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1

Compressed natural gas as an economic and environmental solution for sustainable transport

Kuhnová Lenka, Brontvaj Marián, Weiss Roland

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 1

269--278

EN

The paper presents the results of a multi-year analysis of the environmental and economic impacts of the operation of vehicles powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) compared to Diesel vehicles. The study is based on real data collected by the EPIC (Environmental Performance Integrated Centre) project, which monitored fuel consumption, CO₂ and NOₓ emissions, as well as fleet operating costs during the period 12/2015 - 6/2020. The aim of the paper is to analyse the environmental and economic impacts of operating CNG vehicles compared to Diesel vehicles, based on the data collected during the period under study. The results of the regression analyses confirm that CNG vehicles achieve significantly lower GHG emissions and at the same time bring significant financial savings. Specifically, CNG vehicles emitted approximately 122,504 kg less CO₂ than their Diesel counterparts, a reduction of around 28 %. Emissions of NOₓ were reduced by 65 %, and particulate matter (PM) emissions were approximately 90 % lower for CNG vehicles. Additionally, the regression analysis of fuel costs shows that Diesel fuel costs increase at a significantly higher rate than CNG, making CNG a more cost-effective solution, especially for high-mileage urban transport. Forecast models for the 2015–2030 period indicate a 22 % projected reduction in emissions from CNG vehicles compared to just 7 % for Diesel, and operating costs for CNG are expected to decline further, while Diesel costs continue to rise. CNG thus proves to be an effective transitional fuel in the context of a sustainable mobility and energy transition strategy in the transport sector.

2

Modelling trends in sustainable fuel consumption of compressed natural gas vehicles

Szaryszová Petra, Nováková Alena, Weiss Erik, Kopčáková Janka

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 12

81--90

EN

This paper focuses on modeling trends in the consumption of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a sustainable fuel in road transport and its comparison with traditional Diesel propulsion. The paper aims to assess the divergence between CNG and Diesel in terms of fuel efficiency and environmental impact, based on an analysis of historical consumption data from 2015 to 2020. The research uses time analysis and linear regression to predict consumption until 2030. The divergence method quantifies the difference in the rate of development between the two fuels, while bibliometric analysis points to research interest in topics such as emissions, combustion and alternative fuels. The results confirm a clear and growing divergence in consumption: CNG usage declined significantly from 5.2 to 4.5 kg per 100 km, while Diesel consumption dropped only slightly from 8.4 to 8.0 liters per 100 km. Prediction models suggest that by 2030, CNG vehicles will reach 3 kg/100 km, whereas Diesel vehicles will maintain levels above 7 liters. These findings indicate dynamic technological progress in CNG propulsion systems compared to the relative stagnation in Diesel efficiency. In parallel, bibliometric analysis reveals that CNG is a central theme in alternative fuel research, most notably in Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and China, where urbanization and environmental pressures drive innovation. Keywords like “performance,” “combustion,” and “emissions” dominate the academic discourse, further reinforcing the fuel’s relevance. The combination of empirical data and global research trends supports the conclusion that CNG represents not only a technologically and environmentally superior option, but also a research-backed pathway toward low-emission and cost-effective road transport.

3

Hydrogen with compressed natural gas in 1-cylinder diesel engine: Emission analysis

Bajerlein Maciej, Karpiuk Wojciech, Kurc Beata, Levchenko Dmytro, Smolec Rafał, Waligórski Marek

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 10

106--122

EN

HCNG is a fuel, which as a mixture of hydrogen (H₂) and compressed natural gas (CNG), combines the advantages of both gases. The addition of hydrogen shortens the combustion time, increases the flammability range and enables greater exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) while maintaining cyclic stability and low NOx emissions. As a result, HCNG can be used in most classic diesel engines. This fuel has a higher energy volumetric storage density than pure hydrogen, which reduces the need to transport large amounts of fuel. Disadvantages include the lack of appropriate infrastructure, fuel and vehicle standards and the need for additional safeguards. The aim of the study was to check the emission levels of a single-cylinder diesel engine powered by HCNG compared to conventional fuel. It has been shown that the use of HCNG effectively reduces CO emissions due to the lack of carbon in hydrogen and its high combustion rate, which intensifies the process and improves its efficiency. The higher hydrogen content further stabilizes methane combustion and increases the homogeneity of the mixture. HCNG also reduces hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, compensating for the ignition delay and slow speed of the CNG flame. At higher engine loads, these effects are more visible, leading to more efficient combustion. Particulate matter (PM) emissions are reduced due to the homogeneous mixture resulting from the high diffusivity of hydrogen. PM reduction is more visible at lower loads. Higher combustion temperatures in HCNG promote the formation of NOx, which results from the intensification of combustion by hydrogen and excess oxygen, according to the Zeldovich mechanism. By analyzing emissions, the authors showed the great potential of using HCNG in a diesel engine. At the same time, the main challenges that should be faced in order to popularize this solution were indicated.

4

Prospects of Decarbonizing Industrial Areas in the Baltic States by Means of Alternative Fuels

Mezulis Ansis, Kleperis Janis, Lesnicenoks Peteris, Zemite Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

152--161

EN

All three Baltic States have reached good figures regarding the change in total greenhouse gas emissions from transport during 1990-2017. Particularly successful is Lithuania, showing a negative value of -2.7%. Latvia considerably lags behind Estonia (+15.1% vs. +1.5%). Amid the achievement of Latvian scientists, engineers and merchants, the authors point out the work of Lithuanian engineers who investigated how gaseous hydrogen affects the parameters of diesel internal combustion engine. Important to note that in the Baltic States, the activities of inland waterway vessels and the shunting locomotives are concentrated in only a few main cities. Regarding that, Baltic scientists and environment specialists nowadays are developing plans also for local air pollution decreasing, which can be carried out in particular cities or industrial areas, thereby allowing for improvements in air cleanliness and the ecological situation in concerned local area. A numerical estimation shows that applying the NYSMART technology, introduced in this paper, will make areas of active action of the high-volume diesels cleaner in the same amount as gained by photosynthesis of the urban green flora. In recent years, the developed technology of hydraulic piston compression allows producing numerous different vehicle fueling appliances for the CNG/bio-CNG fuel. The further development of this technology means the producing of various solutions, applicable at biogas/biomethane production sites, for CNG/bio-CNG compression, transportation and fast natural gas vehicles refueling in a cost effective and convenient way. The hydraulic piston compression and NYSMART have a potential in small and medium-scale technologies and therefore need to be developed further for applications with hydrogen. Production of biomethane and green hydrogen is delayed by the lack of state aid programmes in the Baltic States. Lithuania is on the way to change the situation in the coming years, with one of the first biomethane gas production plants due to be built near Panevėžys, in Šilagalys near the Via Baltica motorway. Summing up all aspects, the preconditions for the use of alternative fuels in the Baltic States are similar, allowing one to learn from other’s experience and to consider joint projects.

5

Scientific rationale for the movable pipeline technology for transporting CNG by sea

Mandryk Oleh, Artym Volodymyr, Shtohryn Mariana, Zaytsev Valerii

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2020

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nr 3 (28)

168--177

EN

A new efficient CNG module design for the transportation of natural gas by sea is proposed and substantiated. A mathematical model for determining the technical and economic parameters of a movable pipeline module, which is designed for transporting natural gas in a compressed state and consists of a frame structure, the dimensions of which correspond to the 40-foot marine container size and a pipe coil is described. To facilitate construction, it is proposed that a large portion of the coil be made in the form of a two-layer composite construction. The inner layer consists of standard steel tubes or adapters, and the outer layer is fiberglass wound on them. On the basis of the mathematical model an algorithm and a program were compiled, which allowed to determine the technical and economic parameters of the movable pipeline module. The results obtained for the Caspian region are analyzed.

6

Logistics interpretation of product characteristics of liquefied and compressed natural gas

Stefanova M.

Research in Logistics & Production

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2018

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Vol. 8, No. 1

39-52

EN

This paper analyzes product characteristics as a factor that affects the activities performed in the logistic channel. The analysis has been conducted for a specific product - natural gas and, in particular its two forms: liquefied and compressed. The features of these two forms are outlined in the context of fuel distribution to end-users. This study aims to structure and expand the existing knowledge about alternative distribution of natural gas to the end users based on an analysis of literary sources and regulations on its carriage by road and rail transport. A comparative analysis of the product characteristics of liquefied and compressed natural gas has been carried out and some basic features concerning logistics activities and logistics costs have been outlined.

7

Influence of the distance between gas injector and intake valve on combustion indicators and NOx emission in dual fuel CI engine

Bueschke W., Wisłocki K., Pielecha I., Skowron M., Cieślik W.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 69, No. 1

5--13

EN

The use of alternative energy sources for internal combustion (IC) engines is being raised. The most promising fuel in such application is natural gas in gaseous state, which mainly consists methane. It is mainly being used as an engine fuel for both monofuel and dual fuel configuration. Many investigations confirmed the benefits of application of dual fuel compression ignition engine fuelled with natural gas. The aim of this paper is analysis of engine operation parameters and emissions for two different locations of gas injector in the inlet duct. The operation parameters and NOx emission from this research are presented and compared for different natural gas shares in total energy delivered to the cylinder with fuel. The parameters are compared to monofuel operated engine.

PL

Użycie alternatywnych źródeł energii w silnikach spalinowych systematycznie rośnie. Za najbardziej obiecujące uważa się paliwa gazowe bogate w metan, które mogą służyć do zasilania silników jedno- i dwupaliwowych. Udział w rynku silników spalinowych o zapłonie samoczynnym jest znaczący, natomiast wiele badań wykazało również szereg zalet takich silników pracujących w konfiguracji dwupaliwowej z CNG. Celem artykułu jest analiza wskaźników pracy i emisji silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym z wtryskiem CNG w dwóch punktach układu dolotowego o różnym oddaleniu wtryskiwacza od zaworu dolotowego. Przedstawiono szereg parametrów pracy oraz emisję NOx zmierzoną przy różnych udziałach paliwa gazowego w całkowitej energii dostarczanej do cylindra wraz z paliwem. Parametry odniesiono do silnika zasilanego wyłącznie olejem napędowym.

8

Studies of energy use by electric buses in SORT tests

Gis W., Kruczyński S., Taubert S., Wierzejski A.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

135--138

EN

In article the market for electric buses in the world and in Poland have been discussed. The test methods for energy consumption of city buses in Poland and the appropriate measuring devices have been presented. The article presents the results of the energy consumption of the city bus in the test SORT 2. The results obtained were referred to results in the case other electric and conventional buses.

9

Selection of an algorithms controlling operation of supercharged compression ignition engine with additional fueling with CNG gas

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

42--48

EN

The article presents an issues concerning selection of controlling algorithms for operation of supercharged compression ignition engine fueled additionally with CNG gas, including implemented control procedures, adjustment algorithms and operational algorithms. As the result, the engine which is run in dual fuel system operates under control of two controllers, factory ECU controller, governing fueling with the base fuel (Diesel oil) and all fueling parameters, and the second controller for gaseous fuel supply. Priority of operation of the controllers relates to fueling with Diesel oil, while the gas is treated as supplementary fuel. Due to possibility of usage of factorymade original ECU controller as used with Diesel oil supply; it has been presented proposal of its software in form of array algorithms.

10

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 2

24--31

EN

The study presents results of a research work on two various Diesel engines adapted for dual fuel feeding with CNG gas and diesel oil. The first engine is naturally aspirated, medium-sized engine, corresponding to engines mounted as power units in trucks and buses. Natural gas was used as the main fuel to this engine, and amount of diesel oil was reduced to minimum according to criterion of correct operation of injection system and reliable ignition of gaseous mixture. The second engine was a high-speed, supercharged engine of Fiat 1.3 MJT type, destined to powering of passenger cars. This engine is equipped with modern engine technologies, high-pressure injection system of Common Rail type with division of fuel dose and recirculation of exhaust gases, with catalytic converter and DPF filter. To fueling of this engine was used small additive of gas, aimed at reduction of smokiness of exhaust gases. Performed research has shown beneficial effect of gas on engine efficiency, reduction of concentration of nitrogen oxides, smokiness of exhaust gases and emission of particulate matter. Simultaneously, however, emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons had increased, especially in area of partial engine loads. Results of the study are pointing at possibility of installation of dual fuel system in traction engines with different size.

11

Biometan jako paliwo transportowe. Warunki użytkowania pojazdów i wymagania jakościowe paliwa

Piskowska-Wasiak J.

Nafta-Gaz

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2016

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R. 72, nr 4

271--278

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest omówienie kluczowych zagadnień związanych z użytkowaniem biometanu w transporcie. Określono wymagania techniczne pojazdów z napędem gazowym, dokonano analizy wymagań jakościowych biometanu do zasilania silników pojazdów samochodowych oraz przedstawiono dokumenty prawne i normatywne dotyczące stosowania biometanu do napędu pojazdów.

EN

The subject of the article is to discuss key issues related to the use of biomethane in transport. Technical requirements for gas-powered vehicles are determined, an analysis of quality requirements of biomethane as automotive fuel was performed and the legal and normative documents on the use of biomethane for vehicles are presented.

12

Wybrane problemy adaptacji samochodowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym do zasilania dwupaliwowego

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

1021--1029

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac związanych z adaptacją silnika Fiat 1.3 MultiJet do zasilania dwupaliwowego – sprężonym gazem ziemnym CNG i olejem napędowym. Podstawowym celem prac była realizacja badań dotyczących wpływu niewielkiego dodatku gazu ziemnego na zadymienie spalin w zmiennych warunkach pracy silnika. Wymagało to oprócz zmian konstrukcyjnych związanych z instalacją systemu zasilania gazem, również korekcji parametrów recyrkulacji spalin i ilości powietrza doprowadzonego do silnika. Badania przeprowadzono w punktach pracy silnika odwzorowujących test jezdny NEDC. Dobór punktów pomiarowych został dokonany wg kryterium największego udziału w teście homologacyjnym NEDC, obejmujących całe pole pracy silnika wykorzystywane przy realizacji testu wykonywanego na hamowni podwoziowej. W badaniach stosowano udziały energetyczne gazu w wynikające z czasu otwarcia wtryskiwaczy gazu – 2ms. Analizowano zadymienie spalin w skali masowej [mg/m3].

EN

The paper presents the results of work related to the adaptation of the Fiat 1.3 MultiJet engine for dual fuel supplying - compressed natural gas CNG and diesel. The primary objective of this work was to perform research on the effect of a small additive of natural gas for smoke opacity in variable operating conditions of the engine. It required in addition to the construction changes associated with the installation of the gas supply system, the correction parameters of exhaust gas recirculation and air volume. Research was carried out in the operating points characteristic for the NEDC driving test. Selection of measurement points was made by the criterion of the highest share in the NEDC homologation test covering the entire field of engine operation during the performance test on a chassis dynamometer. The studies used the energy share of gas due to gas injector opening time – 2ms. Smoke opacity were analyzed in a mass scale [mg/m3].

13

Wpływ dodatku gazu ziemnego na wybrane parametry pracy silnika Fiat 1.3 MultiJet zasilanego dwupaliwowo

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

672--682

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę wpływu energetycznego udziału gazu ziemnego na parametry użytkowe, ekologiczne i hałaśliwość pracy samochodowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym. Badania przeprowadzono na nowoczesnym silniku Fiat 1.3 MultiJet zasilanym dwupaliwowo – gazem ziemnym CNG i olejem napędowym. Gaz ziemny był dostarczany przez sekwencyjny wtrysk do kolektora, w okolicę zaworu dolotowego. Zmiany udziału gazu realizowano przez różne czasy otwarcia wtryskiwaczy. Mierzone w czasie badań udziały energetyczne gazu wynosiły 10÷45%. Analizie poddano stężenia toksycznych składników spalin (CO, THC, NOx, zadymienie), hałaśliwość pracy i wybrane parametry użytkowe silnika. Wyniki badań mogą być wykorzystane w adaptacjach silnika do zasilania CNG.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the impact the energy share of natural gas on operating parameters, environmental and acoustic noise automotive diesel engine. The study was conducted on a modern engine Fiat 1.3 MultiJet dual fuelling, CNG and diesel oil. Natural gas was supplied by sequential injection in the collector in the area of the intake valve. Changes in the share of gas was carried out by the different opening times of the gas injectors. The measured during the tests of gas energy shares amounted from 10 to 45%. Analyzed the concentration of toxic components of exhaust gases (CO, THC, NOx, smoke), acoustic noise and selected operating parameters of the engine. The test results can be used in the engine adaptations to CNG fuelling.

14

Niektóre problemy sterowania samochodowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym zasilanego dwupaliwowo

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

1070--1081

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia sterowania jakością ładunku w samochodowym silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym zasilanym dwupaliwowo. Głównym założeniem adaptacji silnika był dodatek niewielkiej ilości gazu ziemnego prowadzący do zmniejszenia zadymienia spalin. Przy takim założeniu podstawowym paliwem pozostawał olej napędowy, którego udział stanowił 0,70-0,85 całkowitej energii dostarczanej do silnika. W prowadzonych badaniach silnika dwupaliwowego stosowano oryginalny sterownik silnika Fiat 1.3 MJT sterujący dawką oleju napędowego. Wielkość dawki gazu regulowano czasem otwarcia wtryskiwaczy gazu przy stałym ciśnieniu w kolektorze gazowym. Analizowano podstawowe parametry wpływające na jakość ładunku takie jak, wpływ czasu otwarcia wtryskiwaczy na udział energetyczny gazu, podział dawki oleju napędowego, kąty początku wtrysku dawek częściowych, wydatek powietrza. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały niekorzystny podział dawki oleju napędowego i kątów początku wtrysku z punktu widzenia wymagań dla silnika dwupaliwowego. Dodatkowo zwiększanie dodatku gazu prowadzi do zmniejszenia wydatku powietrza sterowanego przez oryginalny sterownik silnika. Wpływa to na zmniejszenie współczynnika nadmiaru powietrza i pogorszenie warunków spalania oleju napędowego. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że przy adaptacjach małych silników samochodowych do zasilania dwupaliwowego należy stosować specjalne algorytmy sterowania jakością ładunku i sterowniki przystosowane do tego typu zasilania.

EN

The paper presents issues of quality charge control in automotive diesel engine powered dual fuel. The basic premise of the engine adaptation was the addition of small quantities of natural gas leads to a reduction smoke exhaust. Under this assumption, the basic fuel remained diesel, which accounted 0,70-0,85 share of the total energy supplied to the engine. In this study of dual fuel engine used original controller of the Fiat 1.3 MJT that controlled dose of diesel fuel. The dose of gas was adjusted by gas injector opening time at a constant pressure in the gas manifold. In paper analyzed the basic parameters affecting on quality of charge such as: injector opening time impact on energy share of gas, diesel division dose, injection timing of part dose and air flow. The study showed a negative split division of diesel fuel and injection timing of part doses from the point of view of the requirements for dual fuel engine. Increasing the gas additive leads to a reduction in air flow controlled by the original engine control unit. This reduces the excess air ratio and deterioration of the burning diesel fuel. The analyzes show that, with adaptations small car engines to dual fuel fuelling, should be used a special charge quality control algorithms and controller units adapted to this type of fuelling.

15

Simultaneous thermodynamic simulation of CNG filling process

Deymi-Dashtebayaz M., Farzaneh-Gord M., Reza Rahbari H

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2014

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Vol. 16, nr 1

7-14

EN

In CNG station, the fuel is usually stored in the cascade storage bank to utilize the station more efficiently. The cascade storage bank is generally divided into three reservoirs, commonly termed low, medium and high-pressure storage bank. The pressures within these reservoirs have huge effects on the performance of the stations. In the current study, a theoretical simulation based on mass balance and thermodynamic laws has been developed to study the dynamic fast fi lling process of vehicle’s (NGV) cylinder from the cascade storage bank. The dynamic change of the parameters within the storage bank is also considered. Natural gas is assumed to contain only its major component, methane, and so thermodynamic properties table has been employed for finding the thermodynamics properties. Also the system is assumed as a lumped adiabatic system. The results show that the initial pressure of the cascade storage bank has a big effect on the storage bank volumes for bringing up the NGV cylinder to its target pressure (200 bar). The results also showed that ambient temperature has effect on the refueling process, chiefly the final NGV cylinder and the cascade storage bank conditions.

16

Badania symulacyjne bezpośredniego wtrysku gazu ziemnego do komory spalania dwupaliwowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym

Biały M., Wendeker M.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

1876-1884

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań numerycznej analizy kąta początku wtrysku paliwa alternatywnego do komory spalania silnika Diesla. Na podstawie geometrii silnika ADCR, produkcji Andoria-Mot, wykonano model CFD obejmujący komorę spalania oraz kanały w głowicy wraz z dyszą wtryskiwacza CNG. Model umożliwił przeprowadzenie symulacji procesu napełniania, sprężania oraz procesu tworzenia mieszanki. Za pomocą specjalnie opracowanego wtryskiwacza sprężonego gazu ziemnego, zamontowanego w gnieździe świecy żarowej, gaz dostarczano do przestrzeni roboczej silnika. Inicjację procesu spalania realizowano za pomocą wtrysku dawki pilotażowej oleju napędowego, po czym spalano metan. W pracy określono dopuszczalny przedział kątowy wtrysku CNG, ze względu na ciśnienie zasilania gazu, ciśnienie panujące w przestrzeni roboczej, czy prędkość obrotową wału korbowego silnika z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania z grupy AVL. Proponowane rozwiązanie przyczynia się do obniżenia zużycia ropopochodnego paliwa (oleju napędowego), zmniejszy emisję toksycznych składników zawartych w gazach spalinowych oraz korzystnie przełoży się na nakłady finansowe ponoszone na zakup paliwa do silników trakcyjnych i stacjonarnych wyposażonych w jednostkę o zapłonie samoczynnym.

EN

The article presents the results of numerical analysis of timing injection angle of an alternative fuel injection into the combustion chamber of the Diesel engine. Based on the ADCR engine geometry, production Andoria-Mot, a CFD model of combustion chamber and ducts in the engine head with CNG injector nozzle was made. Model enabled the simulation of the filling, compress and mixture creation process. Using a specially developed, compressed natural gas injector, mounted in the socket of the glow plug, the gas was supplied to the working space of the engine. Initiation of the combustion process was carried out by a pilot injection of diesel oil, then methane was combusted. The paper defines the acceptable range of angular CNG injection, due to the pressure of the gas supply, the pressure in the working space, the engine speed rotation by means of AVL simulation software. The proposed solution helps to reduce the consumption of petroleum fuel (diesel), reduce the release of toxic components contained in the exhaust gases and, preferably, will translate into financial expenditures incurred for the purchase of fuel for traction and stationary engines equipped with compression-ignition unit.

17

Analiza emisyjności pojazdu komunikacji miejskiej zasilanego CNG na podstawie pomiarów wykonanych aparaturą PEMS

Bajerlein M., Karpiuk W., Daszkiewicz P., Ziółkowski A., Rymaniak Ł., Andrzejewski M., Nowak M., Dobrzyński M., Molik P.

Logistyka

|

2014

|

nr 3

163--171

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań emisyjności autobusów komunikacji miejskiej zasilanych olejem napędowym i sprężonym gazem ziemnym. Badania przeprowadzono w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu drogowego na regularnej linii kursowania autobusów w Poznaniu. Do pomiaru toksycznych składników spalin wykorzystano mobilny analizator Semtech DS. Do pomiarów wykorzystano mobilny analizator gazów wylotowych z grupy PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) – SEMTECH DS firmy Sensors Inc. Uzyskane dane posłuży do wyznaczenia średnich wartości emisji poszczególnych składników spalin. Wartości te pokazały, że wpływ zastosowania sprężonego gazu ziemnego, jakopaliw do napędu pojazdów komunikacji miejskiej prowadzi do redukcji zużycia paliwa i ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych i toksycznych składników gazów wylotowych w odniesieniu do pojazdu zasilanego olejem napędowym a tym samym do polepszenia jakości życia w mieście.

EN

The article presents the results of emission city buses powered by diesel and compressed natural gas. The study was conducted in real traffic conditions on a regular bus service in Poznan. For the measurement of toxic components used in mobile analyzer Semtech DS. For the measurements used mobile exhaust gas analyzer with a group of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) - SEMTECH DS Sensors Inc. company. The data obtained will be used to determine the average emission values individual components. These values showed that the impact of the use of compressed natural gas for vehicles as a petrol transport leads to a reduction in fuel consumption and emissions of harmful and toxic components of exhaust gases of a vehicle -powered diesel fuel and thus to improve the quality of life in the city.

18

Development of a two stroke direct injection jet ignition compressed natural gas engine

Boretti A., Jiang S.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2014

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Vol. 94, nr 3

145–-152

EN

A traditional two stroke engine with crankcase scavenging also adopting an exhaust reed valve and lamellar intake is modified to accommodate a high pressure Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) direct injector and has the traditional spark plug replaced by a jet ignition device of the same thread. The jet ignition device is a pre-chamber accommodating a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) injector operated with CNG and an 8 mm racing spark plug. The jet ignition pre-chamber is connected to the main chamber through calibrated orifices. The CNG is injected after the exhaust post closes. The GDI injector operated with CNG introduces a slightly rich amount of fuel in the pre-chamber. The spark plug discharge initiates the pre-chamber combustion that then propagates to the main chamber though multiple jets of high energy partially burned hot combustion products that quickly ignite the main chamber mixtures. The Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of the engine including the jet ignition device is discussed in detail. The Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) model of the engine is shown to produce efficiencies well in excess of 35% in the area of best operation. The load is controlled by fine tuning the injection and ignition events and increasing the overall air-fuel ratio. The solution offers an opportunity to produce an efficient alternative to four stroke engines with improved power density, running on alternative fuel having larger availability and better combustion properties and reduced pollution than traditional diesel and gasoline fuels.

19

Feasibility analysis of the application of compressed natural gas as a fuel for compression-ignition engines

Iwanicki J.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 66, No. 4

31--39

EN

This paper discusses Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel, whose physicochemical properties allow co-combustion with conventional fuels in diesel engines. For many years, works have been underway to find an affordable and environment friendly fuel that could be used to power vehicles, which has been additionally prompted by the increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits. Simultaneously, a number of potential problems associated with the use of this fuel in diesel engines have been identified. The usefulness and applicability of CNG in diesel engines in the environmental aspect has been determined based on the analysis of such quantities as the octane number, heat of combustion, auto-ignition temperature and auto-ignition limit. The main purpose of this task is to decrease the exhaust emissions into the atmosphere.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono CNG jako alternatywne paliwo, którego właściwości fizyczno-chemiczne pozwalają na współspalanie z paliwem konwencjonalnym w silniku o ZS. Od wielu lat prowadzone są prace mające na celu znalezienie taniego, ekologicznego paliwa, które może posłużyć do napędu pojazdów, stymulowane coraz bardziej rygorystycznymi normami dotyczącymi emisji substancji szkodliwych. Zwrócono uwagę na problemy związane z potencjalnym wykorzystaniem tego paliwa w silniach o ZS. Przydatność i możliwość stosowania gazu CNG w silnikach o zapłonie samoczynnym określono na podstawie analizy takich wielkości jak: liczba oktanowa, ciepło spalania, temperatura samozapłonu, granica samozapłonu, zmniejszenie emisji związków szkodliwych spalin przez silniki spalinowe o ZS zasilane gazem CNG.

20

Wybrane elementy zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa na stacjach tankowania CNG

Sas J., Janik P.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

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2014

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Nr 1

83--91

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki bezpieczeństwa, w tym ochrony przeciwpożarowej, na stacjach tankowania pojazdów sprężonym gazem ziemnym (CNG), na przykładzie opracowanego pod auspicjami Krajowej Izby Gazownictwa standardu technicznego ST-IGG 1601:2012 odnoszącego się do projektowania, budowy i eksploatacji stacji CNG w Polsce. Wprowadzenie: W Polsce funkcjonuje prawie trzydzieści stacji tankowania CNG, ale do tej pory nie było opracowanych standardów technicznych dotyczących wymagań dla tego typu obiektów. Aby uporządkować wymagania w tym zakresie i ułatwić odpowiednim służbom projektowanie, budowę, eksploatację i nadzór nad wspomnianymi obiektami, podjęto decyzję o konieczności opracowania wspomnianego powyżej standardu przyjętego ostatecznie przez Komitet Standardu Technicznego Izby Gospodarczej Gazownictwa w grudniu 2012 r. Należy podkreślić, iż jest to pierwszy dokument w Polsce kompleksowo odnoszący się do przedmiotowej problematyki. Do opracowania standardu wykorzystano regulacje czeskie i niemieckie z tego zakresu oraz projekty normy ISO, adaptując ich postanowienia do realiów techniczno-organizacyjnych i formalnych występujących w naszym kraju. Mając na względzie osiągnięcie założonego celu artykułu, w pierwszej jego części przedstawiono informacje o aktualnym stanie i rozwoju rynku CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) w Polsce. Następnie omówiono wybrane aspekty zawarte w standardzie, m.in. dotyczące: oceny zagrożenia wybuchem i pożarem, wyboru miejsca lokalizacji, zagospodarowania terenu stacji, urządzeń do wydawania paliwa, ochrony odgromowej, przeciwporażeniowej, przetężeniowej, przeciwprzepięciowej i przed elektrycznością statyczną. Wnioski: W oparciu o treści rozpatrywanego standardu oraz przywołane w nim inne dokumenty odniesienia, w tym akty prawne dotyczące ochrony przeciwpożarowej, możliwe jest właściwe zaprojektowanie, wykonanie i użytkowanie stacji tankowania pojazdów sprężonym gazem ziemnym. W związku z tym zasadne wydaje się podejmowanie działań w zakresie ich upowszechnienia wśród projektantów, użytkowników oraz osób zajmujących się ochroną przeciwpożarową obiektów budowlanych. Znaczenie dla praktyki: Praktyczne znaczenie rozpatrywanego zagadnienia wynika wprost z treści sformułowanych powyżej wniosków, w świetle których omówiony standard jawi się jako narzędzie możliwe do bezpośredniego wykorzystania w procesie projektowania, budowy i eksploatacji stacji CNG.

EN

Aim: The aim of this paper is to present safety issues, including fire protection at Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fueling stations, on the example of the technical standard developed under the auspices of The Chamber of the Natural Gas Industry ST-IGG 1601:2012 relating to the design, construction and operation of CNG stations in Poland. Introduction: There are nearly thirty CNG filling stations in Poland. But so far, technical standards concerning requirements for this kind of objects haven´t been developed. To organize the requirements in this regard and facilitate appropriate services in designing, constructing, operating and supervising the aforementioned objects, the decision to develop the above-mentioned standard (finally adopted by the Committee of Technical Standard of The Chamber of the Natural Gas Industry in December 2012) was made. It should be emphasized that this is the first document in Poland on the discussed issues in a complex way. While developing the standard Czech and German regulations in this field and draft of ISO standard concerning discussed topic were used and adapted to technical, organizational and formal conditions of our country. In order to achieve the objective of the article described in the first section, information about the current state and development of the CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) market in Poland was provided. Then the authors presented some aspects of the standard, including these related to: the assessment of the risk of explosion and fire, the choice of location, station area arrangements, fuel dispensing devices, lightning protection, shock protection, overcurrent and overvoltage protection and protection against static electricity. Conclusions: Based on the content of the standard and other reference documents mentioned in that standard, including legislation related to fire protection, it is possible to design, construct and operate the stations for refueling vehicles with compressed natural gas properly. Therefore, it seems reasonable to take action on their dissemination among developers, users and people involved in the fire protection of buildings. Implications for practice: The practical importance of discussed issues follows directly from the content of formulated above conclusions, where the presented standard may be seen as a tool to be used directly in the design, construction and operation of CNG stations.