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1

Wentylacja mechaniczna w szkołach i placówkach edukacyjnych – zdrowie, komfort i efektywność energetyczna

Czernik Damian

Izolacje

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2026

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T. 31, nr 1

102--105

PL

W artykule wyjaśniono najważniejsze korzyści wynikające z zastosowania wentylacji mechanicznej w placówkach edukacyjnych oraz omówiono wybrane rozwiązania techniczne stosowane w praktyce.

EN

This article explains the most important benefits of using mechanical ventilation in educational institutions and discusses selected technical solutions used in practice.

2

Szybkość dostarczania czystego powietrza i skuteczność usuwania cząstek aerozoli jako wskaźniki oczyszczania powietrza w budynkach

Jankowski Tomasz, Kamocki Szymon

Instal

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2026

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nr 5

26--32

PL

Jakość powietrza wewnętrznego w budynkach jest ściśle powiązana z eliminowaniem źródeł zanieczyszczeń powietrza oraz regulowaniem stężenia szkodliwych czynników chemicznych, pyłowych i biologicznych w poszczególnych pomieszczeniach. Istotną rolę w poprawie jakości powietrza mogą odgrywać wentylacja i klimatyzacja. W przypadku gdy pomieszczenia są słabo wentylowane, rozwiązaniem może być zastosowanie oczyszczaczy powietrza. Wysokie oczekiwania użytkowników oraz szeroki wybór oczyszczaczy powietrza dostępnych na rynku determinują konieczność oceny skuteczności urządzeń do oczyszczania powietrza, zarówno projektowanych, jak i już użytkowanych, w warunkach rzeczywistych, na rynku krajowym i międzynarodowym. W badaniach potwierdzono, że oczyszczacze powietrza mogą oczyszczać powietrze zgodnie z wyznaczonym parametrem CADR w stabilnych warunkach otoczenia, a także umożliwiają obniżenie stężenia pyłów zawieszonych PM10, PM2,5, PM1 oraz cząstek ultradrobnych, poniżej 700 nm, w rzeczywistych i zmiennych warunkach środowiskowych pomieszczeń przeznaczonych na pobyt ludzi.

EN

Indoor air quality in buildings is closely linked to eliminating sources of air pollution and regulating the concentration of harmful chemical, particulate, and biological agents in individual rooms. Ventilation and air conditioning can play a significant role in improving air quality. Where rooms are poorly ventilated, the use of air purifiers can provide a solution. High user expectations and the wide selection of air purifiers available on the market dictate the need to assess the effectiveness of air purification devices being designed or already in use under real-world conditions, both domestically and internationally. Studies have confirmed that air purifiers can purify air in accordance with the designated CADR parameter under stable ambient conditions, while also reducing the concentration of suspended PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and ultrafine particles (below 700 nm) under the actual and variable environmental conditions of a room intended for human occupation.

3

Ocena działania filtrów powietrza w centralach HVAC budynków

Jankowski Tomasz, Kamocki Szymon

Instal

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2026

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nr 2

38--43

PL

Nowoczesne budynki charakteryzują się złożoną konstrukcją, różnorodnymi przestrzeniami o różnych funkcjach, co utrudnia zapewnienie odpowiedniej wentylacji, klimatyzacji i jakości powietrza w całym budynku. Systemy HVAC stanowią pierwszy etap w oczyszczaniu powietrza z zawieszonych zanieczyszczeń. Kluczowym elementem central HVAC są wielostopniowe układy filtracji powietrza składające się z filtrów powietrza. Artykuł przedstawia, w jaki sposób przeprowadzić kontrolę okresową układów filtracji powietrza w warunkach użytkowania central HVAC budynków. Poprawność działania przykładowego filtra powietrza została przetestowana w warunkach użytkowania w centrali HVAC jednego z budynków w Warszawie. Zmierzona wartość oporu przepływu powietrza stanowiła 60% wartości granicznej, a filtr powietrza usuwał aerozole nadal ze skutecznością filtracji zbliżoną do danych producenta (PM1 65%, PM2,5 70%, PM10 90%). Opracowane w CIOP-PIB stanowisko badawcze stanowi niezbędną podstawę do określania parametrów użytkowych filtrów powietrza w centralach HVAC.

EN

Modern units are characterized by their design, diverse spaces, and various functions, which enable them to ensure adequate ventilation, air conditioning and air quality throughout the building. HVAC systems include the first stage of air purification, removing suspended particles. The key element of the HVAC unit is the multi-stage air filtration system, which consists of air filters. This article describes how to conduct periodic inspections of air filtration systems in the operating conditions of building HVAC units. The correct operation of a sample air filter was tested under operating conditions in the HVAC unit of a building in Warsaw. The measured airflow resistance was 60% of the limit value, and the air filter continued to remove aerosols with filtration efficiencies close to the manufacturer’s specifications (PM1: 65%, PM2.5: 70%, PM10: 90%). The test stand developed at CIOP-PIB provides an essential basis for determining the performance parameters of air filters in HVAC units.

4

Analysis of the quality of vehicle fleet data as input for modeling emissions and dispersion of pollutants emitted by combustion engine vehicles

Skrętowicz Maria

Combustion Engines

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2026

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R. 65, nr 2

206--212

EN

Reliable modeling of emissions and dispersion of pollutants emitted in exhaust gases from motor vehicles is highly challenging due to the presence of multiple variables and inconsistencies in input data quality across different stages of the process. This article focuses on the vehicle fleet. It has been demonstrated that the structure of the vehicle fleet in a given area varies depending on the data collection methods and sources, which ultimately determines the dispersion results. This issue becomes particularly significant in urban environments, where the intensity of road traffic is high, and ventilation conditions are often poor, partly due to the formation of street canyons by dense urban development. The modeling was conducted at a selected intersection in Wrocław for various fleet structure scenarios. The results were compared with the results of pollutant concentrations from a nearby air quality monitoring station. The Copert emission model and emission factors from the European EMEP/Corinair database were used. In contrast, the GRAL model, a CFD model (suitable for urban dispersion modeling), was used to simulate pollution dispersion.

5

Impact of reducing the number of solid fuel devices in Kraków in 2012–2018 on air quality

Kaszowski Kamil, Godłowska Jolanta, Kaszowski Wiesław

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2025

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Nr 93 (tom 1)

23--42

EN

The study evaluates the impact of reducing emissions from solid-fuel heating devices on PM10 concentrations in Kraków, using data from 2012, 2015, and 2018. The AROME/MM5/CALMET/ CALPUFF modelling system (Scire et al. 2000a,b) was employed to estimate PM10 concentrations resulting solely from use of solid-fuel furnaces and boiler houses under two distinct meteorological scenarios — one representing a relatively cold year (2012) and another a relatively warm year (2018). The modelling was performed on a high-resolution 100 m grid and generated estimates of daily and annual average PM10 concentrations, as well as maximum daily values. By comparing the results for the three years, the ecological effect defined as the reduction in annual average PM10 concentrations over the periods 2012–2015, 2015–2018, and 2012–2018 was quantified. Notably, eliminating solidfuel heating sources between 2015 and 2018 produced a fourfold reduction in area-averaged annual PM10 concentrations from 25.8 μg/m³ in 2012 to 5.6 μg/m³ in 2018 in the cold meteorological year CY (2012) and from 22.8 μg/m³ in 2012 to 5 μg/m³ in 2018 year in the warm meteorological year WY (2018). Moreover, all daily averages fell below 27 μg/m³, and the maximum daily PM10 concentrations exceeded on 10% of the city area — which reached 254 μg/m³ (170 μg/m³ in a warm year) in 2015 — declined to 66 μg/m³ (44 μg/m³ in a warm year) by 2018 in a cold meteorological scenario. These results demonstrate that targeted measures to reduce solid-fuel emissions can substantially improve urban air quality.

6

Assessment of selected fractions of suspended particulate matter in exercise rooms in selected fire stations

Patyk Marta, Wąsik Wiktor

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2025

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Nr 96 (tom 1)

263--283

EN

The aim of the study was to analyse and compare air quality in exercise rooms located in selected Fire Stations in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Masovian provinces. Based on the conducted measurements concentrations of selected fractions of suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were assessed in gym rooms in the selected Fire Stations. The study showed that the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in various types of firefighters’ exercise rooms have not been exceeded. Moreover, the analyses indicated that the key parameters influencing suspended particulate concentration in the tested rooms include ventilation conditions, personnel movement, and the nature of the activities performed. The results obtained can be used in further research to assess the health risks faced by firefighters exposed to polluted air.

7

Sezonowa zmienność źródeł pyłów zawieszonych na przykładzie Krakowa

Skiba Alicja, Styszko Katarzyna, Samek Lucyna, Gorczyca Zbigniew, Zimnoch Mirosław, Różański Kazimierz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2025

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[Z] 79, 1-2

101--117

EN

We are observing a long-term trend, which is the growing interest of scientists and the general public, in air quality and air pollution, both in Poland and around the world. The deterioration of air quality is influenced by both anthropogenic and natural factors. The most well-known sources of anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere include the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, transportation, industry, as well as agricultural activities. Natural sources include, for example, grass pollen, soil erosion, wildfires, and volcanic emissions. One of the primary pollutants emitted into the atmosphere is particulate matter (PM) – an aerosol with a complex composition. It may contain chemical compounds considered carcinogenic, and long-term exposure to high concentrations can lead to adverse health effects. Therefore, in 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommended limits for particulate matter fractions PM10 and PM2.5. In the doctoral dissertation of Alicja Skiba entitled „Seasonal variability of air pollution sources in Kraków during the period of 2018-2019, based on analyses of chemical and isotopic composition”, the sources of particulate matter in a major urban center – Krakow, were studied. Two particulate matter fractions (PM1 and PM10) were analyzed, with daily samples collected between April 21, 2018, and March 19, 2019. These samples underwent the following analyses: ion chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermo-optical analysis of OC/EC, and mass spectrometry (AMS and IRMS). The results were interpreted using methods such as positive matrix factorization (PMF). The application of PMF revealed five emission sources: coal and biomass(solid fuel) combustion, secondary inorganic aerosols, road emissions, soil matter, industry and other unidentified sources. The results showed significant variability in emissions from coal and biomass combustion between the heating and non-heating seasons (a substantial increase from several percent to as much as 41%). Industrial emissions exhibited a relatively stable contribution throughout the year, ranging from approximately 14% to 24%, depending on the fraction and season.

8

Seasonal Variability Analysis of PM10 Pollution in 2020-2023 in Selected Health Resorts

Basta Emilia, Horowska Wiktoria, Golonka Monika, Wiewiórska Iwona, Ciuła Józef

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2025

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Tom 27

599--619

EN

Air pollution with PM10 particulate matter is a serious problem not only in cities but also in health resorts, particularly during the heating season. Air pollution has serious health consequences. Long-term exposure to suspended particulate matter can increase the risk of upper respiratory tract and cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to analyze the seasonal variability of PM10 pollution between 2020 and 2023 in health resorts in southern Poland. Health resorts such as Rabka-Zdrój (a mountain health resort), Rymanów-Zdrój (a foothill health resort), Iwonicz-Zdrój, and Solec-Zdrój (a lowland health resort) became the subject of study. Despite the lack of exceedances of the alarm level, a significant local abundance of permissible daily standards was observed in the analyzed health resorts. It might have an impact on the ecological and health safety of residents. In February and March, during the analyzed period, the highest levels of PM10 dust concentrations were recorded.

9

Assessment of the Air Environment in Open-Pit Coal Mining Area in Cam Pha Region, Quang Ninh Province

Thuy Thanh Thi Tran, Huy Khanh Pham, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Hai Thi Do

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 2

691--701

EN

Quang Ninh is the main coal mining province in Vietnam, with open-pit coal mining activities concentrated in the Cam Pha area. Coal mining activities, on the one hand, bring about economic development for the locality, but on the other hand, also cause impacts on the landscape, ecology, and environment, generating dust, noise, emissions, and potential risks of environmental incidents. By collecting and synthesizing documents, conducting field surveys, consulting with the community, and analyzing statistics, the research has summarized the air environment issues in the open-pit coal mining area of Cam Pha, identifying sources of impact on air quality. The main source of dust and gas is concentrated in the coal mining site area because, to carry out coal mining activities in open-pit mines, it is necessary to remove the soil and rock covering the surface using large machinery, such as excavators and blasting drills. Additionally, dust and gas emissions are generated by vehicles transporting waste soil and rock from the mining area to the dumping areas. The air environment in the open-pit coal mining area in Cam Pha is affected by total suspended particulate matter, exhaust gas, and explosive gas, especially in the dry season. In particular, the monitoring results of high dust concentrations are concentrated in the opening coal area, the transportation route, and the screening area. The study also synthesizes the technological measures currently being used in dust control and reducing emissions into the environment at current open-pit coal mining units. From there, the researchers proposed mining management solutions, implementing measures to minimize dust emissions to protect air quality in the Cam Pha area, ensuring sustainable economic development for the coal industry and Quang Ninh province.

10

Od ozonu do kwasu azotowego: technologia pozorów w domowych ozonatorach

Paleczek Witold

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 10

35-37

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krytyczną analizę działania domowych „ozonatorów”, które w rzeczywistości funkcjonują jako reaktory tlenków azotu (NOx), a nie kontrolowane generatory ozonu (O3). Porównanie z urządzeniami przemysłowymi wykazało, że brak kontroli parametrów reakcji, medium gazowego oraz stężenia produktów prowadzi do powstawania mieszaniny gazów reaktywnych, w tym kwasu azotowego (HNO3). Opisano mechanizmy chemiczne zachodzące w łuku elektrycznym w powietrzu, wskazując na silne powinowactwo NOx do wody oraz ich cytotoksyczne i potencjalnie kancerogenne działanie. Zwrócono uwagę na błędne utożsamianie zapachu NOx z ozonem oraz na marketingowe narracje, które promują wodę „ozonowaną” jako bezpieczną do spożycia. Artykuł stanowi apel o rewizję języka technologicznego, uregulowanie rynku urządzeń generujących reaktywne gazy oraz edukację społeczną w zakresie rzeczywistego działania tych urządzeń.

EN

This article presents a critical analysis of domestic “ozonators,” which in practice function as nitrogen oxide (NOx) reactors rather than controlled ozone (O3) generators. Based on a comparison with industrial devices, it is demonstrated that the lack of control over reaction parameters, gas medium, and product concentrations leads to the formation of a reactive gas mixture, including nitric acid (HNO3). The chemical mechanisms occurring in electric arc discharge in air are described, highlighting the strong affinity of NOx for water and their cytotoxic and potentially carcinogenic effects. Attention is drawn to the common misidentification of NOx odor as ozone and to marketing narratives that promote “ozonated” water as safe for consumption. The article calls for a revision of technological language, regulation of the market for devices generating reactive gases, and public education regarding the actual functioning and health risks of such equipment.

11

Jakość powietrza w regionach górskich: studium przypadku gminy Rajcza, Polska

Szatyłowicz Ewa, Juraszek Szymon, Chrabołowska Marlena, Siemieniuk Anna

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 7-8

29-36

PL

(PM2.5 i PM10) w okresie od września do grudnia 2023 roku. Podkreśla, że choć rozwój przemysłowy poprawił jakość życia, to przyczynił się również do poważnych problemów środowiskowych, takich jak zanieczyszczenie powietrza, zwłaszcza przez PM2.5 i PM10, które stanowią zagrożenie dla zdrowia. Analiza jakości powietrza uwzględnia sezonowe zmiany i wpływ warunków meteorologicznych, głównie temperatury i wilgotności, na stężenie PM. Wskazuje lokalne źródła ogrzewania i ruch drogowy jako kluczowe czynniki przyczyniające się do zanieczyszczenia w gminie. Badanie podkreśla znaczenie monitorowania jakości powietrza w celu ochrony zdrowia publicznego i środowiska, opowiadając się za działaniami mającymi na celu redukcję emisji i poprawę jakości powietrza.

EN

The article assesses air quality in the mountainous Rajcza commune in Poland, focusing on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) pollution from September to December 2023. It highlights that while industrial development has improved life, it has also led to significant environmental problems like air pollution, especially from PM2.5 and PM10, which pose health risks. The study analyzes air quality, noting seasonal variations and the influence of meteorological conditions, mainly temperature and humidity, on PM concentrations. It identifies local heating sources and traffic as key contributors to pollution in the commune. The study underscores the importance of monitoring air quality to protect public health and the environment, advocating for measures to reduce emissions and improve air quality.

12

Assessing the effect of specific plants on indoor carbon dioxide levels

Dabbour Loai, Shaban Nabeel Abu

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 3

81--86

EN

Indoor environments, where people spend nearly 90% of their lives, significantly influence health and well-being through air quality, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. This study investigates the role of indoor plants in modulating CO2 levels under controlled light and temperature conditions. Three indoor plants – Bonsai, Dieffenbachia, and Yucca – were positioned inside a glass-walled compartment to prevent direct sunlight while providing sufficient illumination, simulating typical indoor light conditions. CO2 concentrations were monitored using CO2 Datalogger, which recorded data every 5 minutes. The results demonstrate that all tested plants effectively reduced CO2concentrations, with Dieffenbachia showing the most substantial decrease, followed by Yucca and Bonsai. This research highlights the potential of indoor plants not only to enhance indoor air quality but also contribute to health and productivity by mitigating CO2 accumulation, offering a sustainable strategy to improve environmental conditions in indoor spaces.

13

Achieving low energy architecture from poor air quality in highland wooden houses at PM 2.5 content

Yuliani Sri, Hermawan, Svanjlenka Jozef, Lake Reginaldo Christophori

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 9

200--210

EN

Waste of energy is a global problem that is included in the field of architecture. Material selection is one of the factors that need to be considered in order to create an energy-efficient residential house. Residential houses with wooden walls are sustainable and energy efficient. Residents of wooden houses in the highlands use to heat their rooms. The use of fireplace creates smoke, which causes poor indoor air quality. The purpose of this research is to reveal the air quality in wooden houses and the achievement of energy efficient houses. The study used a quantitative method by measuring the PM 2.5 variable which is the indoor air quality variable. The research object is 39 wooden houses in the highlands. Measurements were carried out in four rooms, namely outdoor, terrace, living room and kitchen. Data analysis was performed using graphical methods and statistical tests. The results showed that the PM 2.5 content in wooden houses was relatively high and could affect the health of the occupants. Adjustment of residential elements can be a solution in overcoming poor air quality in wooden-walled residential houses that use traditional fireplaces. This research presents a novel approach by combining energy efficiency analysis with direct measurements of indoor air pollutants (PM 2.5) in traditional wooden houses, a topic that remains underexplored in existing architectural and environmental health research.

14

Spersonalizowane systemy kontroli środowiska (PECS) jako klucz do indywidualizacji komfortu cieplnego w nowoczesnym budownictwie

Fuhrmann Mirella, Lipczyńska Aleksandra, Ferdyn-Grygierek Joanna

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2025

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T. 56, nr 6

17--23

PL

Współczesne budynki stawiają wysokie wymagania w zakresie komfortu użytkowników i efektywności energetycznej, jednak w praktyce zapewnienie satysfakcji wszystkim osobom przebywającym w pomieszczeniach nadal pozostaje wyzwaniem. Ze względu na znaczne różnice w indywidualnym odczuwaniu warunków środowiskowych przez poszczególne osoby, coraz większą uwagę poświęca się Spersonalizowanym Systemom Kontroli Środowiska (PECS, ang. Personal Environmental Control Systems). Systemy te umożliwiają lokalną regulację mikroklimatu w bezpośrednim otoczeniu użytkownika zgodnie z jego preferencjami, co pozwala zwiększyć komfort cieplny, poprawić jakość powietrza oraz zoptymalizować zużycie energii. W artykule omówiono wpływ środowiska wewnętrznego na zdrowie, komfort i produktywność użytkowników budynków. Zwrócono uwagę na ograniczenia tradycyjnych systemów ogrzewania, wentylacji i klimatyzacji i przedstawiono zalety rozwiązań PECS. Przedstawiono także przykłady komercyjnych wdrożeń PECS oraz wyniki pilotażowych badań prowadzonych na Politechnice Śląskiej. W artykule podkreślono potrzebę dalszych badań nad integracją PECS z inteligentnymi systemami zarządzania budynkiem (BMS) oraz optymalizacją algorytmów sterowania, aby w pełni wykorzystać ich potencjał w kontekście zdrowia publicznego, komfortu użytkowników i efektywności energetycznej budynków.

EN

Modern buildings impose high demands on user comfort and energy efficiency. However, in practice, ensuring satisfaction for all occupants remains a challenge. Due to significant differences in how individuals perceive environmental conditions, increasing attention is being given to Personal Environmental Control Systems (PECS). These systems enable local adjustment of the microclimate in the user’s immediate surroundings according to their preferences, which helps to increase thermal comfort, improve air quality, and optimize energy consumption. The article discusses the impact of the indoor environment on the health, comfort, and productivity of building occupants. It highlights the limitations of traditional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems and presents the advantages of PECS solutions. The article also reviews examples of commercial PECS implementations and the results of pilot studies conducted at the Silesian University of Technology. It emphasizes the need for further research on integrating PECS with intelligent Building Management Systems (BMS) and optimizing control algorithms to fully harness their potential in terms of public health, user comfort, and building energy efficiency.

15

Przegląd obowiązujących regulacji dotyczących „Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii” i „Jakości Powietrza” w świetle informacji z elektronicznej bazy prawnej

Arkuszewska-Gomulak Anna, Cichowicz Robert

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2025

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T. 56, nr 11

37--41

PL

Zagadnienia dotyczące „Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii” i „Jakości Powietrza” stanowią obecnie przedmiot zainteresowania zarówno środowisk naukowych, jak i decydentów politycznych, samorządów, organizacji społecznych oraz różnych osób prywatnych, ze względu na ich bezpośredni wpływ na zdrowie publiczne oraz funkcjonowanie ekosystemów. Z tego powodu autorzy artykułu postanowili przeanalizować „skalę” tego oddziaływania i wskazać częstotliwości pojawiania się takich terminów jak: „Odnawialne Źródła Energii” i „Jakość Powietrza” w Systemie Informacji Prawnej LEX – Wolters Kluwer. W efekcie przeprowadzono ilościową ocenę stanu aktów prawnych, orzeczeń sądowych i administracyjnych, a także powiązanych dziedzin prawa i administracji z wybranymi zagadnieniami. Dzięki temu dokonano analizy różnic i podobieństw dla obu haseł w polskim prawodawstwie. Przedstawione wyniki mogą stanowić fundament do identyfikacji tzw. „luk legislacyjnych” i wspierać zrównoważony rozwój środowiska z wykorzystaniem nowych technologii.

EN

Issues related to ‘Renewable Energy Sources’ and ‘Air Quality’ are currently the subject of interest of both scientific circles and political decision-makers, local governments, social organizations, and various private individuals, due to their direct impact on public health and the functioning of ecosystems. For this reason, the authors of the article decided to analyze the ‘scale’ of this impact and indicate the frequency of occurrence of terms such as ‘Renewable Energy Sources’ and ‘Air Quality’ in the LEX Legal Information System – Wolters Kluwer. As a result, a quantitative assessment of the status of legal acts, court and administrative rulings, as well as related areas of law and administration with selected issues was carried out. This allowed for an analysis of the differences and similarities for both terms in Polish legislation. The results presented may serve as a basis for identifying so-called ‘legislative gaps’ and supporting sustainable environmental development through the use of new technologies.

16

Jakość powietrza w pomieszczeniach sypialnych w różnych porach roku

Blaszczok Monika, Adamczyk Oskar

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2025

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T. 56, nr 6

24--29

PL

Jakość powietrza wewnątrz sypialni ma bezpośredni wpływ na jakość snu użytkowników tych pomieszczeń. Zapewnienie komfortu cieplnego oraz niskiego stężenia CO2 w pomieszczeniach, gdzie wymianę powietrza zapewnia wentylacja naturalna może być w niektórych okresach roku niemożliwe. W okresie zimowym dość łatwo jest kształtować temperaturę wewnętrzną za pomocą ogrzewania zaopatrzonego w termostaty, jednak często w tym okresie stężenie CO2 przekracza zalecane 1000 ppm, z powodu niskiej skuteczności działania wentylacji (szczelne okna) i rzadkiego wietrzenia pomieszczeń z powodu złej jakości powietrza zewnętrznego, jak i szybkiego wychładzania pomieszczeń. Z kolei latem dużo łatwiej utrzymać niskie stężenie CO2 w pomieszczeniach, gdyż bardzo często stosowane jest wietrzenie pomieszczeń, jednak wysoka temperatura powietrza zewnętrznego i brak instalacji chłodzenia w budynkach nie pozwala na utrzymanie komfortowej temperatury wewnątrz pomieszczeń. Celem badań było sprawdzenie jak w różnych okresach roku można zapewnić warunki komfortowego snu w sypialniach i jakie były preferencje oraz odczucia cieplne użytkowników tych pomieszczeń zlokalizowanych w budynku z wentylacją naturalną.

EN

The air quality inside the bedroom has a direct impact on the quality of the user’s sleep. Providing thermal comfort and low CO2 concentration in rooms where air exchange is ensured by natural ventilation may be impossible in some periods of the year. In winter, it is quite easy to assure proper indoor temperature using a heating system with thermostats, but often in this period the CO2 concentration exceeds the recommended 1000 ppm, due to the low efficiency of ventilation (tight windows) and infrequent ventilation of rooms by opening window due to poor outdoor air quality, as well as rapid cooling of rooms. In turn, in summer it is much easier to maintain a low CO2 concentration in rooms, because opening the window is very common, but the high outdoor air temperature and lack of cooling installations in buildings do not allow maintaining a comfortable temperature inside the rooms. The aim of the study was to check how to ensure comfortable sleep conditions in bedrooms in different periods of the year and what were the preferences and thermal sensations of the users of these rooms located in a building with natural ventilation.

17

Multidisciplinary environmental assessment of oil refinery activities in Erbil, Iraq: Implications for water, soil, air, and human health

Dilekoglu Mehmed Fatih, Ahmed Murad Khan Mahmood, Hamed Masoud Hussein, Jirjees Shevan

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

78--90

EN

This study presents an extensive environmental impact assessment of the Erbil Oil Refinery, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The evaluation included surface water, groundwater, soil, and air quality analyses to identify the ecological and public health implications of refinery operations. Surface water samples from the Greater Zab River revealed elevated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and copper concentrations downstream from the refinery, suggesting localized organic and heavy metal contamination. Groundwater analysis from six wells detected widespread exceedance of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), arsenic, and lead beyond Iraqi permissible limits, indicating serious risks to potable water safety. Air quality monitoring showed high concentrations of PM₂.₅ exceeding USEPA standards, particularly near the refinery, while PM₁₀ remained within safe limits in most seasons. Soil samples collected from eight sites demonstrated significant petroleum hydrocarbon presence and elevated levels of trace metals such as lead and copper near the refinery. Using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) indices, surface water and groundwater were classified as "fair" to "good", while soil quality ranged from "medium" to "low". The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, remediation strategies, and long-term monitoring to protect environmental and human health in Erbil.

18

Assessment of heating boiler replacement effectiveness in reducing PM10 and PM2.5 emissions : a case study of the Pszczyna Commune, Silesia, Poland

Piekarska-Stachowiak Anna, Strzelecka-Jastrząb Ewa, Polok Magdalena, Woźnica Joanna, Lipowczan Marcin, Dzida Aleksander, Woźnica Andrzej

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

159--177

EN

The Pszczyna commune in southern Poland has long faced poor air quality, especially during the heating season. This study assesses the effectiveness of a local policy to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by replacing old solid-fuel boilers with low- or zero-emission systems. Using data on air quality from monitoring stations for the two years 2020 and 2023 as well as meteorological records, and administrative reports on the scale and scope of boiler replacements, the analysis applies statistical comparisons, meteorological normalization, and regression analysis to isolate commune policy effects from weather variability. Results show a significant reduction in PM levels, particularly in winter, with PM10 decreasing by over 30% and PM2.5 by up to about 40%. These findings confirm the effectiveness of targeted residential heating interventions and highlight how local actions, supported by regional and national funding, can yield measurable environmental and health benefits within a short period. Continued monitoring and public engagement are essential to sustaining air quality improvements.

PL

Gmina Pszczyna zlokalizowana w południowej Polsce od dawna zmaga się z niską jakością powietrza, szczególnie w sezonie grzewczym. Niniejsze badania oceniają skuteczność lokalnej polityki redukcji stężeń pyłów PM10 i PM2,5 poprzez wymianę starych kotłów na paliwo stałe na systemy niskoemisyjne lub zeroemisyjne. Wykorzystując dane ze stacji monitorujących jakość powietrza (2020 i 2023), dane meteorologiczne oraz raporty administracyjne dotyczące skali i zakresu wymiany kotłów, analiza wykorzystuje porównania statystyczne, normalizację danych meteorologicznych oraz analizę regresji, aby oddzielić skutki polityki od zmienności pogody. Wyniki wskazują na znaczną redukcję poziomów pyłu zawieszonego, szczególnie zimą, przy czym poziom PM10 spada o ponad 30%, a PM2,5 nawet o 40% w rozpatrywanych latach. Potwierdza to skuteczność interwencji ukierunkowanych na wymianę ogrzewania budynków mieszkalnych i podkreśla, jak lokalne działania, wspierane finansowaniem regionalnym i krajowym, mogą przynieść wymierne korzyści dla środowiska i zdrowia w krótkim okresie. Ciągły monitoring i zaangażowanie społeczne są niezbędne dla utrzymania poprawy jakości powietrza.

19

Time series prediction of aerosol optical depth across the northern Indian region : integrating PSO-optimized SARIMA-SVR based on MODIS data

Panicker Naumi Krishna K., Valarmathi J.

Acta Geophysica

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2025

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Vol. 73, no. 2

2097--2126

EN

Accurately predicting aerosol optical depth (AOD), a key parameter for characterizing atmospheric aerosols, is essential due to the increasing prevalence of air pollution and its detrimental effects. From existing literature on AOD time-series prediction, linear models like seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) are commonly used, while nonlinear models such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have gained popularity recently for their ability to handle nonlinear patterns. This study introduces a hybrid model, particle swarm optimization-seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average-support vector regression (PSOSARIMA-PSOSVR), which integrates linear and nonlinear modeling through residual modeling to significantly enhance AOD prediction accuracy. By combining these approaches, we aim to better handle the nonlinearities and overall variability in AOD data, leading to more accurate predictions. To address hyperparameter tuning challenges, including the risks of model misspecification and overfitting or underfitting, PSO is utilized for optimization. PSO’s evolutionary optimization ensures efficient tuning for optimal model performance. Monthly AOD data sourced from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite covering the northern Indian region from 2001 to 2019 is used for experiments. Performance metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), coefficient of determination ( ), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and root mean square error ratio (RSR) are employed to evaluate model accuracy and dependability. The results of this study illustrate that the proposed PSOSARIMA-PSOSVR model outperforms both standalone PSOSARIMA and PSOSVR models. Moreover, it consistently surpasses SARIMA, SVR, and long short-term memory (LSTM) in AOD prediction, effectively addressing non-stationarity and variability challenges in AOD data. This study suggests the hybrid model as a promising approach for improving the accuracy of AOD prediction.

20

Investigating indoor air quality in training room environments of a technical university sports facilities

Melaniuk-Wolny Edyta, Widziewicz-Rzońca Kamila

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 89 (tom 1)

37--62

EN

Air quality analyses were conducted in sports facilities at the Silesian University of Technology in Poland, with specific focus on training rooms occupied by students. The study aimed to assess the impact of indoor air quality (IAQ) on human health, taking into consideration various ventilation methods and the number of individuals exercising indoors. Air samples were collected from five training rooms in three sports facilities. The results indicate that outdoor air primarily influences air quality in sports facilities. Internal factors, such as the number of students, floor surfaces and mattresses, influenced pollutant concentrations (CO2 and PM2.5). Overall, CO2 levels remained within safe limits, but fluctuations occurred due to physical activity, reaching as high as 1859.7 ppm. The average median concentration of indoor PM2.5 was 16.7 μg/m3, while outdoor levels averaged 12.2 μg/m3. A correlation between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 pollution underscores the importance of using air purifiers to enhance air quality in sports halls.