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EN
Purpose: This paper aims to analyze Polish voivodeships in terms of quality of life (QoL) in 2022 and determine the criteria that can be chosen to check the QoL of Polish citizens. The study shows the usefulness of using the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to create the final ranking. These kinds of analyses can be crucial for assessing the well-being of residents of given areas. They can serve as guidelines for policymakers on how to shape regional policies. MCDM methods can be seen as valuable tools for such purposes. Design/methodology/approach: A set of nine criteria affecting the quality of life of Polish citizens in 2022 was chosen. The data was obtained from the Statistics Poland database. The ranking was prepared using the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment of Evaluations II (PROMETHEE II). Criteria weights were determined by Shannon’s entropy method and equal weight method. Findings: The study shows that considering the chosen criteria and their weights determined with Shannon’s entropy method, in 2022, QoL was the highest in the Mazowieckie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships, while the lowest in Lubelskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeships. The research results can also lead to the assumption that geographical location significantly impacts the residents' QoL. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of the study was the selection of appropriate criteria that affect QoL in Poland post-COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent ranking results are subjective due to the high dependence on criteria. The rank is also sensitive to changes in the weights of individual criteria. Practical implications: The results of the study allow us to demonstrate the diversity of Polish voivodeships in terms of the QoL of Polish citizens. At the same time, the analysis of the criteria allowed for capturing the state of well-being of the population, considering the maximization of some criteria while, at the same time, minimization of others. Social implications: The paper aims to highlight the importance of using MCDM methods and tools to observe the level of quality of life on the NUTS-2 level. Originality/value: The paper shows an up-to-date approach to the problem of the multicriteria assessment of QoL in Poland on a regional level.
EN
This paper presents a mathematical model for managing the human factor in the system of continuing airworthiness. The model is based on the entropy evaluation of deviations in technical personnel activities, such as errors and violations recorded during maintenance operations. Using 10 years of statistical data from the “Safety” automated control system on Tu-154 aircraft maintenance (1995-2005), over 100 individual deviations were analyzed and grouped into 20 complex indicators. These were further consolidated into five generalized factors reflecting key areas of organizational performance. Entropy measures were then used to rank these factors according to their contribution to risks affecting continuing airworthiness. The outcome of this analysis is the development of a Human Factor Control System (HFCS) for application within an Maintenance and Repair Organization, ensuring the required level of continuing aircraft airworthiness. The HFCS provides a structured framework for prioritizing management actions, particularly under conditions of limited organizational resources.
EN
Introduction: Radiomics quantify radiological data to correlate with clinical findings. Dyssynchrony, a proposed radiomic parameter measured via phase images, reflects the temporal discoordination of ventricular contraction, which can impair overall cardiac efficiency. This study assessed the consistency and reliability of dyssynchrony in laminar and turbulent flow compartments under varying image acquisition. It also evaluated the relationship between dyssynchrony and fluid dynamics alterations. Methods: The dataset included 64 dynamic images using gamma camera (128,000 frames) generated using an in-home phantom, representing combinations of flow velocity, count, and frame rates. Phase and amplitude images were generated and analyzed to calculate synchrony, entropy, approximate entropy (ApEn), and bounded-ApEn for different rotation directions. Entropy values were examined under parameter changes, with comparisons using Pearson’s test, ANOVA, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Images were categorized by activity concentrations: Group 1 (37 MBq), Group 2 (29.5 MBq), and Group 3 (18.5 MBq). Group 1 showed a strong negative correlation between entropy and frame rates (r = −0.991, p < 0.001), while Group 3 displayed positive correlations between frame rate, ApEn, gray count, and pixel count. Logistic regression predicted turbulence (AUC = 0.93) and direction (AUC = 0.96) using bounded-ApEn. Regression analysis indicated ApEn and bounded-ApEn significantly predicted vortex parameters (R2
EN
The current trends in the construction market require developing and completing building projects with balanced costs and the shortest execution time, while maintaining a high quality of works and properties of completed objects. Achieving this goal is difficult, however with the development of new technologies and management techniques, a sustainable project is possible to achieve. The authors’ goal was to find a technological solution which would efficiently meet the imposed requirements for optimizing the technology and organization project of the hall. Three technologies were analysed using the multi – criteria analysis based on the 6 aspects – all important from the sustainability point view. Choice and proper check of the criteria for sustainable decision making is crucial, as criteria are usually described by experts in not fully objective and mathematical way. Chosen elements of the Value Engineering (VE) practices were discussed and used. In order to evaluate each construction variant the weight of every criteria was determined using the Simos method and the variants’ data was normalized. The practicality of every construction variant as a sustainable solution was established through two evaluation methods – the entropy and the ideal point method. The results of this research prove that project managers can successfully achieve sustainable projects through the described optimization process. Similarly, this type of analysis can also be beneficial in other fields, such as mechanical engineering, finance, transportation, agriculture etc.
PL
Obecne trendy na rynku budowlanym wymagają opracowania i realizacji projektów budowlanych o zrównoważonych kosztach i jak najkrótszym czasie realizacji, przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu wysokiej jakości robót i właściwości realizowanych obiektów. Osiągnięcie tego celu jest trudne, jednak wraz z rozwojem nowych technologii i technik zarządzania możliwe jest osiągnięcie zrównoważonego projektu. Celem autorów było znalezienie rozwiązania technologicznego, które skutecznie spełniłoby narzucone wymagania dotyczące optymalizacji projektu technologiczno-organizacyjnego hali. Trzy technologie zostały przeanalizowane za pomocą analizy wielokryterialnej opartej na 6 kryteriach – wszystkich ważnych z punktu widzenia zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wybór i właściwe sprawdzenie kryteriów zrównoważonego podejmowania decyzji jest kluczowe, gdyż kryteria są zwykle opisywane przez ekspertów w sposób nie do końca obiektywny i matematyczny. Omówiono i wykorzystano wybrane elementy praktyk Inżynierii Wartości. W celu oceny każdego wariantu konstrukcji wyznaczono wagę każdego kryterium metodą Simosa i znormalizowano dane wariantów. Praktyczność każdego wariantu konstrukcji jako rozwiązania zrównoważonego została ustalona za pomocą dwóch metod oceny – metody entropii i metody punktu idealnego. Wyniki tych badań dowodzą, że kierownicy projektów mogą z sukcesem realizować zrównoważone projekty poprzez opisany proces optymalizacji. Podobnie tego typu analizy mogą być również korzystne w innych dziedzinach, takich jak inżynieria mechaniczna, finanse, transport, rolnictwo itp.
EN
We introduce a new class of Shewhart control charts, namely the f-chart. This new class is based on the cumulative paired f-divergence that generalizes both the cumulative (residual) entropy and the differential entropy. The f-chart contains several subclasses; of which one has a special case, the G-chart, which uses Gini’s mean difference as a measure of dispersion. We investigate the performance of three of the subclasses of f-charts in a showcase scenario, comparing its average run length under the Gaussian and several alternative distributions relevant to process control. We find especially the new Leik control chart to outperform classical Shewhart charts, which are based on ranks, standard deviation, or Gini’s mean difference. The results imply that monitoring a production process using f-charts results in faster detection of out-of-control processes, which can be crucial for a variety of application areas.
EN
The purpose of this study is to examine the entropy generation for a Magnetohydrodynamic flow of a Casson fluid subject to a vertical cone. Here the impact of reaction by chemical and diffusion-thermo is scrutinized. Physical aspects of radiative flux transverse to the surface are deliberated. The governing non-linear PDEs and the expression for entropy generation are non-dimensionalized with the help of dimensionless quantities. Finite difference technique is implemented to get numerical and graphical results for the non-linear system. Bejan number for the heat transfer is also examined. The results obtained shows that entropy generation and Bejan number are strongly influence by the embedded flow parameters.
EN
Understanding thermodynamics can be challenging due to its dealing with abstract concepts such as entropy and energy transfer. This paper outlines six principles of thermodynamics, whose application necessitates a coherent overarching philosophy. The problems studied often entail complex mathematical equations, relying on a strong foundation in physics and mathematics. Moreover, comprehending thermodynamics requires a shift in thinking, focusing on macroscopic properties of matter rather than microscopic interactions, as in other branches of physics. Thermodynamics also introduces a new philosophy in science – the concept of irreversible phenomena, rooted in the heat flow theory, which is currently being extrapolated to other scientific domains. Notably, this involves extending the concept of work to systems performing various types of work beyond volume change.
EN
This work looks at developing an object-driven decision support system (DSS) model with the goal of improving the prediction accuracy of the present expert-driven DSS model in assessing groundwater potentiality. The database of remote sensing, geological, and geophysical information was constructed using the technological efficiency of GIS, data mining, and programming tools. Groundwater potential conditioning factors (GPCF) extracted from the datasets include lithology (Li), hydraulic conductivity (K), lineament density (Ld), transmissivity (T), and transverse resistance (TR) for groundwater potentiality mapping in a typical hard rock multifaceted geologic setting in south-western Nigeria. A Python-based entropy approach was used to objectively weight these factors. The weightage findings determined that the greatest and lowest given values for Ld and K were 0.6 and 0.03, respectively. The produced Python-based PROMETHEE-Entropy model algorithm was born through combining the weight findings with the Python-based PROMETHEE-II method. The groundwater potentiality model (GPM) map of the area was created using the model algorithm's outputs on the gridded raster of GPCF themes. Based on the suggested approach, the validated results of the created GPM maps using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve technique yielded an accuracy of 86%. An object-driven DSS model was created using the approaches that were used. The created object-driven model is a viable alternative to existing approaches in groundwater hydrology and aids in the automation of groundwater resource management in the research region.
EN
Prepared for presentation within the Didactic Section of Polish Chemical Society, the study summarizes selected problems and concepts of teaching the basics of chemical reaction energetics as part of chemical undergraduate studies. The following problems are discussed: 1) indication of misunderstandings related to the definition of standard states in thermodynamics, with particular emphasis on the unfortunate assignment of the temperature of 298.15 K as "standard temperature", 2) problems with the interpretation of entropy as a "measure of disorder", with a recommendation regarding for understanding entropy as a measure of the number of ways to distribute the total energy of the system between the available degrees of freedom of motions, in terms of the quantum representation, i.e. the energy characteristics of a substance through sequences of energy levels, 3) a proposal to introduce the issue of thermodynamic driving forces of a chemical reaction based on the characteristics of the water evaporation process under different conditions, which favors the distinction of any reaction driving force from its standard driving force, as well as the distinction of such forces for isochoric and isobaric systems, both one- and multi-component, (4) the necessity to take into account the entropy of mixing of reagents to deepen the understanding of changes in the driving force of the reaction on the way to the state of chemical equilibrium, and 5) various interpretations of the influence of temperature on the equilibrium composition of the reacting system (Le Chatelier-Braun rule), with a recommendation for molecular interpretation, showing the role of differences in energies and sequences of energy levels of reactants and products for the value and direction of changes of the equilibrium constants of the reaction with temperature, taking into account also the principles of statistical thermodynamics. An additional aim of the article is to emphasize the importance of elementary mathematical education for mastering the basic laws governing the course of physicochemical processes, as well as for true understanding of chemistry, in general.
EN
This paper proposes a solution to a certain macroeconomic model. A multi-alternative problem of aviation transportation optimal organisation in conditions of uncertainty of the subjective preference functions is considered. Conditional optimisation of the objective functional containing the entropy of the individuals’ operational effectiveness functions preferences is carried out in the framework of the simplest macroeconomic problem. The principle of the Solow and Cobb-Douglas models, similar to the approach adopted for the estimation of economic growth, is modified with the subjective entropy maximum principle. The advantages of the described optimisation approach are demonstrated in the generalised terms of the operational effectiveness functions for aviation transportation organisation.
EN
This paper proposes a solution to a certain macroeconomic model. A multi-alternative problem of aviation transportation optimal organisation in conditions of uncertainty of the subjective preference functions is considered. Conditional optimisation of the objective functional containing the entropy of the individuals’ operational effectiveness functions preferences is carried out in the framework of the simplest macroeconomic problem. The principle of the Solow and Cobb-Douglas models, likewise for economic growth, is modified with the Subjective Entropy Maximum Principle. The advantages of the described optimisation approach are demonstrated in generalised terms of the operational effectiveness functions for aviation transportation organisation.
EN
Predicting epileptic seizures in advance improves greatly the life of epileptic patients. In this paper we present a new approach based on patient specific channel optimization using four different features namely entropy, variance, kurtosis and skewness. After selecting three best channels for each method, we then use Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify raw EEG signal in order to discriminate between interictal and preictal state. With entropy, our method achieves a good degree of prediction in terms of accuracy 97.09%, sensitivity 97.67% and specificity 96.51% for patient 01 using channels 4, 8 and 20.
PL
Przewidywanie napadów padaczkowych z wyprzedzeniem znacznie poprawia życie chorych na padaczkę. W tym artykule prezentujemy nowe podejście oparte na optymalizacji kanałów specyficznych dla pacjenta przy użyciu czterech różnych metod, a mianowicie entropii, wariancji, kurtozy i skośności. Po wybraniu trzech najlepszych kanałów dla każdej z metod, wykorzystujemy Neuronową Sieć Konwolucyjną (CNN) do klasyfikacji surowego sygnału EEG w celu rozróżnienia pomiędzy stanem międzynapadowym i przednapadowym. Dzięki entropii nasza metoda osiąga dobry stopień predykcji w zakresie dokładności 97,09%, czułości 97,67% i specyficzności 96,51% dla pacjenta 01 przy użyciu kanałów 4, 8 i 20.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono opis elektronicznych i programistycznych rozwiązań sprzętowego, mikrofalowego generatora losowych ciągów binarnych o przepływności wyjściowej 1 Gbit/s. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono problemom programowej obsługi procesów przetwarzania ciągów o tak dużej przepływności. Opisano autorską metodę pomiarów i weryfikacji entropii generowanych ciągów oraz przedstawiono warunkowy, kryptograficzny dowód ich bezpieczeństwa.
EN
The article presents a description of electronic and programming solutions for a hardware, microwave random binary sequences generator with an output bit rate of 1 Gbps. Particular attention was paid to the problems of programmatic handling of string processing processes with such a high throughput. Have been described the method of measuring and verifying the entropy of the generated strings and presents a conditional, cryptographic proof of their security.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę możliwości sprzętowej generacji doskonale losowych ciągów binarnych z przepływnością 1 Gbit/s, wykorzystującą układy i sygnały mikrofalowe. W analizie użyto powszechnie znanych modeli generacji ciągów losowych, jednak z wykorzystaniem niestosowanych dotąd w tym celu technologii, w tym zastosowania do kreacji ciągów układów programowalnych FPGA. Analizy udokumentowano wynikami pomiarów rzeczywistych układów i sygnałów w funkcji czasu i częstotliwości za pomocą oscyloskopu i analizatora widma w paśmie 2 GHz.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the hardware capabilities of generating truly random binary strings with a bit rate of 1 Gbps, using microwave circuits and signals. The analysis uses commonly known models of random sequence generation, but with the use of technologies that have not been used for this purpose so far, including the use of FPGA programmable circuits for the creation of sequences. The analyzes were documented with the results of measurements of real systems and signals as a function of time and frequency using an oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer in the 2 GHz band.
EN
Smart cities are included in the literature as a technology-based concept that has been on the agenda in recent years and whose framework is constantly changing with the changes in technology. There are different frameworks and indexes to define the smartness of a city. Smart City Index 2021 published by Institute for Management Development (IMD) and Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) is one of the accepted studies in the world. In the report of Smart City Index 2021, 118 cities are evaluated in five criteria namely health & safety, mobility, activities, opportunities (work & school) and governance. To re-evaluate the cities and compare the results, a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) process including Entropy based Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) and Addivite Ratio Assessment (ARAS) methodology is applied in this paper. To prioritize the criteria, entropy weight method is used. 118 cities are ranked both technologically and structurally using the COPRAS and ARAS method. As a result of the analyses, according to these methods, the rankings of the smart cities are the same. Also, when technologically smart cities are listed, it is determined that the first three countries are Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Nanjing, and at the same time, Abu Dhabi, Chongqing, Hangzhou in terms of structurally.
EN
In this talk, we discuss an abstract approach to entropy in countable measurable and induced probability spaces. We consider applications and interpretations of this approach in the context of Rough Set Theory, Fuzzy Set Algebras, as well as Conservative Classical Logics and Quantum Computing. The talk consists of three parts. The first part considers entropy as associated with measure distributions understood as sequences of non-negative values. The second part does the same for partitions. Finally, the third part refers to the aforementioned applications.
EN
This paper proposes a solution to a certain two-alternative problem of aviation transportation optimal organization in conditions of uncertainty of the subjective preference functions. Conditional optimization of the objective functional containing the entropy of the individuals’ operational effectiveness functions preferences is carried out in the framework of the simplest variational problem. The advantages of the described optimization approach are demonstrated in the generalized terms of the operational effectiveness functions for aviation transportation organization.
18
Content available Information in the decision-making process
EN
The thesis that the variability of conditions in which organizations operate has an impact on the decisions made about their functioning is the starting point for achieving the research objective and presenting the research findings. The objective of the research was to demonstrate the importance of the information system in the organization and to visualize the impact of information on the decision-making process, also in terms of shaping the future. The analysis of a number of theoretical studies has led to conclusions that unequivocally prove that every decision should be based on reliable information. This is strongly emphasized in the article. The main methods used were literature analysis, synthesis, mathematical modeling and desk research. In addition, the paper presents tools for describing the uncertainty associated with the occurrence of random phenomenon, i.e., for assessing the amount of information conveyed by the observation of random phenomenon and for comparing two variables with different information potential. The analyses conducted clearly indicate that decision making and information must be closely linked. The results of the research inquiries in the publication also indicate the role to be played by the information system in the organization. It contains the state-ment that no decision can be made without information. The approach adopted in the article allowed for presentation of essential research findings, while providing a basis for further, extended research on this extremely important and topical issue, especially in the context of the internationalization of a number of phe-nomena and processes.
PL
Teza, że zmienność warunków funkcjonowania organizacji nie pozostaje bez wpływu na dokonywane rozstrzygnięcia związane z ich funkcjonowaniem, jest punktem wyjścia do osiągnięcia założonego celu i prezentacji wyników badań. Celem podjętych badań było wykazanie znaczenia systemu informacyjnego w organizacji i unaocznienie wpływu informacji na proces decyzyjny, także pod kątem kształtowania przyszłości. W wyniku analizy wielu opracowań teoretycznych, także zawierających wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, wysnuto liczne wnioski. One to jednoznacznie dowodzą, że podstawą każdego rozstrzygnięcia powinna być wiarygodna informacja. Jest to mocno podkreślone w artykule. Ukazano również potrzebę podejmowania działań ukierunkowanych na zdobycie, w miarę szybko, nieodzownych informacji, aby stworzyć podstawy do korzystnych rozstrzygnięć dla firm, które funkcjonują w zmieniających się warunkach. Nieodzowne są także wysokie kompetencje informacyjne menedżerów. Przeprowadzone analizy jednoznacznie wskazują, że decydowanie i informacja muszą być ze sobą ściśle pozwiązane. Wyniki dociekań naukowych zawarte w publikacji wskazują również na rolę, jaką ma spełniać system informacyjny w organizacji, który choć składa się z trzech etapów, to są one logicznie powiązane, fazy te charakteryzuje pragmatyzm naukowy. Zawarto twierdzenie, że bez informacji nie ma decyzji. W artykule przyjęte podejście umożliwiło uzyskanie przekrojowego charakteru prezentacji wyników badań, dając jednocześnie podstawy do dalszych, poszerzonych badań tego niezwykle istotnego oraz aktualnego problemu, zwłaszcza w kontekście umiędzynarodowiania wielu zjawisk i procesów.
EN
Background: The levels of logistics market performance of developing countries are published with Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index (AEMLI) reports. The main purpose of this research is to propose a new model to determine the logistics market performance of developing countries in 2022 and to reorder the developing countries according to their logistics market performance. Methods: AEMLI indicators have been accepted as the basic criteria for determining the logistics market performance. The importance levels of these criteria have been determined by the Entropy technique. The logistics market performance rankings of developing countries according to the criteria were determined using the Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC) technique. The data set of 50 developing countries included in the 2022 AEMLI report has been used in the investigation. Results: According to the proposed new model, the weights of the criteria and logistics market performance rankings of developing countries have been determined. The importance levels of the criteria have been determined as Business Fundamentals (BF), Digital Readiness (DR), International Logistics Opportunities (ILO), and Domestic Logistics Opportunities (DLO), respectively. The ranking based on the new model was compared with the rankings in the 2022 AEMLI report. 21 of the 50 developing countries have improved their rankings. The ranking of 20 countries has been dropped. There is no change in the ranking of 9 countries. Additionally, according to AEMLI, the country with the highest logistics market performance is China, while the country with the best logistics market performance according to the proposed model is the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Conclusions: Contrary to the literature, Entropy and MABAC techniques were used to rank the logistics market performances of developing countries by making use of AEMLI reports. The issues that countries should focus on in the development of their logistics market performance are shown.
EN
In this work, we argue about the Lesche stability of some systems that are motivated by the use of fractional derivatives.
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