr 94 (tom 1)

77--98

EN

The increasing presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products and their subsequent release into the environment raises concerns about their impact on soil and water systems. The present study investigates the interactions between silver nanoparticles and silver ions with organicmuck soil, with particular focus on their adsorption and retention mechanisms. Key physicochemical properties of the soil, including cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area, and pH, were characterised to determine their influence on the behaviour of silver species. Adsorption experiments indicated that Ag+ ions were adsorbed more efficiently than AgNPs, with maximum adsorption capacities of 11.25 mg/g and 7.00 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherms for both Ag+ and AgNPs fit the Freundlich model better than the Langmuir model, suggesting the presence of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Kinetic studies indicate that adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order model, implying chemisorption controlled by chemical interactions between silver species and the soil surface. Sequential extraction of silver species reveals that Ag+is more easily desorbed, while AgNPs are more tightly bound. These results highlight the environmental implications of silver nanoparticle contamination in soils and contribute to the understanding of the factors influencing the mobility and retention of silver in terrestrial ecosystems.

2

Studies on the effect of parameters controlling an adsorption process for anionic dye removal by using commercial activated carbon

Konicki Wojciech, Bojanowska Milena, Bąkowski Michał

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 82 (154)

93--104

EN

In the present study, commercial activated carbon (CWZ-14) is tested for the removal of the anionic azodye Direct Red 23 (DR23) from aqueous solutions. The effect of parameters such as initial dye concentration (10‒50 mg/L), pH (3.4‒11.4), and temperature (20‒60 °C) on the adsorption process is studied. The structure and morphology of the commercial activated carbon, as the quality attributes of the adsorbents, are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). To understand the adsorption behavior of DR23 onto CWZ-14, the experimental kinetic data are analyzed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The kinetics of the adsorption of the dye followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The isotherms of adsorption data are analyzed via the Langmuir and the Freundlich models. It is observed that the experimental data effectively fits the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm, qm, is 104.2 mg/g. The experimental findings showed that the adsorption is a pH-dependent process, with the maximum adsorption capacity occurring at a pH of 7. Thermodynamic parameters, such as changes in standard free energy (∆G°), enthalpy (∆H°), and entropy (∆S°), are also evaluated. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous, and a physisorption process.

3

Utilizing Industrial Fennel Seed Waste and Brilliant Green from Nutraceuticals for a Sustainable Wastewater Dye Adsorption System

Razia Sulthana, Basavaraju H C, Taqui Syed Noeman, Deepakumari H N, Mir Rayees Afzal, Syed Akheel Ahmed, Ansari Khalid, Ukkund Shareefraza J., Alsubih Majed, Islam Saiful

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2025

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Tom 27

37--52

EN

The possibility of using nutraceutical fennel seed spent (NIFSS) as an affordable biosorbent to extract brilliant green (BG) from aqueous solutions. Various factors were examined to assess their impact on the adsorption route. Several isotherm models were recycled to assess experimental equilibrium data. The Brouers–Sotolongo isotherm model demonstrated a maximum adsorption ability. The pseudo-second order model provided an exceptional fit. The adsorption practice was both spontaneous and endothermic. Potential interactions occurring in the BG-NIFSS system were discussed. Overall, this investigation highlights NIFSS as an effective and reasonably priced biosorbent for removing dangerous BG from water-based systems.

4

Utilization of metallurgical dust for the adsorptive removal of the organic pollutant Reactive Red 198

Pająk Magdalena

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

66--77

EN

The global demand for effective and sustainable water treatment technologies has intensified due to growing water scarcity and industrial pollution. Accordingly, this study evaluated the potential of unmodified metallurgical dust, a by-product of the steel industry rich in metal oxides, as a low-cost adsorbent for removing Reactive Red 198 (a representative anionic azo dye) from both synthetic aqueous solutions and real textile wastewater. This research contributes to the the development of sustainable water treatment technologies by exploring waste valorization as a strategy for pollutant removal. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using varying concentrations of Reactive Red 198 and different doses of metallurgical dust. Both synthetic dye solutions and actual textile wastewater were tested. Adsorption performance was evaluated using nonlinear isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and kinetic models (Lagergren Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, and Elovich) to better understand the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption data best fitted the Freundlich and Elovich models, indicating surface heterogeneity and a chemisorption-dominated process. The maximum experimental adsorption capacity was 49.42 mg·g-1 at an adsorbent dose of 0.5 g. The material maintained high performance even under real wastewater conditions, which were characterized by elevated pH and salinity, suggesting its resilience in complex matrices. Unmodified metallurgical dust exhibits strong potential as an effective, low-cost adsorbent for anionic dye removal. Its robust performance in real wastewater underscores its practical applicability and supports the integration of environmental waste management with water pollution mitigation.

PL

Globalne zapotrzebowanie na skuteczne i zrównoważone technologie oczyszczania wody nasila się w związku z narastającym problemem deficytu zasobów wodnych oraz postępującym zanieczyszczeniem środowiska przemysłowego. W związku z tym w niniejszym badaniu oceniono potencjał niemodyfikowanego pyłu metalurgicznego – ubocznego produktu przemysłu stalowego, bogatego w tlenki metali – jako niskokosztowego adsorbentu do usuwania barwnika reaktywnego czerwieni 198, reprezentatywnego anionowego barwnika azowego, zarówno z syntetycznych roztworów wodnych, jak i z rzeczywistych ścieków tekstylnych. Badania te wpisują się w rozwój zrównoważonych technologii oczyszczania wody poprzez wykorzystanie odpadów przemysłowych jako strategii redukcji zanieczyszczeń. Eksperymenty adsorpcyjne prowadzono w układzie okresowym, stosując różne stężenia barwnika oraz zróżnicowane dawki pyłu metalurgicznego. Testowano zarówno roztwory modelowe, jak i rzeczywiste ścieki z przemysłu tekstylnego. Skuteczność adsorpcji oceniano przy użyciu nieliniowych modeli izoterm (Langmuira, Freundlicha oraz Dubinina-Raduszkiewicza) oraz modeli kinetycznych (pseudopierwszorzędowego Lagergrena, pseudo-drugorzędowego i Elovicha), aby lepiej zrozumieć mechanizm procesu. Dane doświadczalne najlepiej dopasowały się do modeli Freundlicha i Elovicha, wskazując na heterogeniczność powierzchni oraz dominującą rolę chemisorpcji. Maksymalna pojemność adsorpcyjna wyniosła 49,42 mg·g⁻¹ przy dawce adsorbentu 0,5 g. Materiał zachował wysoką skuteczność również w warunkach rzeczywistych ścieków, charakteryzujących się podwyższonym pH i wysokim zasoleniem, co potwierdza jego odporność w złożonych matrycach. Niemodyfikowany pył metalurgiczny wykazuje duży potencjał jako skuteczny i tani adsorbent do usuwania barwników anionowych. Jego stabilna efektywność w rzeczywistych ściekach podkreśla praktyczną przydatność materiału i wspiera koncepcję łączenia gospodarki odpadami przemysłowymi z działaniami na rzecz ograniczania zanieczyszczenia wód.

5

Fruit and vegetable waste management through co-digestion with local market wastewater: operating conditions and system kinetics

Mkhize Nqobile, Khumalo Siphesihle Mangena, Tetteh Emmanuel Kweinor, Rathilal Sudesh

Agricultural Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 29, No. 1

114--134

EN

Environmental pollution from fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) produced by local markets in South Africa is inevitable. Nevertheless, the current management strategy of disposing of FVWs in landfills contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, valorizing agricultural waste into bioenergy is critical for achieving zero waste and reducing the carbon footprint. In this study, parametric optimization of the co-digestion of FVWs with market wastewater (MW) was conducted using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) adapted from response surface methodology (RSM). The study identified optimal combinations of process variables, i.e., temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and organic loading rate (OLR), to produce biogas while reducing volatile solids (VS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. At optimal operating conditions of 40°C, HRT of 10 days, pH of 7.2, and an OLR of 3.98 kg VS·m-3·day-1 , a desirability of 100% was achieved. A biogas production rate of 717 mL·day-1 was reported, with VS and COD removals of 73.37% and 79.24%, respectively. The robustness of the predictive models developed using RSM was corroborated by R2 values greater than 0.9 for all output variables. The Modified Gompertz model was well-fitted to the experimental data, yielding an R2 of 0.995 and a lower root mean square error (RMSE) of 21.08. The findings of the present study suggest that the valorization of FVW through co-digestion with wastewater can be considered a promising, environmentally sustainable technology for agro-waste management and bioenergy production.

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska odpadami z owoców i warzyw powstających na lokalnych targowiskach w Republice Południowej Afryki jest nieuniknione. Co więcej, obecna strategia utylizacji tego rodzaju odpadów przyczynia się do emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Dlatego wykorzystanie odpadów rolniczych do produkcji bioenergii ma kluczowe znaczenie dla osiągnięcia celu „zero odpadów” i zmniejszenia śladu węglowego. W tym badaniu przeprowadzono parametryczną optymalizację kofermentacji odpadów ze ściekami komunalnymi przy użyciu modelu Boxa-Behnkena, zaadaptowanego z metodologii powierzchni odpowiedzi (RSM). W badaniu ustalono optymalne kombinacje zmiennych procesowych, tj. temperatury, pH, hydraulicznego czasu retencji i wskaźnika obciążenia organicznego do produkcji biogazu przy jednoczesnym zmniejszeniu lotnych ciał stałych i chemicznego zapotrzebowania na tlen ze ścieków. W optymalnych warunkach pracy, przy temperaturze 40℃, czasie retencji 10 dni, pH 7,2 i zapotrzebowaniu na tlen rzędu 3,98 kg VS·m-3 dzień-1, uzyskano pożądaną wydajność 100%. Odnotowano wskaźnik produkcji biogazu na poziomie 717 ml·dzień-1 przy czym poziom redukcji lotnych ciał stałych i chemicznego zapotrzebowania na tle wyniosło odpowiednio 73,37% i 79,24%. Solidność modeli predykcyjnych opracowanych przy użyciu RSM została potwierdzona wartościami R2 większymi niż 0,9 dla wszystkich zmiennych wyjściowych. Zmodyfikowany model Gompertza był dobrze dopasowany do danych eksperymentalnych, dając R2 na poziomie 0,995 i niższy średni błąd kwadratowy (RMSE) wynoszący 21,08. Wyniki niniejszego badania pokazują, że zagospodarowanie odpadów z owoców i warzyw poprzez kofermentację ze ściekami można uważać za obiecującą, zrównoważoną środowiskowo technologię zarządzania odpadami rolniczymi i produkcji bioenergii.

6

Response surface methodology approach for optimization of biosorption process for removal of Hg(II) ions by immobilized algal biomass coelastrella sp.

AlSarji Ali Hussine, Al-Humairi Shurooq Talib, AlMukhtar Riyadh Sadeq, Alardhi Saja Mohsen, Sulyman Mohamed, Fattah I.M.R.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 2

57--68

EN

Currently, adsorption stands as a viable technique for the effective removal of pollutants such as heavy metals from water. Within this research endeavor, adapted green algae (Coelastrella sp.) have been harnessed as a sustainable and environmentally conscious adsorbent, employed in the removal of Hg(II) ions from a simulated aqueous solution via employment of an Airlift bioreactor. The analysis of the attributes of adsorbent was conducted through the utilization of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The examination of residual concentrations of Hg(II) ions in the treated solution was accomplished through the utilization of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The impact of various experimental factors, including the duration of contact (ranging from 10 to 90 minutes), initial concentrations of Hg(II) ions (ranging from 500 to 2000 μg/l), quantity of adsorbent introduced (ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 g per 250 ml), temperature variations (ranging from 20 to 40° C), and airflow velocity (ranging from 200 to 300 ml/min), was systematically examined. For the optimization of adsorption efficiency, MINITAB 18 software was employed. The equilibrium data was subjected to analysis using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. Employing the framework recommended by MINITAB 18, the optimal parameters for adsorption were identified as 2000 μg/l for initial concentration, 90 minutes for contact time, 40° C for temperature, and 300 ml/min for airflow rate. The Langmuir equation yielded the highest adsorption capacity, measuring 750 μg/g at a temperature of 40° C.

7

Adsorption behaviors of As(III) on bentonite, diatomite, and hematite : implications for scientific remediation of arsenite contamination in soil

Fu Kaibin, Tang Pengcheng, Zhang Wei, Chen Shu, Tao Gang, Liu Junfei

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 4

art. no. 192381

EN

Comprehensive understanding of As(III) sorption on natural minerals in contaminated soils is important for scientific decision making in remediation. In this study, the characteristics of As(III) adsorption on three minerals with different crystal structures and chemical compositions (bentonite; diatomite; and hematite) were investigated. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were established. Surface complexation modeling was performed using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that the pH value had a more significant effect on As(III) adsorption on hematite than on bentonite and diatomite, and As(III) was efficiently adsorbed by hematite at pH 7.0. The pseudo-first-order model provided an excellent fit to the As(III) adsorption on bentonite and hematite; the diffusion of ions or groups played an important role in the adsorption of As(III) on bentonite and hematite. The adsorption of As(III) on diatomite could be fitted with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order kinetic equations, as their regression coefficients were equal (R2=0.999). It was inferred that the adsorption of As(III) on diatomite occurred through solution diffusion and surface chemisorption. The As(III) adsorption on bentonite and diatomite was mainly physical and multilayer adsorption, whereas the As(III) adsorption on hematite was mainly chemical and monolayer absorption. The As(III) adsorption on hematite was divided into two stages: fast and slow. At first, the inner monodentate complex (such as ☰Fe-OAs3H-) formed at a high rate, and with the increase in the coverage of As(III) on the surface of iron oxide, the monodentate complex was slowly converted to the bidentate complex. These results verify the possibility of using bentonite, diatomite, and hematite as alternative materials for the remediation of As(III)-contaminated soils, and also indicate that bentonite and diatomite are suitable for the remediation of low As(III)-contaminated soils, while hematite is suitable for the decontamination of high As(III) polluted soil. Selecting suitable remediation materials according to arsenic contamination level is the key to soil scientific remediation.

8

Removal of Lambda-Cyhalothrin from Aqueous Solution Using Algae – Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies

Ali Dania K., Mohammed Ahmed A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

282--291

EN

The present study aims to determine the ability of algae in sequestering Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C) from aqueous solution. A series of experiments were carried out in batch mode to find equilibrium data for sorption of Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C), FTIR analysis was utilized to investigate the impacts of functional groups of algae in the biosorption process. Pseudo second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.991) well describe the kinetics of adsorption of L-C onto algae sites while the adsorption mechanisms was controlled by external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion. Langmuir isotherm model better fit the experimental data than Freundlich isotherm model. The higher adsorption capacity was found to be 6.954 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters indicating that sorption of L-C onto algae was endothermic in nature. Only 40% reduction in the sequestration efficiency was noticed after five sequential regeneration cycles. The maximum sorption efficiency was found to be (95.6%) under the best conditions adsorbent dosage = 1 g/100ml, pH = 7, initial L-C concentration = 10 mg/l with a contact time of 60 minutes at 25 °C. This work demonstrated that algae are a promising adsorbent for L-C removal from aqueous solution.

9

Simultaneous Adsorption of Rare Earth Metal Ions on Chitosan-Coated Fumed Silica – Characterization, Kinetics, and Isotherm Studies

Aziz Nurul Amirah Abd, Hir Zul Adlan Mohd, Khalir Wan Khaima Azira Wan Mat, Al-Amrani Waheeba Ahmed, Hanafiah Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 6

172--187

EN

The present study manufactured and utilized the chitosan-coated fumed silica composite (CS@silica) for simultaneous adsorption of rare earth elements (REEs) of Ce(III), La(III), and Nd(III) cations in an aqueous solution. The CS@silica composite underwent characterization using a CHNOS analyzer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. The findings indicated that the CS@silica composite exhibited a lack of pores and possessed a specific surface area of 1.27 m2 /g. Additionally, it was observed that the composite contained a significant amount of oxygen and nitrogen atoms, which serve as the active sites for the adsorption of REEs. The maximum adsorption capacities of Ce(III), La(III), and Nd(III) cations were determined under optimal experimental conditions. These parameters included a pH of 4, an adsorbent dose of 0.01 g, and an equilibrium duration of 20 min. The maximum adsorption capacities for Ce(III), La(III), and Nd(III) cations were found to be 341, 241, and 299 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The desorption percentage of REEs-loaded CS@silica composite was significantly low when exposed to deionized water and hydrochloric acid (0.01 and 0.02 M). This suggests that there is a chemical interaction between the REEs and the active site on the surface of the composite. The predominant adsorption process proposed was complexation, with ion exchange and electrostatic contact playing a minor role. The CS@silica composite is highly promising for the recovery of REEs because of its rapid adsorption and high adsorption capacities.

10

Green Almond Peels a Promising Biosorbent for Cationic Dyes Removal: Characterization, Effect of Process Parameters and Kinetic Modeling

Bettayeb Souhila, Merakchi Akila, Lounici Hakim

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

351--365

EN

In the present work, almond peels (AP), an inexpensive and widely available cellulosic material in Algeria, have been utilized as an effective natural adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue from water-based solutions. SEM and FTIR analysis were employed to qualify the adsorbent. The effect of particle size, pH of solution, agitating rate and adsorbent dose were optimized to measure the almond peels capacity of adsorption. The pseudo-first and secondorders, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models were employed for analyzing adsorption kinetics. Equilibrium adsorption was examined through Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The sorption mechanism was most clearly outlined by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm equations. Our experimental findings indicate that the efficacy of employing these porous adsorbents stems not only from their effective performance attributed to their compositional and structural properties but also from their easy separation from solutions owing to their macroscopic dimensions.

11

Drying Kinetic Behavior of Dried Salam Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) Based on Forced Convective Solar Drying and Open Sun Drying

Mardiyani Siti Asmaniyah

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

190--198

EN

Salam leaves, a traditional food flavoring spice, are a widely recognized herb in Indonesia and are used in many regions. This study aimed to investigate the drying kinetics of salam leaves, comprising mathematical modeling, moisture diffusivity, and other nutritional values as qualitative parameters. The drying process was examined using a forced convective system (CSD) and open sun drying (OSD). The drying behavior was examined by observing the drying kinetics characteristics using 12 thin-layer semi-theoretical mathematical for drying of agricultural products, determining the moisture diffusivity, as well as measuring the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total dissolved solids as nutritional quality indicators of the drying products. According to the obtained results from the non-linear regression analysis, the Midilli model demonstrates the highest degree of appropriateness for drying salam leaves. The moisture diffusivity of CSD is greater than that of open-air solar drying. Regarding nutritional composition, the study revealed that chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid levels in the dried leaves obtained through CSD were more significant than those obtained by OSD. As an environmentally friendly dryer, CSD can potentially be applied in herb-drying industries, especially salam leaves.

12

Assessment of Methane Production Features and Kinetics from Poultry Dropping Waste under Mesophilic Conditions

Rhandouriate Sara, Saghir Mohammed, Naimi Youssef, Tahiri Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 7

186--195

EN

Waste from poultry droppings in Had Soualem is valuable because it is rich in organic molecules that break down easily. One way to use this waste is by making methane from it. This helps reduce its volume and its impact on the environment. We are studying how mixing this waste with green waste can assess the effect of co-digestion with a green waste co-substrate in batch mode, under mesophilic conditions at 37 °C and using an infinitely mixed laboratory digester continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a capacity of 1.5 liters. During this process, the parameters pH, TOC, NTK, COD, alkalinity, and conductivity at the digester were monitored at the laboratory scale, and volatile fatty acids were modified to promote the bioconversion of biomass into methane. When everything works just right, the reactor stays stable, and it can make up to 70% methane, with only 1 to 1.5% hydrogen sulfide. This shows that combining poultry waste with green waste could be a good way to deal with these types of organic waste, turning them into something valuable and making the process more appealing.

13

Kinetics of Solidification and Crystallization of Liquid Axial Zone of Fe-C Alloys in Cylindrical Molds

Khrychikov V., Semenov O., Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko S., Semenova T., Meniailo H.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

163--170

EN

According to the results of digitization of the experimental studies carried out in the past concerning Fe-C alloys solidification in cylindrical molds of castings with a carbon content of 0.04%, 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.93%, 1.42%; 2.44%, 3.28%, 4.45%, 4.83% and their subsequent interpolation in the range of 0.04 ÷4.83%С there were obtained the curves of the advancement of the pour point, liquidus and solidus in the coordinates of the relative thickness of the solidified metal layer x/R and the parametric criterion τ/R2. Their usage is proposed for the development of modes of physical and chemical influence on the liquid metal in the axial zone of the casting after solidification of its calculated layer. Calculation of the mass of modifiers or deoxidizers for introduction into the axial zone was performed in relation to the total mass of metal in the liquid and liquid-solid zones of the casting. The technique for calculating the mass and time of introduction a graphitizing modifier into the axial zone of rolling rolls made of hypereutectoid steel with 1.7%C is proposed to reduce the negative impact of cementite, chromium and molybdenum carbides on the structure of the axial zone of the rolls. The obtained curves can also be used to assess the accuracy of computer modeling of the processes of Fe-C alloys solidification and further adaptation of mathematical models by the correction of thermophysical coefficients, the values of which are not always known in the liquidus-solidus temperature range.

14

Peganum Harmala L. plant as green non-toxic adsorbent for iron removal from water

Alsaiari Raiedhah, Shedaiwa Iman, Al-Quadri Fatima, Musa Esraa E., Alqahtani Huda, Alkorbi Faeza, Alsaiari Norah A., Mohamed Mervate M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

3--12

EN

The present work focuses on examining the batch removal of Fe (III) from water using powdered Peganum Harmala seeds, characterized as FT-IR. In this work, several parameters are measured, including contact time, pH, Fe (III) concentration, reaction temperature effect, and adsorbent dose effect. Fe (III) adsorption was assessed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 620 nm. The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between the dosage of adsorbent and Fe (III) ions removal, with an increase in the adsorbent dose corresponding to higher elimination of Fe (III) ions. Therefore, the Langmuir isotherm model yielded more accurate equilibrium data compared to the Frendulich model. The kinetic data were mostly analyzed using a pseudo-second-order model rather than a pseudo-first-order model. Thermodynamic parameters, including enthalpy (ΔH◦), entropy (ΔS◦), and free energy (ΔG◦), were calculated. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic. Overall, Peganum Harmala was a favorable adsorbent for removing Fe (III) from aqueous solutions.

15

Implementation of solidified carbon dioxide to anaerobic co-digestion of municipal sewage sludge and orange peel waste

Szaja Aleksandra, Bartkowska Izabela

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

72--79

PL

W przeprowadzonych badaniach zaproponowano zastosowanie niskotemperaturowej obróbki wstępnej z wykorzystaniem zestalonego ditlenku węgla (SCO2 ) w celu przezwyciężenia trudności związanych z dwuskładnikową fermentacją odpadów odpadów cytrusowych (OPW) i komunalnych osadów ściekowych (SS). Przeprowadzono dwa eksperymenty, w pierwszym zbadano wpływ zastosowania SCO2 na właściwości mieszaniny OPW i SS. W drugim przeprowadzono fermentację mezofilową w układzie porcjowym. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że zastosowanie SCO2 spowodowało wzrost zawartości rozpuszczonej materii organicznej wyrażonej jako sChZT i DOC oraz spadek zawartości limonenu. Uzyskany korzystny efekt w obecności SCO2 spowodował poprawę produkcji zarówno biogazu, jak i metanu. W tym przypadku uzyskano również korzystny wpływ na kinetykę produkcji metanu. Wydajność produkcji biogazu i metanu wyniosła odpowiednio 576±17,8 i 358±19,1 mL/ g smo. Z kolei, w reaktorze kontrolnym, w którym przeprowadzono fermentację osadów ściekowych wskaźniki te osiągnęły wartości odpowiednio 496±11,4 i 317±13,4 mL/ g smo. Dodatkowo, w przypadku zastosowania SCO2 uzyskano wyższy stopień przefermentowania oraz stabilny przebieg procesu. Z kolei, w przypadku fermentacji dwuskładnikowej OPW i SS nie poddanej wstępnej obróbce w porównaniu do próby kontrolnej odnotowano zmniejszoną produkcję metanu oraz negatywny wpływ na stabilność procesu. Zaproponowana niskotemperaturowa obróbka wstępna z wykorzystaniem zestalonego ditlenku węgla stanowi przełom w badaniach w zakresie zastosowania odpadów cytrusów w procesach beztlenowych, umożliwiając ich efektywne zagospodarowanie z produkcją energii.

16

Investigation of the thermal degradation behavior of coal/biomass blends for kinetics analysis with sequential method implication

Shoaib Hafiz Muhammad, Qureshi Tayyab, Khan Ihtisham, Mahmood Hamayoun, Iqbal Tanveer

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2024

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Vol. 17, no. 4

161--168

EN

Pakistan currently has a problem in the energy supply and demand. There is a large gap between supply and demand for electricity. The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution factors also exist. These factors convert the intention to implement co-firing of coal and biomass. Being agricultural land and producing a significant amount of agricultural waste and have a little valuable use of this waste. Keeping in mind for effective use of this agro-waste the pyrolysis behavior of Pakistani local coal (LC), rice husk (RH), and their blends 75LC/25RH wt.%, 50LC/50RH wt.%, 25LC/75RH wt.% were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer in a nitrogen environment with 10K/min heating rate. A sequential method approach is used to calculate kinetics parameters quickly and accurately. With the assumption of first-order reaction, calculation is performed. The research findings revealed that the addition of rice husk to the blends led to an increase in the activation energy for devolatilization, rising from 22.9 kJ/mol to 45.2 kJ/mol. However, the activation energy for char degradation decreased from 60.4 kJ/mol (100%LC) to 14.2 kJ/mol (100%RH) as the proportion of rice husk in the blends increased. Moreover, the rate of mass degradation also increased with higher amounts of rice husk in the blends. These results suggest that the decrease in char degradation activation energy allows for a reduction in operational temperature, thereby facilitating a reliable co-pyrolysis process. Such a process holds the potential to design a low-cost and effective gasification process, aiding in overcoming the energy challenges.

17

Kinetic of Oil Sludge Thermolysis Process in Presence of Nickel, Cobalt and Iron-Supported Microsilicate

Tyanakh Sairagul, Baikenov Murzabek, Yun Ma Feng, Khamitova Tolkyn, Balpanova Nazerke, Tulebayeva Balzhan, Kyzkenova Aikorkem, Karimova Aliya, Rakhimzhanova N.Z., Kochegina E.V.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2023

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Vol. 25, nr 3

101--109

EN

The article is devoted to the experimental determination of thermokinetic parameters of oil sludge thermal degradation using the model-free Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method in the presence of a nanocatalyst (nickel, cobalt and iron-supported microsilicate) by calculating Arrhenius kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor). The phase composition of the reflex microsilicate was established – 4.12; 2.51 Å – SiO2, nickel-supported microsilicate reflexes: 2.09; 1.48 Å – NiO, reflexes: 4.25 Å – SiO2 and acid numbers of microsilicate – 64 μmol/g of prepared nanocatalysts. Using the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller, the specific surface area of the microsilicate was established – 18.3 ± 0.3 m2 /g, the microsilicate with nickel applied – 20.9 ± 0.2 m2 /g and the adsorption isotherm of the prepared nanocatalysts (microsilicate with nickel, cobalt and iron). Thermokinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of oil sludge without a catalyst and with a catalyst at an increment of 0.9 are 99.0 and 93.3 kJ/mol nickel-supported microsilicate, 51.9 kJ/mol cobalt-supported microsilicate, 111.3 kJ/mol iron-supported microsilicate and non-metal-supported microsilicate 173.7 kJ/mol, respectively. The study of the kinetic parameters of pyrolysis of oil sludge using various catalysts makes it possible to assess their influence on the process of decomposition of organic components. The results of the experiments showed that the use of catalysts significantly affects the destruction of oil sludge. Dynamic thermal analysis at different heating rates studied the dynamics of oil sludge decomposition. The study of the effect of catalysts on the kinetic parameters of oil sludge pyrolysis is an important step in the development of new methods for the disposal of petroleum products and the reduction of their negative impact on the environment. The obtained experimental data on thermal degradation kinetics of oil sludge will find application in designing a reactor for the process of destructive hydrogenation of heavy hydrocarbon raw materials.

18

Kinetics of simultaneous recovering of Au and Ag from CTs by chloridizing volatilization methods

Wang Weiwei, Li Zhengyao, Yang Shanshan, Ma Kai, Gao Xin, Han Shaoqi, Hou Shaochun, Miao Hecheng

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 172522

EN

Cyanide Tailings (CTs) are known as hazardous resources that accumulate hundreds of millions of tons, threatening the ecological environment. This work proposes an eco-friendly and efficient way to recover gold and silver from CTs. The effects of calcium chloride dosage, silicon dioxide dosage, pellet moisture content, roasting temperature, and roasting time on Au and Ag chloridizing volatilization were studied. The kinetics of simultaneously recovering of gold and silver from cyanide Tailings by chlorination roasting was investigated. It was determined that the chloridizing volatilization rates increased with increasing calcium chloride dosage, temperature and decreasing silicon dioxide dosage, pellet moisture content. The chloridizing volatilization kinetics followed a shrinking core model, with inter-diffusion through gangue layer as the rate determining step. This finding is in accordance with the apparent activation energy (Ea) of 24.01 kJ•mol-1 (Au) and 24.62 kJ•mol-1 (Ag). The orders of reaction with respect to moisture content, temperature, calcium chloride dosage and silicon dioxide dosage were also achieved. The rate of reaction based on diffusion-controlled process can be expressed by semi-empirical equations. The control steps of the gold and silver recovery process were investigated by the kinetic study, which provided theoretical guidance for the optimization of the method.

19

Natural Biosorbent for Oil Adsorption from Produced Water by Sedge Cane

Alatabe Mohammed Jaafar Ali, Faris Hamid Abdulmahdi, Husham Hala

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

67--76

EN

The sedge cane is a year-round natural plant that is regarded as one of the most significant grasses on the planet, and it usually causes major disposal concerns. As a result, employing sedge cane as a low-cost adsorbent to remove oil from produced water is helpful from both an economic and environmental standpoint. The response surface methodology is used to investigate the reaction optimization of oil removal using the sedge cane. The tests had three independent variables: adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature, as well as one response variable is (oil removal percent). According to the findings, the adsorbent dosage had the biggest impact on the percentage of oil removed. The findings predicted that employing sedge cane with 5 gm/L adsorbent dosage at 40 °C and 60 min contact time, the optimum condition for oil removal would be up to 95%. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the sedge cane. The results of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, and Sips isotherm models were 0.9967, 0.4166, 0.956, and 0.9062, respectively. Compared to the other models, Langmuir model best characterized the adsorption process. The reaction’s kinetics were most accurately characterized by the PFO kinetic equation with 0.9382 for PFO, 0.8147 for PSO, and 0.7888 for the Elovich model. Temperature effects on thermodynamic parameters were investigated. The results of the testing showed that sedge cane is an effective adsorbent for eliminating oil from contaminated water.

20

Removal of Dyes by Adsorption Process Using Date Pits as Material Environmentally Friendly

Adachi Abderrazzak, El Ouadrhiri Faiçal, El Manssouri Ibtissam, Moussaoui Fatima, El Bourachdi Soukaina, Lahkimi Amal

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

181--193

EN

This study is based on the use of a natural material in the adsorption process to remove organic pollutants. The objective is to assess its effectiveness in adsorbing the organic pollutant MB from an aqueous solution, while operating in an open system. The DP bioadsorbent was characterized using FTIR and SEM. To determine their effect on adsorption efficiency, a number of variables were examined, including contact time, concentration of pollutant MB, adsorbent mass, pH, temperature, and adsorbent particle size. The effect of these variables on adsorption efficiency shows that a removal rate of 92.66% is achieved under optimum conditions, including a contact time of 35 minutes, a concentration of pollutant MB of 22.5 mg·l-1, an adsorbent mass (mDP) of 1.1 g·l-1 and a solution pH of 5.6. In addition, a progressive decrease in adsorption efficiency is observed with increasing temperature and adsorbent mass. On the other hand, this efficiency increases with increasing a concentration of pollutant MB. Three popular models, the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubin-Radushkevich models, have been used to examine the adsorption isotherms of the MB dye on DP. With a correlation factor of 0.98, it was discovered that MB adsorption monitored by the Freundlich isotherm. The Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, however, do not adequately describe the data. The kinetic results were studied using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations, and show that MB dye adsorption on DP (adsorbent) follows the pseudo-second-order model. Also estimated were thermodynamic parameters such as (ΔH°), (ΔS°), (ΔG°), enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy respectively to anticipate the character of adsorption. The results indicate that the adsorption process of MB on the bioadsorbent is exothermic. The results derived from the ΔG° values lead to the conclusion that the adsorption of MB occurs spontaneously.