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1

Benefits of strip-till in winter wheat cultivation

Różewicz Marcin

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 2

9--13

EN

Winter wheat, as a cereal of greatest economic and food importance, is grown on the largest area of arable land in Poland. The great importance and significant acreage under cultivation result in a search for the methods of cultivating the discussed cereal which would ensure a sufficiently high yield and its quality and, at the same time, bring measurable economic and environmental benefits. One of such methods meeting the mentioned above requirements is strip-till, also referred to as strip cropping. This cultivation method has a number of multifaceted benefits. The application of this cultivation method has a positive impact on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain with simultaneous positives such as reduced fuel consumption and environmental benefits in the form of improved soil quality and reduced carbon dioxide emissions. The aim of this study was to synthesise the current state of knowledge on yield and its quality in winter wheat cultivated using the strip-till method on the basis of the available scientific literature and the results of our own research.

PL

Pszenica ozima jako zboże o największym znaczeniu ekonomicznym oraz żywnościowym jest uprawiana na największym areale użytków rolnych w Polsce. Duże znaczenie i znaczny areał uprawy powodują, że poszukuje się metod uprawy tego zboża, które zapewniłyby dostatecznie wysoki plon i jego jakość, a jednocześnie przynosiły wymierne korzyści ekonomiczne i środowiskowe. Jedną z takich metod, która spełnia te wymagania jest strip-till określany również jako uprawa pasowa. Ten sposób uprawy niesie za sobą szereg wieloaspektowych korzyści. Wykorzystanie tej metody uprawy wpływa korzystnie na plon i jakość ziarna pszenicy ozimej przy jednoczesnych pozytywach takich jak: zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa oraz korzyści środowiskowe w postaci lepszej jakości gleby oraz obniżonej emisji dwutlenku węgla. Celem pracy była synteza obecnego stanu wiedzy dotyczącej plonu oraz jego jakości u pszenicy ozimej uprawianej metodą strip-till na podstawie dostępnej literatury naukowej oraz uzyskanych wyników badań własnych.

2

The Impact of Pre-Crops on the Formation of Water Balance in Winter Wheat Agrocenosis and Soil Moisture in the Steppe Zone

Pichura Vitalii, Potravka Larysa, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Nikonchuk Nataliia, Samoilenko Mykola

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

253--271

EN

Under climate change, the issue of selection and correction of crop cultivation systems in the zone of moisture deficit and risky farming to ensure profitability of production is still topical. In particular, crop rotations are a practice aimed at increasing resistance of soil systems to abiotic and biotic stresses in the zone of moisture deficit. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to identify spatio-temporal regularities of vegetative formation of water balance in winter wheat agrocenoses depending on a pre-crop according to the unified BBCH scale. Spatio-temporal processes of vegetation and water balance formation in winter wheat agrocenosis depending on a pre-crop according to the unified BBCH scale were examined on the basis of the data of decoded satellite image series of the spacecraft Sentinel and calculation of the NDWI and the NDVI values. The research was conducted in the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine, in the territory of Yelanets district, Mykolaiv region, during the vegetative phase of winter wheat variety Driada 1: autumn 2021 and winter, spring and the beginning of summer 2022. It was established that activeness of water balance formation in winter wheat agrocenosis with pea as a pre-crop according to seasonal-phenological stages of plant growth is 3.0–9.0 times higher than with a grain crop (spring barley) and sunflower as pre-crops. In particular, with pea as a pre-crop, the NDVI vegetation of winter wheat plants is 1.6–1.7 times more intensive, the rate of moisture supply NDWI in the plant leaf at the macro-stages BBCH 10–61 is 1.54 and 1.82 times higher, productivity is 1.43–1.56 times higher. We observed a 30.5–34.3% reduction in water consumption for the formation of a ton of winter wheat grain with pea as a pre-crop in comparison with other pre-crops that resulted in an increase in productive moisture reserves at the end of vegetation in a meter soil layer by 20%. It was established that using pea as a pre-crop has economic and environmental benefits that manifest themselves in increasing resistance of soil systems, a reduction in environmental pollution and a rise in profitability of production.

3

Macroanalysis of Winter Wheat Seeds and Features of their Germination

Rozhkova Tetiana, Burdulanyuk Alla, Tatarynova Valentyna, Yemets Oleksandr, Demenko Viktor, Spychak Yuriy, Pivtoraiko Viktor, Bakumenko Olha, Rozhkova Yelyzaveta

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

304--311

EN

The peculiarities of the primary visual inspection of winter wheat seeds are considered. In the North-East of Ukraine, three groups of abnormal seeds (wrinkled, small seeds, and with a black point) were being identified by macroanalysis during 2017–2022. Factors affecting the representation of these groups in the samples were analyzed. It was determined that the amount of abnormal seeds is determined by the growing conditions of wheat, the place of cultivation and spraying of wheat with fungicides. The maximum number of substandard seeds was noted in Polissia, where black point dominated. In the Forest-steppe, the largest amount of such seeds was recorded in 2022, among which small seeds prevailed. A study of the characteristics of the manifestation of a black point showed that the blackening of the embryo occurs only from above. A seed with a black point is usually mature. For the first time, it was proven that spraying plants with essential oils of cinnamon and fennel leads to an increase in the appearance of the black point, which once again confirms its abiotic nature. The study of the germination of externally healthy and abnormal seeds of the Bohdana variety of the 2018 and 2019 harvests under conditions of low temperature and over moistening showed better indicators for the first group. But the germination of abnormal seeds had contradictory results, especially in different years. Comparison of the germination and development of seedlings from healthy and blackening seeds under favorable conditions during different periods of storage of wheat samples, from different places of cultivation, on different genotypes gave new unexpected results: higher indicators in the variant with black point. During further study in conditions of low temperature, which is explained by very late sowing of winter wheat in recent years in Ukraine, completely different data were obtained. Seed germination was better in healthy seeds. Seedlings developed faster at first also from healthy seeds, but on the last two dates of measurement, they began to grow faster from seeds with black point.

4

Effect of protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants on chlorophyll content in wheat leaves

Gendaszewska Dorota, Pipiak Paulina, Ławińska Katarzyna, Stanca Maria

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

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2023

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R. 68

187--201

EN

This paper investigates the effect of foliar fertilisation with protein biostimulators on chlorophyll and carotenoid levels in winter wheat. The results obtained show a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments for samples II and III, which were plants treated with biostimulants containing collagen hydrolysate and sodium salicylate and collagen and keratin hydrolysate in combination with titanium ascorbate (Bio-2 and Bio-3, respectively). The study also confirmed that the extraction efficiency of chlorophyll and carotenoids depends on the type of solvent. The results obtained allow the conclusion to be drawn that the most favourable solvent for the extraction of photosynthetic pigments from wheat leaves is ethanol.

PL

W artykule zbadano wpływ dolistnego nawożenia biostymulatorów białkowych na poziom chlorofilu i karotenoidów w pszenicy ozimej. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na znaczący wzrost barwników fotosyntetycznych dla próbek II i III, które stanowiły rośliny traktowane biostymulatorami zawierającymi hydrolizat kolagenu i salicylan sodu oraz hydrolizat kolagenu i keratyny w połączeniu z askorbinianem tytanu (odpowiednio Bio-2 i Bio-3). W pracy potwierdzono również, że efektywność ekstrakcji chlorofilu i karotenoidów zależy od rodzaju rozpuszczalnika. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają sformułować wniosek, iż najkorzystniejszym rozpuszczalnikiem do ekstrakcji barwników fotosyntetycznych z liści pszenicy jest etanol.

5

Efektywność energetyczna produkcji i konwersji ziarna pszenicy ozimej do bioetanolu

Klikocka Hanna, Szczepaniak Witold

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 7

664--673

PL

W pracy wykorzystano wyniki eksperymentu polowego, w którym pszenicę nawożono dawkami azotu, wzrastającymi progresywnie co 40 kg/ha w przedziale 0-240 kg/ha, oraz prowadzono w układzie z i bez ochrony fungicydowej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że pszenicę o małej zawartości białka (poniżej 12%) można przeznaczyć do produkcji bioetanolu. Wynik taki otrzymano po zastosowaniu nawożenia azotem w zakresie 40-160 kg/ha (o zawartości białka poniżej 12%). Dawki te i pełna ochrona fungicydowa dają korzystny plon ziarna, skrobi i bioetanolu oraz korzystnie wpływają na wskaźniki energetyczne produkcji ziarna i bioetanolu.

EN

Data from a field expt. carried out in 2 growing seasons was used to calc. the energy consumption of winter wheat prodn. The wheat was fertilized with N doses, increasing progressively in 40 kg/ha increments between 0-240 kg/ha, and cultivated in a system with and without fungicide protection. Wheat with a low protein content (less than 12%) obtained after applying N fertilization in the range of 40-160 kg/ha can be used for the prodn. of bioethanol. These doses and full fungicide protection gave a favorable yield of grain, starch and bioethanol, and had a pos. effect on energy indices of grain and bioethanol prodn.

6

The Meteorological Conditions of Precipitation Deficits in the Cultivation of Winter Wheat in Central and Eastern Poland

Skowera Barbara, Baranowska Alicja, Węgrzyn Alicja, Bartoszek Krzysztof, Wojkowski Jakub, Ivanišová Eva

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

50--62

EN

The problem of precipitation deficits constitutes an issue that is significant on a global, regional, and local scale, particularly in the aspect of climate warming. The purpose of this research was to determine the amount, frequency and trends of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat in central and eastern Poland, over a period of fifty years (1971–2020). This study used the values of average monthly air temperatures, as well as monthly total precipitation, decadal precipitation needs of winter wheat within central and eastern Poland. Based on the performed research, both spatial and temporal differences were observed in the scope of the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat. The lowest risk of precipitation deficits was found in May (from 15% to 32%), which is a critical month in the cultivation of this plant in Poland, while the highest risk of precipitation deficits was observed in June (from 22% to 56%), which is an unfavourable phenomenon, because winter wheat is in the so-called grain filling phase since mid-June. It was also found that there is a statistically significant upward trend of the winter wheat’s precipitation needs in April, June, and July. An increase in the inflow of warm and dry air masses from the southern sectors was one of the factors impacting the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of wheat. The problem of climate warming that has been increasing in recent years, and – as a consequence – an increase in precipitation deficit during the growing season of plants, demonstrate the need for further research in this scope.

7

Assessment of the Effect of Biological Growth-Regulating Preparations on the Yield of Agricultural Crops under the Conditions of Steppe Zone

Skok Svetlana, Breus Denys, Almashova Viktoria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

135--144

EN

Increasing the production of high-quality agricultural products with minimal negative impact on environmental components is one of the priority tasks of modern agriculture. Due to the global world trends aimed at ensuring a sustainable and safe economy and reducing the use of chemical protection agents, it is predicted that the share of alternative biological methods in the European agricultural sector will increase to 10%, the area of agricultural land for organic farming will increase by 50%. Under the conditions of intensification of agricultural production, a comprehensive approach to the use of microelements and microbial biological preparations, which enhance growth processes, anti-stress, protective effect and increase the yield of agricultural crops, becomes expedient. The article deals with the effects of biological growth-regulating preparations on winter wheat, sunflower hybrids, and vegetable peas. It was established that when processing winter wheat with the “Grainactive-C” preparation, the greatest increase in grain yield was observed under the conditions of 3-fold treatment of crops in the phase of tillering, flag leaf, and grain filling (3.2 t/ha, or 18%). At the same time, the greatest effect was recorded when treating crops in the tillering phase, where the yield increase was 2.9 c/ha, or +16% compared to the control. It has been studied that the effectiveness of the preparation “Nano-Agro” when applied to sunflower hybrids also depends on the time of its application. The same increase – 0.9 t/ha of seeds (+12% compared to the control) was observed during pre-sowing treatment of seeds and during the vegetation phase (before flowering), but the yield increase when treating sunflower after flowering phase was only 0.32 t/ha (4%). In order to restore disturbed soils and increase the efficiency of agricultural production, the introduction of leguminous crops into the crop rotation becomes important, after harvesting them up to 80 kg/ha of biological nitrogen remains and humus accumulates in the arable layer of the soil up to 10.8 t/ha. Treatment of vegetable peas seeds with Rhizohumin contributed to the accumulation of humus by 3.96 t/ha. Through field studies, the article proves the positive effect of growth-regulating preparations on agricultural crops under the conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine.

8

Ecological and Economic Study of Winter Wheat Varieties by Different Geographical Origin

Sobko Mykola, Butenko Yevheniia, Davydenko Gennadiy, Solarov Oleksandr, Pylypenko Viacheslav, Makarova Viktoriia, Mikulina Maryna, Samoshkina Iryna, Antonovskyi Oleksandr, Poriadynskyi Volodymyr

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

12--21

EN

The results of research on increasing resistance of winter wheat varieties of different geographical origins to adverse weather conditions in the zone of unstable moistening in the North-Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine have been summarized. Rational use of agrometeorological resources made it possible to determine optimal terms of work on the elements of cultivation technology, taking into account weather conditions of the current year nd on their basis, to improve adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat varieties. This contributed to increase of yielding capacity, quality of grain and sustainability of agriculture. Such conditions were favorable for winter wheat crops of late sowing periods, the plants of which reached tillering phase on a significant part already in winter period. Yielding capacity of winter wheat by sowing dates (on average by varieties) was: September 1 – 5.72 t ha-1, September 10 – 5.54 t ha-1, September 20 – 5.41 t ha-1, October 1 – 5.45 t ha-1, October 10 – 4.87 t ha-1, October 20 – 5.11 t ha-1, November 1 – 5.06 t ha-1. Kraevyd and Pylypivka were the most productive among winter wheat varieties under conditions of 2020. Their yielding capacity varied between 6.18–6.88 t ha-1 and 5.53–6.30 t ha-1 depending on sowing dates. The highest level of profitability was provided by Kraevyd variety (120.0–131.2%) at late sowing dates (October 1 – November 1).

9

The evaluation of irrigating meliorations efficiency after the change of climatic conditions

Zaporozhchenko Viktoriia, Tkachuk Andrij, Tkachuk Tetyana, Dotsenko Viktor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

199--204

EN

The article reviews one of the important problems of water usage – operational management of irrigation. The article discusses a methodological approach to the estimation of economic efficiency of water usage in the conditions of climate change in the territory concerned. So far, there has not been a simple method to determine this indicator. When assessing climatic conditions, taking into account their influence on the productivity of agricultural crops, it is necessary to take into account meteorological factors that have a decisive influence on the development of agricultural crops and, accordingly, determine their yield. These include primarily heat and moisture. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account their possible negative influence on the development of plants, considering that for each crop a certain optimum regime of temperature and soil moisture is required in different phases of its growth. To assess climatic conditions taking into account the potential crop productivity, we can use the CPA formula. Calculations have shown a close relationship between the CPA and the yield of agricultural crops. Correlation coefficients of the obtained bonds vary from 0.85 to 0.98 depending on the culture and the territory.

10

Influence of Eco-Safe Growth-Regulating Substances on the Phytosanitary State of Agrocenoses of Wheat Varieties of Various Types of Development in Non-Irrigated Conditions of the Steppe Zone

Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Bazaliy Valerii, Dobrovol'skiy Andrey, Pichura Vitalii, Kozlova Olga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

299--308

EN

The article is devoted to establishing the influence of multifunctional environmentally friendly growth-regulating preparations on the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses of various types of wheat varieties and their productivity under non-irrigated conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine. Field studies were conducted over 2016–2020 in two agroclimatic points of the steppe zone: such as in the experimental field of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University (GPS: 46.743447, 32.481064 Kherson, Ukraine – point 1) and the land use of the farm "Svetlana" (GPS: 47.635522, 32.099772 Vossiyatskoye Village, Mykolaiv region, Ukraine-point 2) under non-irrigated conditions. The implementation of the scientific research program was carried out by laying three – factor experiments in these agroecological points, where Factor A was the varieties of winter wheat – Khersonska 99, Kirena, Askaniyska, Mudrist, Clarissa, Khutoryanka; variants of Factor B: growth-regulating preparations – VuksalMicroplant, Helafit Combi, Phytomare, without cultivation (control); variants of factor C: terms of sowing winter wheat – 10.09, 20.09, 30.09 and 10.10. Studies established that the use of multifunctional growth-regulating preparations helped to reduce the level of plant damage by pathogenic microflora at all sowing periods and varieties of winter wheat. Phytomare and Helafit Combi were the most effective in this respect, under various growing conditions. In most cases, they reduced the degree of damage to winter wheat plants by pathogenic microflora by 40–50% or more. All applied growth regulators increased the mass of grain from the ear and the mass of 1000 grains at different sowing times. It was found that for five years of field research, the greatest increase in yield under different research conditions and different varieties was shown by the Helafit Combi preparation. When it was applied in the experimental field of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University, the yield was additionally formed from 0.22 up to 0.5 t/ha, in the field of FG "Svetlana", respectively, it was formed 0.14 up to 0.36 t/ha.

11

Modelling wheat grain flow during sowing based on the model of grain with shifted center of gravity

Zubko Vladislav, Sirenko Viktor, Kuzina Tetiana, Onychko Viktor, Sokolik Serhii, Roubik Hynek, Koszel Milan, Shchur Taras

Agricultural Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 26, No. 1

25--37

EN

Winter wheat is one of the widespread crops in Ukraine. The search for methods to increase the yield and consumer properties of wheat, without compromising environmental safety, is one of the important scientific problems. The principles of precision agriculture point to the proper positioning of the seeds, recommending the method of "upward germination" (positioning the wheat germ vertically). The main objective of this study was to develop a new geometric model of wheat grain with a displaced centre of mass, as well as to conduct the theoretical research and numerical experiments on the orientation of grains using their multiple impact interaction with inclined surfaces. A new model of germ consisting of two different end semispheres and amid-line truncated cone was proposed, with a displaced centre of mass. Taking into account the physical properties of the objects, the concept of arrangement of gravity orientation of seeds in a stream was applied. This concept was based on various ratios of kinetic parameters of bodies with a displaced centre of gravity following an impact. The results showed that the orientation process can be controlled by changing the inclination angles and the length of the walls of the tray orientator within the working velocity range. This must be done before impact interaction of 0.2-0.3 m s -1 when the inclination angles of the impact interaction planes are 24-32°C.

PL

Pszenica ozima jest jedną z najpopularniejszych roślin uprawnych na Ukrainie. Poszukiwanie metod zwiększenia plonów i właściwości konsumpcyjnych pszenicy, bez uszczerbku dla bezpieczeństwa środowiska, stanowi zatem ważny problem naukowy. Zasady rolnictwa precyzyjnego podkreślają właściwe rozmieszczenie nasion, zalecając pionowe ustawienie kiełków pszenicy (metoda „kiełkowania w górę”). Głównym celem badań było opracowanie nowego modelu geometrycznego ziarna pszenicy z przesuniętym środkiem ciężkości oraz przeprowadzenie badań teoretycznych i eksperymentów obliczeniowych dotyczących orientacji ziaren. Bazowały one na wielokrotnym zderzaniu z powierzchniami nachylonymi. Zaproponowano nowy model ziarniaka, składający się z dwóch różnych półkul końcowych i amidoliniowego stożka ściętego, z przesuniętym środkiem ciężkości. Zastosowano koncepcję układu orientacji grawitacyjnej nasion, z uwzględnieniem właściwości fizycznych obiektów. Koncepcja ta opierała się na różnych relacjach między parametrami kinetycznymi ciał z przesuniętym środkiem ciężkości po zderzeniu. Wyniki pokazały, że procesem orientacji można sterować poprzez zmianę kątów nachylenia i długości ścianek tacy podajnika w zakresie prędkości roboczych, pod warunkiem, że robi się to przed zderzeniem o wartości 0,2-0,3 m s-1, gdy kąty nachylenia płaszczyzn oddziaływania zderzeniowego wynoszą 24-32°C.

12

Możliwość ograniczenia strat azotu przy zachowaniu żyzności gleb w uprawach pszenicy ozimej w Polsce w nawiązaniu do strategii „od pola do stołu”

Faber Antoni, Jarosz Zuzanna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2021

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T. 100, nr 11

1059--1060

PL

W badaniach ankietowych przeprowadzonych w 1186 gospodarstwach produkujących pszenicę ozimą ustalono wielkość uzyskiwanych plonów przy stosowanych dawkach azotu mineralnego. Na postawie tych wartości oszacowano pobranie, efektywność wykorzystania oraz straty azotu. Stosując analizę regresji, określono zależności pomiędzy stratami, efektywnością wykorzystania a wielkościami stosowanych dawek azotu. Stwierdzono, że straty azotu należałoby obniżać przy dawkach N większych niż 180 kg/ha. Przy takich dawkach redukcje strat azotu wynoszą 19-41 kg/ha, a obniżenie strat o 50% zmniejszałoby dawki stosowanego azotu o 8-20 kg/ha, co stanowiłoby 4-9% ich wielkości.

EN

A questionnaire survey was carried out in 1186 farms cultivating winter wheat to det. the yields obtained with the applied rates of mineral N. The uptake, utilization efficiency and losses of N were estd. Regression anal. was performed to det. the relationships between losses, utilization efficiency and applied N rates. N losses at rates greater than 180 kg/ha were approx. 19-41 kg/ha, and a 50% redn. in these losses would reduce the applied N rates by 9-20 kg/ha.

13

Èffektivnostʹ primeneniâ mikrobiologičeskih preparatov pri vyraŝivanii pšenicy ozimoj

Vinyukov Oleksandr, Chuhrii Hanna, Poplevko Viktor

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 66, nr 1

30--35

RU

В статье приведены теоретическое обобщение и новое решение научной задачи, которая заключается в научном обосновании и разработке агротехнологических мероприятий повышения зерновой продуктивности растений пшеницы озимой с учетом морфобиологических особенностей сорта, его реакции на применение микробиологических препаратов с целью повышения эффективности выращивания и стабилизации валовых сборов зерна в регионе. Установлено, что инокуляция семян микробиологическими препаратами положительно сказалась не только на формировании биометрических показателей растений пшеницы озимой, но и улучшало физиологические процессы, такие как накопление хлорофилла в листьях. Условия осенней вегетации растений озимых в годы проведения исследований способствовали наращиванию содержания хлорофилла в вегетативных частях растений. Так, на время прекращения осенней вегетации все варианты, где применяли инокуляцию семян обеспечили увеличение содержания хлорофилла по сравнению с контролем от 0,3 мг/г а.с.в. до 0,6 мг/г а.с.в. Среди вариантов выделились те, где к препарату Меланориз добавлялись ГумиФренд или ХелпРост. Исследованиями доказано, что использование микробиологических препаратов в технологиях выращивания озимой пшеницы способствует усилению поступления питательных веществ к растениям, стимулирующим развитие растений в течение вегетации, и, как следствие, повышает показатели структуры урожая. Наряду с вариантами, где использовали инокуляцию семян, варианты с опрыскиванием посевов также повлияли на длину колоса обеспечив прибавку к контрольному варианту на 4,1%, за счет опрыскивания посевов в фазу кущения и на 6,9% при опрыскивании посевов в фазу флагового листа препаратом ГумиФренд. Установлено, что за годы проведения исследований, наиболее существенная прибавка урожайности была при инокуляции семян препаратом Меланориз (12,5%). В результате многолетних исследований усовершенствованы существующие приемы выращивания озимой пшеницы за счет внедрения новых агротехнических мероприятий, которые позволяют в условиях восточной части Северной Степи полнее реализовывать генетические особенности нового сорта озимой пшеницы

EN

The article presents a theoretical generalization and a new solution to a scientific problem, which consists in the scientific substantiation and development of agrotechnological measures to increase the grain productivity of winter wheat plants, taking into account the morphobiological characteristics of the variety, its response to the use of microbiological preparations in order to increase the efficiency of cultivation and stabilize the gross grain yield in the region. It was found that the inoculation of seeds with microbiological preparations had a positive effect not only on the formation of biometric indicators of winter wheat plants, but also improved physiological processes, such as the accumulation of chlorophyll in the leaves. The conditions of autumn vegetation of winter crops during the years of research contributed to an increase in the content of chlorophyll in the vegetative parts of plants. So, at the time of the termination of the autumn vegetation, all variants where seed inoculation was used provided an increase in the chlorophyll content in comparison with the control from 0.3 mg/g up to 0.6 mg/g. Among the options stood out those where GumiFrend or HelpRost were added to the Melanoriz. Studies have shown that the use of microbiological preparations in winter wheat cultivation technologies enhances the supply of nutrients to plants that stimulate plant development during the growing season, and, as a result, increases the yield structure indicators. Along with the options where seed inoculation was used, the options with spraying crops also influenced the ear length, providing an increase to the control option by 4.1%, due to spraying crops in the tillering phase and by 6.9% when spraying crops in the flag leaf phase with the GumiFrend. It was found that over the years of research, the most significant increase in yield was when seeds were inoculated with Melanoriz (12.5%). As a result of many years of research, the existing methods of growing winter wheat have been improved through the introduction of new agrotechnical measures, which make it possible to more fully realize the genetic characteristics of a new variety of winter wheat in the conditions of the eastern part of the Northern Steppe.

14

Nonparametric methods in the analysis of the quality of kernel of selected winter wheat cultivars

Ćwiklińska Magdalena, Hanusz Zofia, Soja Jakub, Polak Renata

Agricultural Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 25, No. 1

125--134

EN

The paper presents a statistical analysis of weight and diameter of kernel obtained for eight investigated winter wheat cultivars. Preliminary analyses of experimental results, such as compliance with a normal distribution, equality of variance for particular cultivars, and occurrence of outliers proved that there is no justification for the use of a traditional one-way analysis of variance for verification of hypotheses according to which weight and diameter of grains of the investigated winter wheat cultivars do not differ. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for verification of hypotheses which based on the experimental results enabled to reject both hypotheses. Further, simultaneous average weight and diameters of grain of the investigated cultivars were compared with the use of Nemenyi-Dunn test. The applied test enabled to conclude which cultivars had a significantly higher weight than the others. Analogous comparisons were carried out for the diameter of kernels of the investigated winter wheat cultivars.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę statystyczną masy oraz średnicy ziarniaków uzyskanych dla ośmiu badanych odmian pszenicy ozimej. Wstępne analizy wyników eksperymentalnych, takie jak, zgodność z rozkładem normalnym, równość wariancji dla poszczególnych odmian oraz wystąpienie obserwacji odstających, wykazały brak podstaw do zastosowania klasycznej jednokierunkowej analizy wariancji do weryfikacji hipotez o braku zróżnicowania masy oraz średnicy ziarniaków badanych odmian pszenicy ozimej. Do weryfikacji hipotez wykorzystano nieparametryczny test Kruskala-Wallisa, który w oparciu o wyniki eksperymentalne pozwolił odrzucić obydwie hipotezy. W dalszej kolejności dokonano porównań jednoczesnych średnich mas i średnic ziarniaków badanych odmian stosując test Nemenyi-Dunna. Zastosowany test pozwolił stwierdzić, które odmiany charakteryzowały się masą istotnie wyższą od pozostałych. Analogiczne porównania przeprowadzono dla średnicy ziarniaków badanych odmian pszenicy ozimej.

15

Roślinność towarzysząca łanom pszenicy ozimej w gminie Haczów

Krochmal-Marczak Barbara, Bienia Bernadetta, Pisarek Marta, Wojtuń Mariusz

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2019

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T. 23, cz. 1

35--40

PL

Celem pracy było określenie składu gatunkowego i nasilenia występowania roślin towarzyszących łanom pszenicy ozimej na terenie gminy Haczów, z uwzględnieniem ich roli w agrocenozie. Stwierdzono niskie zróżnicowanie gatunkowe chwastów, wśród których dominowały rośliny dwuliścienne, krótkotrwałe. Najczęściej występowała komosa biała (Chenopodium album) oraz rdest powojowy (Polygonum convolvulus).

EN

The purpose of the work was to determine the species composition and intensity of the presence of plants accompanying winter wheat fields in the Haczów commune, including their role in agrocenosis. Low species diversity of weeds was found, among which dicotyledonous, short-lived plants predominated. The most common were Chenopodium album and Polygonum convolvulus.

16

Numbers of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphatases activities in the rhizosphere soil of organically and conventionally grown winter wheat

Martyniuk S., Jończyk K., Kozieł M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

147--150

EN

In the years 2014-2016 four commercial winter wheat cultivars, released during 2008-2011, were grown in a field experiment at RZD Osiny according to organic and conventional farming systems. Each year in the first or second decade of May samples of rhizosphere soil were analyzed for numbers of colony forming units (CFU) of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and for acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. The synthesis of three-year results has shown that PSM numbers and activity of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere soil of the tested cultivars were not significantly influenced by the farming systems used, nor by the cultivars. On the other hand, in all years the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil of all winter wheat cultivars grown according to the organic farming system than in soil under these cultivars grown in the conventional system.

PL

Cztery komercyjne odmiany pszenicy ozimej, wpisane do rejestru w latach 2008-2011, uprawiano w sezonach wegetacyjnych 2014-2016 według zasad rolnictwa ekologicznego (organicznego) i konwencjonalnego na poletkach doświadczalnych w RZD Osiny. Każdego roku w maju pobierano spod badanych odmian próbki gleby ryzosferowej i oznaczano w nich liczebność (CFU – colony forming units) mikroorganizmów rozpuszczających fosforany (PSM) oraz aktywność fosfatazy kwaśnej i zasadowej. Synteza trzyletnich wyników wykazała, że liczebność PSM, jak i aktywność fosfatazy kwaśnej w glebie ryzosferowej badanych odmian nie były istotnie uzależnione zarówno od systemu uprawy, jak i od odmiany pszenicy ozimej. Jednak we wszystkich latach objętych badaniami aktywność fosfatazy alkalicznej była istotnie większa w glebie ryzosferowej wszystkich odmian pszenicy ozimej uprawianych w systemie ekologicznym (organicznym) niż tych samych odmian uprawianych w systemie konwencjonalnym.

17

Forecrop value of blue and yellow lupine for winter wheat

Podleśny J., Podleśna A., Nędzi M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 3

70--74

EN

Besides a very good protein fodder legumes can also leave a good stand for the forecrop. In effect of legumes symbiosis with bacteria they are able to fixed N2. Thanks to that their cultivation does not require high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, and fixed nitrogen is also available in the soil for the successive crop. The aim of researches was to recognize the impact of blue and yellow lupine forecrops on yielding of winter wheat and compare these effects with the impact of spring barley. The studies were led at Agricultural Experimental Station in Grabów which belongs to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy. Winter wheat var. Arkadia was sown after blue lupine var. Zeus, yellow lupine var. Dukat and after spring barley var. Johan. Winter wheat density amounted to 5 m plants per ha, and area of plots to harvest – 24 m2 . During the flowering of wheat following measurements were performed: plant height, leaf area (AM 300; ADC BioScientific Ltd. UK) and SPAD values (SPAD -502; Minolta Japan), whereas before the harvest, at full maturity were determined: number of shoots, number of ears and grains in the ear, the mass of straw, ears and grain, as well as weight of 1000 grains. These measurements were performed on the 10 plants randomly selected from each plots. After the harvest there were determined the grain yield and its moisture as well as nitrogen content in the grain (Kjeldahl method). It was found beneficial effect of a forecrop on wheat yielding and its elements structure (i.e. number of ears, number of grains per plant and weight of 1000 grains). The influence of a forecrop on yielding level of winter wheat was in the great degree dependent on course of weather condition in the years of research and the lupine species. In the unfavorable years to wheat cultivation the difference between yields of winter wheat cultivated after good and weak forecrop was greater than in years with favorable weather course.

PL

Oprócz bardzo dobrej paszy białkowej rośliny strączkowe mogą pozostawiać także dobre stanowisko dla rośliny następczej. Jest to efektem współżycia roślin strączkowych z bakteriami symbiotycznymi (N2) dzięki czemu w ich uprawie stosuje się mniejsze dawki nawozów azotowych, a związany azot jest dostępny w glebie także dla roślin następczych. Celem badań było rozpoznanie wpływu następczego przedplonów łubinu wąskolistnego i żółtego na plonowanie pszenicy ozimej i porównaniu tego efektu do działania jęczmienia jarego. Badania prowadzono w Rolniczym Zakładzie Doświadczalnym w Grabowie należącym do IUNG-PIB w Puławach. Pszenicę ozimą odmiany Arkadia wysiewano po łubinie wąskolistnym odmiany Zeus, łubinie żółtym odmiany Dukat i jęczmieniu odm. Johan. Obsada pszenicy ozimej wynosiła 5 mln roślin/ha, a powierzchnia poletek do zbioru – 24 m2 . W okresie kwitnienia pszenicy wykonano pomiary wysokości roślin, powierzchni liści (AM-300; ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK) oraz wartość wskaźnika SPAD (SPAD-502; Minolta Co., Ltd Japan), natomiast przed zbiorem w fazie dojrzałości pełnej na 10 roślinach losowo wybranych z każdego poletka określono liczbę pędów, liczbę kłosów i ziaren w kłosie, masę słomy, kłosów i ziarna, a także masę 1000 ziaren. Po zbiorze określono plon ziarna i jego wilgotność oraz zawartość azotu w ziarnie (metodą Kjeldahla). Stwierdzono korzystny wpływ przedplonu na plonowanie i elementy struktury plonu pszenicy ozimej (tj. liczbę kłosów, liczbę ziaren z rośliny i masę 1000 ziaren). Oddziaływanie przedplonu na poziom plonowania pszenicy ozimej było w dużym stopniu zależne od przebiegu warunków pogodowych w latach badań oraz gatunku łubinu. W latach niesprzyjających uprawie pszenicy różnica między plonami pszenicy ozimej uprawianej po dobrych i słabych przedplonach była większa niż w latach z korzystnym przebiegiem pogody.

18

Assessment of the usefulness of new winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) for cultivation in organic farming

Feledyn-Szewczyk B., Jończyk K., Stalenga J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

43--49

EN

The objective of the research was to establish the ranking of the usefulness of winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) for cultivation in organic farming, taking into account their competitive ability against weeds, leaf infestation by fungal pathogens and yielding. The study was conducted in the period 2014-2016 in 3 locations in Poland: Experimental Stations of The Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Osiny (Lublin province) and Chwałowice (Masovian province) and private organic farm in Chomentowo (Podlasie province). Twelve winter wheat varieties were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Weed density and their dry matter as well as biometric features of wheat varieties influenced the competitive ability against weeds, such as the height, number of tillers, wheat plant density and dry matter of wheat were assessed at a dough stage. Leaves were scored for infestation rate with fungal pathogens at milky-dough stage. Grain yield and thousand grain weight were estimated after wheat harvest. The results showed that different morphological features and canopy parameters influenced the competitive abilities of the winter wheat varieties tested. A set of varieties with the largest competitive ability and the highest yield: Julius, Skagen, Sailor, Jantarka, Smuga was established as the most suitable for organic agriculture. Muszelka, Banderola, Bamberka and KWS Ozon were characterized by the smallest competitive abilities against weeds. Arkadia, Ostroga and spelt Rokosz were the lowest yielders. For Arkadia variety leaf infestation by pathogens was a factor that limited the yield.

PL

Celem badań była ocena przydatności odmian pszenicy ozimej (Triticum aestivum L.) do uprawy w systemie ekologicznym biorąc pod uwagę ich zdolności konkurencyjne w stosunku do chwastów, podatność na choroby grzybowe i plonowanie. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2014-2016 w trzech lokalizacjach w Polsce: w Rolniczym Zakładzie Doświadczalnym Instytutu Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego w Osinach (woj. lubelskie) i Chwałowicach (woj. mazowieckie) oraz w indywidualnym gospodarstwie ekologicznym w Chomentowie (woj. podlaskie). Dwanaście odmian pszenicy ozimej wysiewano w układzie całkowitej randomizacji w 4 powtórzeniach. Liczebność chwastów i ich sucha masa, jak również cechy biometryczne odmian pszenicy ozimej wpływające na konkurencyjność w stosunku do chwastów: wysokość, rozkrzewienie, obsada roślin i sucha masa części nadziemnych łanu były oceniane w fazie dojrzałości. Plon ziarna i masa tysiąca nasion były określane po zbiorze pszenicy. Wyniki wykazały, że różne cechy morfologiczne i parametry łanu wpływały na zdolności konkurencyjne testowanych odmian pszenicy ozimej w stosunku do chwastów. Wyróżniono grupę odmian o największej konkurencyjności i plonach: Julius, Skagen, Sailor, Jantarka, Smuga, najbardziej przydatne dla rolnictwa ekologicznego. Odmiany Muszelka, Banderola, Bamberka i KWS Ozon cechowały się najmniejszymi zdolnościami konkurencyjnymi w stosunku do chwastów. Odmiany Arkadia, Ostroga i orkisz Rokosz plonowały na najniższym poziomie. Przyczyną niskich plonów odmiany Arkadia było porażenie liści przez patogeny grzybowe.

19

Application of multiple linear regression for multi-criteria yield prediction of winter wheat

Niedbała G.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 4

125--131

EN

The aim of the work was to produce three independent models for prediction and simulation of winter wheat yield, which were marked in the following way: ReWW15_04, ReWW31_05 and ReWW30_06. The produced models enable to make yield forecasts for April 15, May 31 and June 30, directly before harvest in the current agrotechnical season. For the construction of prediction models the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method was used. The models are based on meteorological data (air temperature and rainfall) and information on mineral fertilisation. The data were collected from 2008- 2015 from 301 production fields located in Poland, in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship. Evaluation of the quality of forecasts based on MLR models was verified by determining forecast errors using RAE, RMS, MAE and MAPE error gauges. An important feature of the produced prediction model consists in the possibility of making a prediction in the current agrotechnical year on the basis of current weather and fertilizer information.

PL

Celem pracy było wytworzenie trzech niezależnych modeli do predykcji i symulacji plonu pszenicy ozimej, które oznaczono w następujący sposób: ReWW15_04, ReWW31_05 and ReWW30_06. Wytworzone modele umożliwiają wykonanie prognozy plonu na dzień 15 kwietnia, 31 maja i 30 czerwca, bezpośrednio przed zbiorem w aktualnie trwającym sezonie agrotechnicznym. Do budowy modeli predykcyjnych użyto metody liniowej regresji wielorakiej (MLR). Modele powstały w oparciu o dane meteorologiczne (temperatura powietrza i opady atmosferyczne) oraz informacje o nawożeniu mineralnym. Dane zostały zebrane z lat 2008-2015 z 301 pól produkcyjnych zlokalizowanych w Polsce, na terenie województwa Wielkopolskiego. Ocena jakości prognoz wytworzonych na bazie modeli MLR została zweryfikowana poprzez określenie błędów prognozy za pomocą mierników błędów RAE, RMS, MAE oraz MAPE. Ważną cechą wytworzonego modelu predykcyjnego jest możliwość wykonania prognozy w bieżącym roku agrotechnicznym w oparciu o aktualne informacje pogodowe i nawozowe.

20

Evaluation of irrigation efficiency in selected field crops grown in eastern Wielkopolska, Poland

Stachowski P., Liberacki D., Kozaczyk P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

649--658

EN

The paper presents results of a controlled field experiment with sprinkler irrigation of winter oilseed rape (Latin name) cv. Arsenal F1 Linagrain and winter wheat (Latin name) cv. Franz, conducted in the vegetation season of 2016 (dry in terms of the recorded precipitation total) on a family farm in Kobylata, the Kłodawa commune, the Wielkopolskie Province. Water requirement observed as early as April was balanced by sprinkler irrigation in seasonal application rates ranging from 75 mm (rape) to 105 mm (wheat). Sprinkling of winter rape was the factor having a highly significant effect on seed yield volume, on average from 4 plots amounting to 4.1 t·ha-1 and by 17.4% greater than the yield harvested in the non-irrigated plots (control) - of 0.6 t·ha-1. Winter wheat, at the application of sprinkler irrigation, also produced greater yields (by 24%) in comparison to the non-irrigated plots. Mean grain yield of wheat in the irrigated plots was by 1.9 t·ha-1 greater. Advisability of irrigation, apart from higher yielding, may also be indicated by water use efficiency in these crops. Every mm of sprinkled water caused an increase in of rape by 7.9 kg, while in wheat by 17.8 kg.