Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Jezydzi : trudny powrót do domu

Brylew Marek

Wiedza Obronna

|

2025

|

Nr 1

158--179

PL

Po tragicznych wydarzeniach z 2014 roku, kiedy Jezydzi w Iraku zostali poddani niespotykanej brutalnej przemocy ze strony Islamskiego Państwa Iraku i Lewantu, tysiące z nich zmuszonych zostało do opuszczenia kluczowego dla ich tożsamości kulturowej i religijnej Sindżaru. W artykule dokonano analizy powrotu Jezydów do Sindżaru po wyzwoleniu regionu, z uwzględnieniem wyzwań związanych z odbudową infrastruktury, brakiem bezpieczeństwa oraz traumą społeczności. Opierając się na dostępnych raportach i danych humanitarnych, a także doniesieniach prasowych, artykuł odnosi się także do występujących problemów w odbudowie regionu. Wnioski wskazują, że występują znaczne trudności w stworzeniu Jezydom odpowiednich warunków do powrotu, a władze Iraku i Regionu Kurdystanu nie udzielają wystarczającego w tym zakresie wsparcia. Proces ten wymaga także większego wsparcia na poziomie międzynarodowym. Badanie podkreśla znaczenie długoterminowej pomocy humanitarnej i skutecznych działań politycznych w zapewnieniu trwałego pokoju i stabilności w regionie ważnym dla Jezydów.

EN

After the tragic events of 2014, when Yazidis in Iraq were subjected to unprecedented brutal violence by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, thousands of them were forced to leave Sinjar, which is crucial to their cultural and religious identity. This article examines the return of Yazidis to Sinjar after the liberation of the region, taking into account the challenges related to the reconstruction of infrastructure, lack of security and trauma of the community. Based on available reports, humanitarian data, and press reports, the article also addresses the problems in the reconstruction of the region. The conclusions indicate that there are significant difficulties in creating appropriate conditions for the return of Yazidis, and that the authorities of Iraq and the Kurdistan Region do not provide sufficient support in this regard. This process also requires greater support at the international level. The study emphasises the importance of long-term humanitarian assistance and effective political actions in ensuring lasting peace and stability in the region, which is important for Yazidis.

2

A study on interstate freight mode choice between trucks and trains used to transport oil products: a case study of Iraq

Noor Hussein M., Asmael Noor M.

Transport Problems

|

2023

|

T. 18, z. 3

29--40

EN

Freight mode choice is an important stage in shipping demand modeling. Transporting oil products using trucks between cities has several issues, including increased risk of accidents, higher transportation costs, environmental impact, and traffic congestion. Due to the absence of local studies, in addition to the few global studies that deal with freight mode selection used to transport oil derivatives between cities, the aim of the study is to develop transport mode choice models for trucks and trains transporting oil products between the interstate capital of Baghdad and the government of Basra for export. The revealed preference survey was used for 277 goods transport data collected with the help of personal interviews, questionnaires, and government institutions. The collected data were processed using two statistical approaches: binary logistic regression and Firth logistic regression. The study’s findings assist decision-makers in selecting sustainable modes of transport.

3

The shoemaker spinefoot Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) in the marine waters of Iraq: second appearance and the northernmost record in the northern Indian Ocean

Jawad Laith, Abed Jassim, Resen Amjed Kadhum, Al-Yassein Rajaa, Kulw Ali M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2023

|

Vol. 52, No. 2

166--171

EN

A new record of Siganus sutor from inland artificial marine extension Shatt al-Basrah canal, south of Iraq, is reported.Two specimens were collected during an ichthyologic survey on 2 November 2021. The specimens are 127 and 129 mm in total length. This record from Iraqi waters represents the species’ second and northernmost appearance in thenorthern Indian Ocean.

4

Challenges and Issues in Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Development in Iraq

Al-Bakri Maythm, Fairbairn David

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 5

87--105

EN

This paper addresses the nature of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), considered as one of the most important concepts to ensure effective functioning in a modern society. It comprises a set of continually developing methods and procedures providing the geospatial base supporting a country’s governmental, environmental, economic, and social activities. In general, the SDI framework consists of the integration of various elements including standards, policies, networks, data, and end users and application areas. The transformation of previously paper-based map data into a digital format, the emergence of GIS, and the Internet and a host of online applications (e.g., environmental impact analysis, navigation, applications of VGI data, governmental efficiency drives) have led to huge leaps forward in SDI development. However, SDI progress can be held back by numerous challenges, both technical and non-technical. The paper outlines these challenges from the perspective of the country of Iraq, where there is an absence of a clear direction towards efficient SDI operation and a lack of knowledge for establishing and managing effective SDI. These challenges could be met by considering and resolving generic issues, identified by the experiences of other nations, by researchers, and by organisations. These issues are investigated and assessed by means of a questionnaire survey and interviews, directed towards important participants in the field of SDI development in the country. The results present the SDI issues in order of relevance to assist developers and users in solving potential SDI and data integration problems within Iraq.

5

Application of the Water Quality and Water Pollution Indexes for Assessing Changes in Water Quality of the Tigris River in the South Part of Iraq

Al-Bahathy Idrees A. A., Al-Janabi Zahraa Zahraw, Al-Ani Rana R., Maktoof Afrah A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, iss. 5

177--184

EN

Two water quality indices (WQI) were applied in the Tigris River using thirteen water quality parameters (pH, chlorides, sulfate, nitrate, salts, BOD5, iron, boron, zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium) in this study. They were calculated for the six years from 2008 to 2013 and then compared with sets of standard values of river maintaining systems. The results indicated that the water quality of the Tigris River for CCME-WQI was generally "Fair" to "Good" in 2008, 2009, and 2010 (CCME WQI range: 69.67–88.46) for all sites. CCME WQI values fell from "Marginal" to "Fair" in all sites over the last two years (2012 and 2013). WPI was "pure" to "Moderately polluted" from 2008–2011 (WPI range: 0.63–1.55) for all sites. Whereas, WPI values dropped to ranging from "Moderately polluted" to "polluted" (WPI range: 1.15–2.39) in all sites in 2012 and 2013. The effect of various human activities and dryness were evident on some parameters such as the heavy metals, Sulfate, Chlorides, Salts and Nitrate. Where their concentrations exceeded the permissible limits of the river maintaining system in most of the sites, and thus were the reason for the decline in the values of the indices. So, the monitoring of the Tigris River is important for proper management and for preserving this important water source.

6

Application of unmanned aerial systems in the air force

Cur Krzysztof, Gołda Paweł, Rurak Adam

Aviation and Security Issues

|

2023

|

No. 1

383--397

EN

The article discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in Iraq and Afghanistan. During the operation in Afghanistan the RQ-1A was used for the first time to carry out assault missions. The legal aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the Polish airspace are described. They determine the increase in the use of UAVs. The tasks that are and can be carried out by UAV in modern combat operations and the directions of their further development are also presented.

PL

W artykule omówiono wykorzystanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (BSP) w Iraku i Afganistanie. Podczas operacji w Afganistanie RQ-1A po raz pierwszy został użyty do wykonywania zadań szturmowych. Opisano prawne aspekty użycia bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w polskiej przestrzeni powietrznej. Determinują one wzrost wykorzystania BSP. Przedstawiono także zadania, jakie są i mogą być realizowane przez BSP we współczesnych działaniach bojowych oraz kierunki ich dalszego rozwoju.

7

Site suitability analysis for construction of an airport in the middle Euphrates - Iraq, using a GIS-based AHP technique

Manea Ali Kadhim

Archives of Civil Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 69, nr 1

469--494

EN

This article discusses in a simplified manner how to use the multiple functions of the Geographic Information System (GIS) to support the engineering decision for vital and important sites that require the decision-maker to have a high degree of certainty, such as the decision related to choosing the best location for the airport among several sites. This paper aims to provide a practical model that allows for a decision support system on how to adopt a GIS software by both its part Arc-Map and Arc-Catalog combined with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to make strategic decisions by spatial and non-spatial analysis to choose the appropriate site for the project as those related to choosing an airport location. Nineteenth criteria were considered to analyze the study area which is represented by three governorates of the middle Euphrates region in Iraq, Babil, Kerbala, and AL-Najaf. Finally, the research presented a practical and efficient approach for the decision maker to select the appropriate location for the airport based on the value of the highest suitability index.

8

Analysis and Simulation Performance of a Reverse Osmosis Plant in the Al-Maqal Port

Yousif Yasameen T., Abbas Abdulhussain A., Yaseen Dina Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 5

173--186

EN

The Basrah province (southern of Iraq) was interested in establishing desalination plants to provide drinking water due to the high levels of salinity in its water resources. This work was carried out in order to evaluate and simulate the functionality of the reverse osmosis plant in the Al-Maqal port. From the field and laboratory measurement, this study concluded that the considered parameters of product water by reverse osmosis (RO) plant were within the Iraqi standard (IRS) limits. The calculation of operation indices showed that the recovery rate of plant (72%) and the permeate flux of plant (20 lmh) was within for limitation of brackish surface water. In turn, the plant has a low salt rejection (90.1%) and a high pressure drop (5 bar); therefore, the membranes require backwashing or chemical cleaning. Then, the performance of RO membrane was simulated by the Winflows software. The best operating parameters were identified. The coefficient of determination (R2) between simulated and measured TDS was 0.83. Therefore, the simulated TDS of permeate multiplied by 5.3 was given a good estimation for actual TDS within acceptable an error rate of 17%.

9

Podróż do Fao

Kmiecik Jacek

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2022

|

nr 12

50--53

10

Ethnography of Iraq and American war

Qasim Sawsan Abdul-Munem

Wiedza Obronna

|

2021

|

nr 1

75--91

EN

This study shows the ethnography of the American-Iraqi conflict, and the tragedy events Iraq witnessed at that time. The study also explains the increasing interest of the United States in Iraq that has started for many years , extended ,and never seems to end. The political, economic ,and geographical reasons proved to be the major factors behind that hostility . The crises between US and Iraq escalated, especially after –9/11, when the American hostility has increased towards Arab in general, and Iraq in particular. The study is a qualitative review depending on American president s' observations authentic news ,media, books, and different articles to provide facts, definitions, basic concepts, terminology, and facts to the reader.

11

Spatiotemporal analysis of some extreme rainfall indices over Iraq (1981–2017)

Al-Lami Alaa M., Al-Timimi Yaseen K., Al-Shamarti Hasanain K. A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2021

|

Vol. 30, No. 2

221--235

EN

Extreme rainfall is one of the environmental hazards with disastrous effects on the human environment. Water resources management is very vulnerable to any changes in rainfall intensities. A spatiotemporal analysis is essential for study the impact of climate change and variability on extreme rainfall. In this study, daily rainfall data for 36 meteorological stations in Iraq during 1981–2017 were used to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of 10 extreme rainfall indices using RClimDex package. These indices were classified into two categories: rainfall total (PRCPTOT, SDII, R95p, R99p, RX1day, and RX5day) and rainfall days (CDD, CWD, R10, and R20). Depending on the mean annual precipitation data, the study area was divided into three climatic zones to examine the time series features of those 10 indices. Results showed a tendency to increase in precipitation toward the northwestern part of Iraq, and more than 70% of stations achieved a positive trend for most indices. The most frequent negative trend appeared in eight stations distributed in the western and southern parts of Iraq, namely (Heet, Haditha, Anah, Rutba, Qaim, Nukheb, Najaf, and Fao). A significant positive trend appeared obviously in PRCPTOT and R95p with a rate of 0.1–4.6 and 0.5–2.7 mm per year, respectively. Additionally, the least trend increasing appeared in all precipitation days indices specifically in R10 and R20. Time series analyses revealed a positive trend in all regions under study, except SDII in the southern region. The most significant rate of change was noticed in regions one and two (northern and middle parts of Iraq), particularly for PRCPTOT and R95p 3.26 and 2.45 mm per day, respectively. Only the northern and eastern regions of Iraq experienced a high probability of significant extreme rainfall.

12

Relation between CO2 emissions and crude oil combustion in Iraq

Hassan Ahmed S., Azeez Hasan M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2021

|

Vol. 30, No. 3

379--387

EN

Fossil fuel is the main source for CO2 emissions that causes global warming. This fact is the starting point for this paper, that consider on three different sources of data: crude oil used to calculate CO2 emissions for Iraq for the period from 1980 to 2018; annual data of total CO2 emissions available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) for Iraq and the world for the period from 1980 to 2014; and CO2 concentrations for Iraq for the period from 2002 to 2006 and for the world for the period from 1980 to 2018. The result is a multifaceted according to the dataset sources. Carbon dioxide emissions calculated from Iraqi crude oil was increased from 1.29 Mt in 2012 to 1.97 Mt in 2018. The world and Iraq CO2 emissions with different slop of average line that was 0.5 for world, 0.003 for Iraq, while increased exponential function from 2008 to 2014 to reach 36 and 0.17 Mt, respectively. The highest value of Iraqi CO2 concentration was 403 ppm in 2016, while the global CO2 concentrations slowly increased with slop line equal to 1.75 ppm per year, from minimum value of 338.6 ppm was in 1980, while maximum value of 407.05 ppm was in 2018, that’s mean no decreased in CO2 concentration unless emissions addressed.

13

Change on detection of vegetation cover and soil salinity using GIS technique in Diyala Governorate, Iraq

Adeeb Haneen Q., Al-Timimi Yaseen K.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2021

|

Vol. 30, No. 1

148--158

EN

Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of land degradation, that threatening the environmental, economic and social system. The aim of this study to detect the changes in soil salinity and vegetation cover for Diyala Governorate over the period from 2005 to 2020, through the use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and salinity index (SI) were used, which were applied to four of the Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI satellite imagery. The results showed an increase in soil salinity from 7.27% in the period 2005–2010 to 27.03% in 2015–2020, as well as an increase in vegetation from 10% to 24% in the same period. Also the strong inverse correlation between the NDVI and the SI showed that vegetation is significantly affected and directly influenced by soil salinity changes

14

Ontologia Iraku : spór o sztuczność państwa

Repetowicz Witold

Kwartalnik Bellona

|

2021

|

Nr 3

75--88

PL

Gdy Państwo Islamskie zajęło Mosul, pojawiły się opinie, że Irak jest tworem sztucznym i nieuchronny będzie jego rozpad. Wskazywano, że państwo to powstało w wyniku układu Sykes–Picot. W poglądach tych nie uwzględniano jednak ani historycznego faktu funkcjonowania pojęcia „Irak”, ani jego znaczenia, zwłaszcza w XIX wieku, ignorowano również powiązania wilajetów bagdadzkiego, mosulskiego i basryjskiego oraz rolę irackich nacjonalistów w doprowadzeniu do powstania Iraku w obecnych granicach. Tezę o sztuczności Iraku wykorzystywały inne państwa, zwłaszcza Wielka Brytania, do uzasadniania konieczności objęcia tego kraju protektoratem.

EN

After the Islamic State took over Mosul, Iraq was considered by some to have been an artificial creation, the disintegration of which would be imminent. It was argued that this country had been created in effect of the Sykes-Picot Agreement. However, those opinions ignored both, the fact of historical usage of the term ‘Iraq’ (and its meaning, especially in the 19th century), as well as the relations between Baghdad, Mosul and Basra vilayets and the role of Iraqi nationalists in the creation of Iraq within its present borders. A thesis about the artificiality of Iraq has been used by other countries, particularly Great Britain, to justify the necessity of a protectorate over this country.

15

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purposes using water quality index in Ali Al-Gharbi District, Iraq

Al-Shammary Sarteel Hamid Enad, Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid Maiws

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2021

|

no. 50

274--280

EN

The present study aimed to assess groundwater quality according to the water quality index (WQI) in Ali Al- Gharbi district of the Maysan Governorate in eastern Iraq. For this purpose, 10 physical parameters such as pH, total hardness (TH), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), sulphate (SO42–), chloride (Cl–), nitrate (NO3–), and total dissolved solids (TDSs) were examined since 2019 from 16 different locations (viz. wells). The analysis results indicated that 18.75% of the water samples were of good quality, 56.25% of them had low quality, and 25% of such samples were very poor. The WQI also varied from 69.67 and 297.6. Therefore, prior to water use, there is a dire need for some treatments, as protecting this district from pollution is significant.

16

Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric carbon monoxide during 2012 over Iraq

Abdulfattah Ibtihaj S., Rajab Jasim M., Al-Salihi Ali M., Suliman Aha, Lim Hwee S.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2020

|

Vol. 29, No. 2

184--195

EN

The atmospheric parameters observations enable to made continental and global scales by remote sensing devices existent in space. One of these instruments is the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite. We characterize the vertical distribution of troposphere carbon monoxide (CO) measured by AIRS over IRAQ. This study presents one year data. Results shown standard deviation of monthly troposphere CO for five locations: Baghdad, Basrah, Maysan, Al Fakka, and Mosul, from January to December 2012, was 107.15 ±18.75 ppbv for entire period depend on whether circumstance and topography. The seasonal differences undulate between winter and summer seasons, with higher values CO in the winter than in the summer and autumn seasons. In addition, the rising in troposphere CO values can be measured during year over the manufacturing and crowded urbanized zones. AIRS observations reveal enhanced abundances of CO, with values that can exceed 120 ppbv at approximately 4 km altitude over Baghdad and Mosul. The lower CO amounts observed of approximately 88–90 ppbv at 253 mb (altitude 11 km) during October. Comparisons over Baghdad station in 2012 showed close agreement between the ground CO data and the observed CO from AIRS, and regression result showed high correlation coefficient (R = 0.962). The vertical CO observation by AIRS is providing meaningful information for different altitude layers closer to the troposphere, and the satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere CO concentrations over varied regions.

17

Analysis of tropospheric NO2 over Iraq using OMI satellite measurements

Rajab Jasim M., Hassan Ahmed S., Kadhum Jasim H., Al-Salihi Ali M., San Lim Hwee

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2020

|

Vol. 29, No. 1

3--16

EN

Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a trace gas with important impact on atmospheric chemistry, human health and a key pollutant in particular cities, measured from space since the mid-1990s by the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments. This study present ten years (monthly and yearly averaged) dataset from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) used to investigate tropospheric NO2 characteristics and variations over Iraq during 2005–2014. Annual NO2 shows an elevation from the northern to the southern and highest values was at central parts of Iraq. Monthly distributions revels higher values NO2 in winter and summer than spring and autumn seasons, and rising NO2 throughout study period over industrial and crowded urban zones. The trend analysis over Baghdad shows a linear growth rate 9.8% per year with an annual average (5.6·1015 molecules per 1 cm2). The air mass trajectory analysis as hotspot regions shows seasonal fluctuations between winter and summer seasons depend on weather conditions and topography. The increased NO2 values in winter are due to anthropogenic emissions and subsequent plumes from Europe. In addition, in summer because of hot weather and large paddy fields emissions. The lowest NO2 value was at monsoon period mostly linked to the rains. The OMI data and satellite information are able to observe the troposphere NO2 elevation at different regions.

18

Analysis of the convective available potential energy by precipitation over Iraq using ECMWF data for the period of 1989–2018

Al-Taai Osama T., Abbood Zainab M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2020

|

Vol. 29, No. 2

196--211

EN

The Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) represents the amount of energy for a sample of air. The sample departs vertically within the atmosphere and through these values the potential energy to predict the extreme weather conditions such as storms, hurricanes, lightning and thunder. Data are taken by CAPE, convective precipitation (Cp) and total precipitation (Tp) from satellites recorded by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The choice of 30 years (1989–2018) over Iraq station between two latitudes (29.5°–37.22° N) and two longitudes (48.45°–38.45° E). Otherwise, we have studied total yearly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp over Iraq, the total monthly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp for the selected station, as well as the relationship between of CAPE, Cp and Tp for the selected station. The results showed that the highest total yearly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp over Iraq was included northern stations and lowest was included central and southern stations. The highest total monthly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp for Zakho station. The relationship between the CAPE and Cp is positive and the relationship between CAPE and Tp is positive too at five stations but Mosul station represents very high correlation while Zakho station represents the low correlation.

19

First Report on Fusarium brachygibbosum Isolate FIR 16_ITS Isolated from Iraqi Wheat Plant

Ali Hamdia Z., Hameed Mahdi S., Abdulrahman Abdulrahman A., Saood Hutham M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2020

|

Vol. 21, nr 3

81--86

EN

In this study, the Fusarium Brachygibbosum fungus isolate FIR 16_ITS was isolated for the first time from the infected wheat plants in Iraq, during the winter of 2018, in the AL-Tewatha region – 20 km south east of Baghdad. In order to verify the identity of the species of the F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS with the growth symptoms on the wheat plants, the wheat seeds and tissue plants were obtained and used as a source for the re-isolation of the infection agent. F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS was hardly identified using visual approach. However, a molecular technique is important in verifying the species of F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS. The isolate obtained was used for the extraction of DNA and later used for the molecular identification and phylogenetic analyses based on rDNA-internal transcribed region (ITS) primer sets. The authors successfully obtained the amplified products of the ITS-rDNA region, and a sequence analysis indicated that the Fusarium sp. isolate FIR 16_ITS species screened in this study belonged to the F. brachygibbosum species. It was recorded in the NCBI under the following information NCBI; BioSample; Accession no.; SAMN11408139; ID: 11408139 and NCBI; BioProject; Accession no.; PRJNA532637; ID: 679434 (Locus Tag Prefix; E7750).

20

Rentier economy of the Kurdish Region in Iraq as a source of barriers for the Regional Security Sector Reform

Sosnowski Piotr

Security and Defence Quarterly

|

2019

|

Vol. 23, No. 1

144--157

EN

Despite the uncertainty about the Peshmerga’s status, western countries besides training and arming the Iraqi Kurds are working with them to reform Peshmerga forces. The aim of this article is to identify and explain some of the barriers for the Regional Security Sector Reform which comes from oil dependence. The author assumed that explaining the historical context of some of the barriers emerging could be helpful during the reform planning process.