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1

Polityka klimatyczna, czyli zmarnowane pieniądze

Bednarz Ludwik M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 3

319--322

2

Iron springs, environmental changes, accelerated weathering and cave development in quartz sandstone in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia : preliminary studies

Rowling Jill

Landform Analysis

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2024

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Vol. 43

3--10

EN

After a series of extreme weather events (drought, bushfires and floods), iron flocs were seen at ephemeral springs in quartz sandstone in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Naturally burnt areas allowed better viewing of small sandstone caves. This paper discusses some of the processes operating within the quartz sandstone, leading to the attractive and unusual shapes, and how extreme weather led to the mobilisation and redeposition of iron minerals.

3

The Climate Change Impact on the Development of Droughts in Ukraine

Polevoy Anatoly, Barsukova Olena, Husieva Kateryna, Zhygailo Olena, Volvach Oksana, Kyrnasivska Nataliia, Tolmachova Alla, Zhygailo Taras, Danilova Nataliia, Kostiukievych Tetiana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

194--205

EN

The paper considers the peculiarities of the climate change influence on the dynamics of drought development in Ukraine. The analysis was performed for average long-term climatic conditions during the growing season (1981–2020) and under climate change scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the period of 2021–2050 (for the period as a whole and by the decades: 2021–2030, 2031–2040, 2041–2050). The drought development was studied over relatively short periods of time (ten days) at the main agroclimatic regions of Ukraine (Polissia, Forest-Steppe, Northern and Southern Steppe). The assessment of the aridity of ten-day periods was accomplished by means of a set of aridity indicators by Selyaninov, Shashko, Budagovskiy and Bova, which corrects and supplements each other; this made it possible to consider in detail the genesis of climate-induced drought in the agroclimatic regions of Ukraine. Analysis of the study results showed that the development of drought conditions in all agroclimatic regions is expected as early as in the first decade (2021–2030). According to both scenarios, from 4–6 in Polissia to 16–17 severe and very severe droughts in the Southern Steppe are expected. In the second decade (2031–2040), under RCP4.5, improvement in moistening conditions is expected in Polissia and Forest-Steppe and under RCP8.5, an increase in the level of aridity is expected in these agroclimatic regions. In the Northern Steppe and Southern Steppe the number of moderately, very and extremely dry ten-day periods will increase (from 9 to 17). In the third decade (2041–2050), under the RCP4.5 scenario, very severe aridity conditions are assumed in all agroclimatic regions. Under RCP8.5, good moistening conditions and, according to both criteria, a small number of dry ten-day periods are expected in Polissia and Forest-Steppe. As for the conditions at the Northern and Southern Steppes very severe drought conditions are expected (from 8 to 17 ten-day periods with moderate, severe and very severe drought). For 2021–2050 on the whole, there will be an increase in aridity during the growing season in all agroclimatic regions of Ukraine.

4

Investigation of the Formation of Productive Moisture Reserves in the Thickness of Chernozem under the Forest-Steppe Conditions

Bulgakov Volodymyr, Gadzalo Iaroslav, Demydenko Olexander, Rucins Adolfs, Kiernicki Zbigniew, Holovach Ivan, Trokhaniak Oleksandra, Tkachuk Vadym

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 10

224--238

EN

In this research paper analysis of the dynamics of the moisture content of the soil layer of chernozem and the accumulation of productive moisture reserves in its thickness was carried out, based on a set of data from 1947 to 2022. The change in the moisture regime within the periodically leaching water regime of the central part of the Left Bank ForestSteppe of Ukraine has been analyzed. The analysis was performed under the crops: winter wheat, spring barley, corn for grain and silage, sugar beet, sunflower in crop rotations of various types to a depth of 0–100 cm to 0–300 cm. The purpose of the research was to establish the features of the formation of reserves of productive moisture in the chernozem thickness in a seasonal dimension upon the dynamics of climatic parameters against the background of their intra century climatic variability for the conditions of the left bank part of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The generally accepted research methods were used: field, laboratory, mathematical, statistical and comparative calculation. Based on the conducted research, the following results were obtained. In order to form a non-flushing humidification regime, it is necessary to accumulate 117–135 mm in the thickness of 0–100 cm, which will correspond to a reserve in the thickness of 0–200 cm – 117–167 mm. For periodic flushing water regime 160–165 mm of moisture should be accumulated in the 0–100 cm thickness, which will provide a moisture reserve of 300 mm in the 0–200 cm thickness. The flushing water regime is formed with a moisture reserve in the thickness of 0–100 cm in the amount of 175mm, which provides a moisture reserve in the thicknesses of 0–150 cm and 0–200 cm – 250 mm and 315 mm, which corresponds to the reserve of NV-VRK, and the thickness of 0–300 cm is saturated with moisture in an amount of more than 400 mm (HB-VK). Calculation of the paired correlation coefficients showed that an inverse strong correlation (R > –0.70) was found between the amount of precipitation for November – March and the supply of moisture to the meter layer of soil (R > –0.70), and the consumption of moisture from the soil for April – July correlated with the precipitation for November – March at the level of direct strong correlation (R ≥ 0.70). The relationship with the moisture consumption from the moisture potential for April – August was at the level of an inverse strong correlation (R< 0.70), i.e. the higher the amount of precipitation during the autumn-winter-spring period (cold period), the less moisture is recorded in a meter-thick layer, the greater its consumption in April-July from the soil and the smaller consumption of moisture potential in April-August. The zone of the central Forest-Steppe is characterized by a periodically leaching water regime, when an average of 165 mm of moisture accumulates in a meter-thick chernozem, and therefore gravitates towards the values of the moisture reserve in the non-flushing water regime, which exceeds its value by 25mm, which is a stable trend of aridization of soil conditions in spring period. The conditions of moistening chernozems, formed in a long-term time interval under the present climatic conditions of the central part of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe, cannot be shifted under the influence of agrotechnical influences beyond the parameters of the non-leaching or periodically leaching water conditions in the agrocenosis. There is manifested the process of the self-regulation stability of the Forest-Steppe zone against active aridization and the “attack” of the Steppe on the Forest-Steppe.

5

Advanced wastewater reclamation - a response of the municipal sector to climate change and water scarcity

Zawadzki Piotr, Wiesner-Sękala Marta

Instal

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2024

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nr 12

65--74

EN

This paper presents systematised information concerning advanced technologies for municipal wastewater reclamation in 15 selected facilities worldwide. The analysed plants include both low-capacity facilities, designed to service specific needs, as well as major wastewater reclamation plants that service entire communities or cities, where the daily output can reach even up to 500 000 m3/d. These facilities serve from 4 000 to even up to 2.3 million people equivalent. State-of- the-art wastewater reclamation plants typically employ a combination of multiple treatment methods, such as physical (e.g. sand traps, filtration), biological (e.g. biological reactors, membrane bioreactors) and chemical (coagulation, flocculation). However, it is becoming more common for wastewater treatment plants to expand their processing systems with a tertiary wastewater recycling. These include filtration processes (e.g. sand or carbon filters), biological (e.g. biological activated carbon) and membrane, particularly microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Reclaimed water is primarily used for irrigating green space, recreational areas, crop cultivation in agriculture, as well as potable water.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono usystematyzowane informacje dotyczące zaawansowanych technologii odzysku wody ze ścieków komunalnych w 15 wybranych oczyszczalniach na całym świecie. Analizowane obiekty obejmują zarówno instalacje o niskiej wydajności, zaprojektowane do zaspokajania konkretnych potrzeb, jak i duże zakłady odzysku ścieków, obsługujące całe społeczności lub miasta, w których dzienna produkcja może osiągać nawet 500 000 m3/d. Obiekty te obsługują od 4 000 do nawet 2,3 miliona osób. Najnowocześniejsze instalacje odzysku wody ze ścieków zazwyczaj wykorzystują kombinację wielu metod oczyszczania, takich jak fizyczne (np. piaskowniki, filtracja), biologiczne (np. reaktory biologiczne, bioreaktory membranowe) i chemiczne (koagulacja, flokulacja). Jednak coraz częściej oczyszczalnie ścieków rozbudowują swoje systemy oczyszczania o trzeci stopień oczyszczania ścieków. Obejmują one procesy filtracji (np. filtry piaskowe lub węglowe), biologiczne (np. biologiczny węgiel aktywny) i membranowe, w szczególności mikrofiltrację, ultrafiltrację i odwróconą osmozę. Odzyskana woda jest wykorzystywana głównie do nawadniania terenów zielonych, terenów rekreacyjnych, upraw w rolnictwie, a także jako źródło wody do picia.

6

Kraków na drodze do uzyskania neutralności klimatycznej

Malina Małgorzata

Energetyka Rozproszona

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2024

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nr 11

7--9

7

Examining Water Quality Indices Method in Varied Climatic Regions – Sutami Reservoir Case Study

Sholichin Moh, Prayogo Tri Budi, Wicaksono Kurniawan Sigit, Hidayati A.S. Dwi Saptati Nur, Rahardjo Seto Sugianto Prabowo

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

174--189

EN

Monitoring and analyzing reservoir water quality are crucial for ecological and environmental strategies. This study examines the differences between the water quality index (WQI) of Indonesia (WQI-INA), Malaysia (DOE-Malaysia), Oregon (WQI-Oregon), and Italy (PI-Prati), considering the tropical climate of Indonesia and Malaysia, and contrasting with the temperate climate of Oregon and the Mediterranean climate of Italy. Using data from the Sutami Reservoir in Indonesia from 2015 to 2021, the study assesses water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, NH3 , NO3 , total suspended solids, total phosphorus (TP), and pH at various depths (0.3, 5, and 10 meters) across three sites (upstream, midstream, downstream). The results show varied classifications: WQI-INA rated the reservoir as “pretty good,” WQI-Oregon as “poor,” and both DOE-Malaysia and PI-Prati as “slightly polluted.” Spatial analysis of vertical distribution revealed “slightly polluted” (WQI-INA), “moderately polluted” (WQI-Oregon and PI-Prati), and “heavily polluted” (DOE-Malaysia). These discrepancies arise from differences in local environmental standards, regulatory requirements, and specific water quality concerns included in each index. The Sutami Reservoir water quality status was declared using WQI-INA, however, other methods were employed to simulate the worst-case scenarios and inform preventive actions. The Sutami Reservoir hyper-eutrophic conditions indicate a pollution load capacity of 65.22 tons per year. Critical parameters such as pH and TP highlight significant water quality and pollution issues. Recommendations for water quality treatment under heavy pollution conditions include applying 12.09–120.87 tons of lime, using 78.75–393.75 kg of chemical buffers, oxygen diffusion, controlling riparian vegetation over 2.37–23.7 hectares, dredging 37,100 m3 of sediment per year, and reducing nutrient sources through community involvement.

8

Assessment and Future Climate Dynamics in the Bouregreg Basin, Morocco – Impacts and Adaptation Alternatives

Ouharba El Houssaine, Mabrouki Jamal, Triqui Zine El Abidine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

51--63

EN

The hydrological regimes of all Moroccan basins are characterized by significant inter-annual variability, with alternating wet and dry years, interspersed with periods of intense hydrology or severe drought. Most watersheds are short of water. Climate change and the increasing frequency of severe events, particularly sudden drops in precipitation and widespread drought, are likely to exacerbate this situation. Like the severe drought years that hit Morocco from 1980 to 1985, 1990 to 1995, 1998 to 2002, 2011 and 2015 to 2020, the threat of drought still hangs over the country. During these years, almost all watersheds experienced water shortages, leading to overexploitation of groundwater. The aim of this research is to explain the climate of the Bouregreg watershed and the effects of climate change on its water resources. In order to preserve a more sustainable environment for future generations, it is crucial to assess the vulnerability of this area and the possible effects of climate change on hydrology. The results find after treatment of data confirmed previous research concerning the increase in temperatures and the decrease in precipitation which has been carried out in northern Morocco. RCPS scenarios (2.6; 4.5 and 8.5) shows that the research region will become dry. Getting from 0.8 to 1.3°C on an annual basis is planned for the 1920s and 2030s, as well as a modest increase in the frequency of days with summer waves.

9

Wpływ klimatu na kulturę - tradycyjne drzwi w chacie góralskiej, rozwój, funkcja, konstrukcja i znaczenie symboliczne

Sobczyńska Karolina, Maksymowicz-Mróz Natalia

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2023

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Z. 14

131-141

PL

We wszystkich stylach architektonicznych akcentowano wejścia do budynków. Drzwi wejściowe oddzielają świat zewnętrzny od wewnętrznego i jednocześnie stanowią łącznik pomiędzy nimi. W wielu kulturach drzwi do obiektu są elementem, nie tylko użytkowym, ale niosącym informacje i znaczenia. Szczególnie w architekturze wernakularnej, gdzie klimat i przyroda jako świat zewnętrzny determinuje przeżycie mieszkańców, drzwi prowadzące do wnętrza domu traktuje się z uważnością artysty świadomego, że są niejako elementem pomiędzy sacrum a profanum. Dlatego najczęściej na drzwiach umieszcza się symbole mające zapewnić domownikom ochronę, szczęście, płodność i dostatek. Drzwi podhalańskiego domu są jak książka, z której można wyczytać o zdeterminowanych klimatem warunkach życia, stosunku Górali do przyrody, rodziny i dobytku. Można wyciągnąć wnioski na temat systemu wartości ludności, której styl życia nieznacznie się zmieniał przez kilka stuleci.

EN

The wooden vernacular architecture of Podhale reflects the climate and nature that determine the survival of the inhabitants. The door leading to the interior of the house shows the artist's sensitivity aware that they are an element between the sacrum and the profanum. That is why, most often, symbols are placed on the door to ensure protection, happiness, fertility and prosperity for the household members. The door of the Podhale house is like a book from which you can read about the living conditions, the attitude of the Highlanders to nature, family and property. Conclusions can be drawn about the value system of a population whose lifestyle has been almost unchanged for several centuries. This inner awareness of the Highlanders is visible in the amount of work devoted to building the door, in the attention to every smallest detail, in a very complicated structure. Magic symbols reflect the state of mind of the inhabitants who have struggled with the harsh conditions of the mountain climate throughout their lives, balancing on the brink of life and death.

10

The European Green Deal and the sustainable development of the Lubuskie voivodeship

Jakubowski Edward

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 173

227--239

EN

Purpose: The publication presents the challenges facing the European Union but also Polish regions in implementing the Green Deal. Design/methodology/approach: The method of statistical data analysis and source materials was used in the work. Findings: The paper presents the most important issues of change posed by the European Union for the implementation of climate policy. Originality/value: The paper is aimed at those interested in EU policy and climate policy in particular.

11

Environmental sustainability and energy management during the war crisis

Marszałek-Kotzur Izabela

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 175

321--334

EN

Purpose: The new reality of the ongoing war in Europe, in addition to the enormity of the unimaginable human tragedy, has generated serious problems of various categories, especially in the field of energy security management. Thus, there is a hypothesis that in the current situation, the implementation of the idea of sustainable development in terms of energy development and maintenance of measures for achieving climate goals, may be significantly hampered and slowed down. Based on the analysis, it was determined that there are legitimate concerns about the existence of obstacles to the process of achieving sustainable development in the context of interest. Design/methodology/approach: Research related to this issue consisted of a literature analysis of available texts. This article is purely theoretical in nature and is based on a literature analysis. For the purpose of it, three groups of keywords were developed to reflect their diverse characteristics, in order to identify the state of the current literature covering the knowledge of energy management in the energy crisis associated with the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Findings: The issues raised in this article are merely an exemplification of the problems concerning further energy development and the implementation of the concept of environmental sustainability caused by the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. From a sketchy analysis of the available information, it can be deduced that, on the one hand, the effect of this aggression on the realisation of the concept of sustainable development may be an acceleration of, for example, decarbonisation, but, on the other hand, it is a very complex problem, as it may trigger a crisis whose scale and effects we are not yet able to determine. Originality/value: The article deals with new problems emerging in the space of energy management and the implementation of environmental sustainability in the context of armed conflict in Europe. The considerations presented may open up new fields and directions of research exploration for researchers.

12

The roof as information and a response to the place, climate and way of life of local communities on the example of wooden architecture of Southeast Asia, Bhutan and Poland

Sobczyńska Karolina U.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2023

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T. 51

423--439

EN

For centuries, the roof has been a reminiscence, the symbol of basic human shelter and territory. Using the example of several ethnic groups living in Southeast Asia, Bhutan and Poland, the basic determinants of roof shape creation in vernacular architecture are discussed and similarities highlighted. In wooden architecture in different regions of the world, the form and construction of the roof are determined primarily by local conditions: climatic conditions, available materials, local tradition, culture, customs. Often it is the shape of the roof that determines the visual identity of a given ethnic group, with its traditions and way of life. The author points out that societies from different regions of the world with no cultural ties created wooden architecture based on the same factors and that the similarities are already present at the level of thinking patterns resulting, for example, from the need to emphasize the importance of religious buildings by means of the stacked, pent hip form of the basic roof.

PL

Od wieków dach jest reminiscencją, symbolem podstawowego schronienia człowieka i jego terytorium. Na przykładzie kilku grup etnicznych, żyjących w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, Bhutanie i w Polsce, omówiono podstawowe determinanty kształtowania formy dachu w architekturze wernakularnej i podkreślono podobieństwa. W architekturze drewnianej w różnych regionach świata forma i konstrukcja dachu wynikają przede wszystkim z uwarunkowań danego miejsca: warunków klimatycznych, dostępnych materiałów, lokalnej tradycji, kultury i obyczajów. Często to właśnie kształt dachu jest elementem stanowiącym o wizualnej odrębności danej grupy etnicznej, z jej tradycją i sposobem życia. Autorka zwraca uwagę, że społeczeństwa z różnych regionów świata, nie związane ze sobą kulturowo, tworzyły architekturę drewnianą w oparciu o te same czynniki, oraz że podobieństwa występują już na poziomie wzorów myślenia, wynikających na przykład z potrzeby podkreślania ważności budynków sakralnych za pomocą spiętrzonej formy dachu podstawowego.

13

Klimat i oceanografia przełomu jury i kredy zachodniej Tetydy

Lodowski Damian Gerard

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 10

514--522

EN

The key aspect for evaluation of potential effects of ongoing environmental changes is identification of their controlson one hand, and understanding of their mutual relations on other. In this context, the best source of information about medium and long term coThe key aspect for evaluation of potential effects of ongoing environmental changes is identification of their controlson one hand, and understanding of their mutual relations on other. In this context, the best source of information about medium and long term consequences of various environmental processes is the geologic record. Numerous different-scale palaeoenvironmental events took place during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition; amongst them, the best documented so far are: long term marine regression during the Tithonian-early Berriasian, climate aridization during the late Tithonian-early Berriasian, and tectonic activity in western parts of the Neo Tethys Ocean during the late Berriasian-Valanginian. This study, which is based on the Ph Ddissertation of Damian Gerard Lodowski, attempts to reconstruct the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous paleoenvironment and its evolution in the area of the Western Tethys, with special attention paid to cause-and-effect relationships between climate changes, tectonic activity and oceanographic conditions (perturbations in marine circulation and bioproductivity). Here are presented the basic results of high-resolution geochemical investigations performed in the Transdanubian Range (Hárskút and Lókút, Hungary), High-Tatric (Giewont, Poland) and Lower Sub-Tatric (Pośrednie III, Poland) series, Pieniny Klippen Belt (Brodno and Snežnica, Slovakia; Velykyi Kamianets, Ukraine) and Western Balkan (Barlya, Bulgaria) sections. The sections were correlated and compared in terms ofpaleoredox conditions (authigenic U), accumulation of micronutrient-type element (Zn) and climate changes (chemical index of alteration, CIA), providinga consistent scenario of the Tithonian-Berriasian palaeoenvironment evolution in various western Tethyan basins. Amongst the first-order trends and events, characteristic of studied sections are the two intervals recording an oxygen deficient at the seafloor: 1) the upper Tithonian-lowermost Berriasian (OD I); and 2) at the lower/upper Berriasian transition (OD II). Noteworthy, this phenomena cooccurred with elevated accumulations of nutrient-type elements (i. e. enrichment factor of Zn). Besides, collected data document the late Tithonian-early Berriasian trend of climate aridization, as well as the late Berriasian humidification. Such record is explained by a model, in which decreasing intensity of atmospheric circulation during the late Tithonian-early Berriasian was directly connected with climate cooling and aridization. This process resulted in lesser efficiency of up- and/or downwelling currents, which induced sea water stratification, seafloor hypoxia and perturbations in the nutrient-shuttle process during the OD I. On the other hand, the OD II interval may correspond to tectonic reactivation in the Neo Tethyan Collision Belt. This process might have led to physical cutoff of Alpine Tethys basins from the Neo Tethyan circulation (both atmospheric and oceanic), driving the limited stratification in the former, and limiting the effect of gradual humidification of global climate (i.e. due to increasing strength of monsoons and monsoonal upwellings). nsequences of various environmental processes is the geologic record. Numerous different-scale palaeoenvironmental events took place during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition; amongst them, the best documented so far are: long term marine regression during the Tithonian-early Berriasian, climate aridization during the late Tithonian-early Berriasian, and tectonic activity in western parts of the Neo Tethys Ocean during the late Berriasian-Valanginian. This study, which is based on the Ph Ddissertation of Damian Gerard Lodowski, attempts to reconstruct the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous paleoenvironment and its evolution in the area of the Western Tethys, with special attention paid to cause-and-effect relationships between climate changes, tectonic activity and oceanographic conditions (perturbations in marine circulation and bioproductivity). Here are presented the basic results of high-resolution geochemical investigations performed in the Transdanubian Range (Hárskút and Lókút, Hungary), High-Tatric (Giewont, Poland) and Lower Sub-Tatric (Pośrednie III, Poland) series, Pieniny Klippen Belt (Brodno and Snežnica, Slovakia; Velykyi Kamianets, Ukraine) and Western Balkan (Barlya, Bulgaria) sections. The sections were correlated and compared in terms ofpaleoredox conditions (authigenic U), accumulation of micronutrient-type element (Zn) and climate changes (chemical index of alteration, CIA), providinga consistent scenario of the Tithonian-Berriasian palaeoenvironment evolution in various western Tethyan basins. Amongst the first-order trends and events, characteristic of studied sections are the two intervals recording an oxygen deficient at the seafloor: 1) the upper Tithonian-lowermost Berriasian (OD I); and 2) at the lower/upper Berriasian transition (OD II). Noteworthy, this phenomena cooccurred with elevated accumulations of nutrient-type elements (i. e. enrichment factor of Zn). Besides, collected data document the late Tithonian-early Berriasian trend of climate aridization, as well as the late Berriasian humidification. Such record is explained by a model, in which decreasing intensity of atmospheric circulation during the late Tithonian-early Berriasian was directly connected with climate cooling and aridization. This process resulted in lesser efficiency of up- and/or downwelling currents, which induced sea water stratification, seafloor hypoxia and perturbations in the nutrient-shuttle process during the OD I. On the other hand, the OD II interval may correspond to tectonic reactivation in the Neo Tethyan Collision Belt. This process might have led to physical cutoff of Alpine Tethys basins from the Neo Tethyan circulation (both atmospheric and oceanic), driving the limited stratification in the former, and limiting the effect of gradual humidification of global climate (i.e. due to increasing strength of monsoons and monsoonal upwellings).

14

Long-term Changes in the Stability of Agricultural Landscapes in the Areas of Irrigated Agriculture of the Ukraine Steppe Zone

Pichura Vitalii, Potravka Larisa, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Vdovenko Nataliia, Stratichuk Natalia, Baysha Kira, Pichura Ivan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

188--198

EN

Spatio-temporal assessment of the sustainability of agricultural landscapes over a long period (1892–2020 – 130 years) was carried out on the basis of archival spatial data for the territory of the Dnieper district of the Tauride province and modern data from the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine. Taking into account the historical patterns of the development of agriculture on the territory of the Dnieper district and the results of spatial modeling in 1892, territories with low (4.1 thousand hectares – 0.3% of the total area) and medium (310.3 thousand hectares – 23.8%) level of sustainability of agricultural landscapes, which are located in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, were identified. However, the large-scale development of the territory for agricultural land and the development of irrigated agriculture have led to the activation of land degradation processes, soil fertility and the deterioration of the stability of agricultural landscapes over large areas. As a result of spatial modeling, the state for 2020 in the irrigation zone recorded significant areas of agricultural land and adjacent territories with low (179.1 thousand hectares – 13.7% of the total area) and medium (419.0 thousand hectares – 32.1%) stability level. A comparative analysis of the stability of agrolandscapes for two time periods (1892 and 2020) showed that large-scale agricultural land development and an imbalanced land-use culture lead to constant and almost irreversible processes of reducing the stability of agrolandscapes in the areas of irrigation reclamation.

15

Impact of Global and Regional Climate Changes upon the Crop Yields

Kaminskiy Viktor, Asanishvili Nadia, Bulgakov Volodymyr, Kaminska Valentyna, Dukulis Ilmars, Ivanovs Semjons

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

71--77

EN

The negative impact of global and regional climate changes upon the crop yields leads to the violation of the crop production stability. The development of reliable methods for assessment of the climatic factors by the reaction of the crops to them in order to minimize the impact of climatic stresses upon the sustainability of food systems is an urgent scientific task. This problem was studied on the example of growing corn. A mathematical analysis of the main meteorological indicators for 16 years of research has been performed on the basis of which the frequency and direction of the occurrence of atypical and extreme weather conditions in various periods of the corn vegetation season were established by the coefficient of significance of deviations of the weather elements from the average long-term norm. It has been proved that the probability of occurrence of such weather conditions in the period from April to September is 38–81% in terms of the average temperature of the month, and 31–69% in terms of precipitation. By using the information base of the corn yields in a stationary field experiment with the gradations of factors: A (the fertilizer option) – A1-A12, B (the crop care method) – B1-B3, C (the hybrid) – C1-C7, the most critical month of the corn ontogeny was established when the weather has a decisive influence upon the formation of the crop. With the help of the correlation-regression analysis it was proved that the corn yield most significantly depends on the average monthly temperature in June, and for the hybrids with FАО 200–299 – on the amount of precipitation in the month of May. The obtained mathematical models make it possible to predict the yield of corn at a high level of reliability depending on the indicators of the main climate-forming factors in June, that is, even before the flowering of the plants (before the stage of ВВСН 61).

16

Application of the Research on Spatio-Temporal Differentiation of a Vegetation Index in Evaluating Sunflower Hybrid Plasticity and Growth-Regulators in the Steppe Zone of Ukraine

Pichura Vitalii, Domaratskiy Yevhenii, Potravka Larisa, Biloshkurenko Oleksandra, Dobrovol'skiy Andrey

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

144--165

EN

The purpose of the study was to establish dependence of sunflower productivity on hybrid plasticity under the climatic conditions of the Steppe zone and effectiveness of growth-regulators on the basis of the analysis of differentiation of a vegetation index. The research on the development and productivity of different sunflower hybrids under the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine was conducted in the years of 2019 (medium-wet), 2020 (dry) and 2021 (wet). Spatio-temporal differentiation of the vegetation of sunflower hybrids was established on the basis of calculation of a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using the data of the decoded space images of Sentinel 2. Cartographic and grapho-analytical materials reflecting the reaction of plants to natural-climatic conditions and multifunctional growth-regulators were obtained. The dependence of the reaction of sunflower hybrids to multifunctional growth-regulators on their plasticity in response to the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone was established. There was a weak reaction to application of growth-regulators of the sunflower hybrids Oplot and P64HE133 which are characterized by a high level of plasticity in response to the natural-climatic conditions of the Steppe zone. It was proven that the application of the biological preparation Helafit Combi exceeded the level of agrocenoses productivity in comparison with the chemical preparation ArchitectТМ by 1.1-5.4%. It was established that foliar treatment with growth-regulators led to a decline in water uptake by the sunflower hybrids by 1.2–10.0% in the dry year, by 3.8–8.6% in the medium-wet year and by 3.7%–21.9% in the wet year. There was a significant reduction in the level of water uptake by the hybrid Hector – by 7.7–10.0% and the hybrid 8KH477KL – by 1.2–21.9%. The research results are the basis for forecasting the development of sunflower hybrid crops with further measurement of the crop productivity that allows establishing a probable level of efficiency of sunflower hybrid production by agricultural producers under the climatic conditions of the Steppe zone.

17

West to East in the Cretaceous – Greenhouse climate events and sea-level change

Wagreich Michael

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

77--77

EN

The Cretaceous greenhouse climate interval was characterized by intervals of extreme hothouse climate that lead to environmental Earth System events like the Oceanic Anoxic Events. In addition, the potentially ice-free hothouse, besides high magmatic activity due to final Pangaea breakup, fostered maximum sea-level with prolonged highstands more than 250 m above today’s sea level. The mid-Cretaceous interval, between OAE 1a (early Aptian) and OAE 2 (late Cenomanian), constitutes the time of most pronounced hothouse intervals leading to (nearly) global OAEs due to eutrophication of oceans, plankton blooms, expansion of oxygen minimum zones up to the photic zone, and down to the deep-sea bottom. This resulted regionally in black shale deposition and a minor extinction event of e.g. about 25% of planktic foraminifera. Taking OAE 2 as a case study, which constitutes the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum interval of at least more than 30–35°C equatorial ocean surface temperatures, high-precision stratigraphy based on cyclostratigraphy, astrochronology and numerical dating, a 300 to 700 ka OAE carbon isotope excursion interval can be reconstructed, ending in a recovery phase up to 1 Ma. Cyclostratigraphy results in 100 ka and 405 ka eccentricty signals, most significant in Tethyan areas and other lower latitude realms. Obliquity signals may be present in higher latitudes and may relate to higher precipitation, humid-arid and megamonsoon cycles. However, also during OAE 2, a significant cooling event, the Plenus Cold Event, is present, and may have resulted in intermittent ice shields on Antarctica. This cold snap is still represented in southern Tethys sections such as Tunisia based on stable isotopes and faunal migrations. Climate and temperature-have driven eustatic sea-level fluctuations, modulating the high sea level of the Cretaceous resulting from magmatic processes. During ice-free hothouse times, aquifer eustasy was the main process driving global sea level, at least on an amplitude of 30–50 m. Intermittent ice shields may conteract aquifer eustasy with higher magnitude glacial eustasy during cooler greenhouse phases like the Plenus Cold Event, but this is still under exploration. Major hothouse sea-level cycles have a cyclicity of about 1–1.2 Ma, showing precession- and eccentricity-modulated long-obliquity cycles in pelagic and shallow-water successions. This builds the basic sequence stratigraphy cycles during prominent greenhouse intervals of the Earth system, at least during the Mesozoic. Linking such greenhouse times models to our Anthropocene warming planet indicates a stronger hydrological cycle during warming and rising sea-levels.

18

Aptian greenhouse climate and icehouse interludes – alpine Tethyan archives revisited

Weissert Helmut

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

78--78

EN

In this study we revisit two Cretaceous archives in the Alps, and we test hypotheses of major sea level falls related to ice age interludes in the Aptian. The first of the two successions in focus was formed along the northern margin of the alpine Tethys and is today preserved as Garschella Formation in the Helvetic nappes of Switzerland. Aptian phosphorites of the Luitere Beds containing Deshayites deshayesi and Dufreonia are overlain by up to tens of meters of siliciclastic shales, the Gams Beds. Gams Beds with low carbonate content are poorly dated, according to available biostratigraphies they are of Late Aptian age (nolani ammonite zone). Gams Beds are covered by up to 15 m glauconitic bioclastic sandstones and limestones (Brisi sandstone and limestone). The second locality we have revisited is Zürs in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA, Vorarlberg, Austria). There, a condensed succession of Jurassic-Cretaceous age records Southern Tethyan ocean history of a “submarine bank”. Jurassic radiolarian cherts are overlain by pelagic limestones of earliest Cretaceous age followed by an Aptian phosphorite hardground. These phosphorites are covered by an up to several meter thick succession of reworked crinoidal limestones and then by several tens of meters of “Kreideschiefer” (Lech Formation), which are of Albian to Cenomanian in age. Phosphorites at both localities record a time of hardground formation related to changes in Tethyan oceanography, triggered by a major perturbation of the global carbon cycle and by corresponding changes in climate and oceanography. Condensed sedimentation records intense current activity on submarine highs and along the northern Tethyan shelf. Remarkable is the poorly understood change in sedimentation following hardground formation at both locations during Late Aptian time. The Helvetic Gams Beds (Garschella Fm.) record increased shedding of siliciclastics along the northern Tethys, either related to increased weathering or to a drop in sea level. We propose, that an eustatic drop of seal level explains observed northern Tethyan shifts in Late Aptian sedimentation. A corresponding drop in sea level is recorded at other localities as the Oman Mountains, along the Algarve coast in Portugal or in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin. There, most prominent “cold snaps” or “ice age interludes during Aptian greenhouse climate” are dated as martinoides to nolani ammonite zone, they coincide with the deposition of the Gams Beds. Bioclastic limestones in the Helvetic succession and in the NCA record carbonate shedding at a time of renewed sea level rise following a major Aptian sea level drop. The Late Aptian prograding carbonate system of the NCA, considered as the source of crinoidal sands, was positioned along the northern margin of the evolving Eastern Alps while Brisi carbonate sands where shedded from a Northern Tethyan carbonate ramp. The Aptian condensed sediments of Helvetics and of NCA are indicators of extreme shifts in Aptian climate triggered by perturbations of the global carbon cycle. The Aptian-Albian Zürs succession provides additional information on the rapid transition of a passive continental margin with pelagic sediments into an Austroalpine foreland basin represented by “Kreideschiefer”.

19

Variation of coal quantity accumulated in the Mississippian to Pennsylvanian coal seams (Upper Silesia and Lublin Coal basins, Poland) : a reflection of changes in climate and CO2 availability

Nieć Marek, Sermet Edyta, Salamon Ewa

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 8

EN

Many coal seams of varied thickness and aerial extent occur in the Upper Silesia and Lublin basins within Mississippian and Pennsylvanian coal-bearing deposits. Well-documented data on coal quantity in the seams identified allows visualization of their variation within the stratigraphic succession and analysis of the time-dependent coal accumulation process. Some characteristic features of this variation were observed. Coal seams of the Mississippian age (Serpukhovian, Paralic Series), formed within a near-shore environment, most often constitute small resources. There were only two intervals of increased coal accumulation in seams of >100 million tons, in the lower and uppermost parts of the Paralic Series. Within the Pennsylvanian coal-bearing succession of terrestrial fluvio-lacustrine origin, a specific, wave-like pattern of seam resource variations and four intervals of increased coal accumulation are observed. In the Lublin Coal Basin, the Lublin Beds only, deposited during the Late Bashkirian, are coal-bearing, in which a bell-shaped pattern of seam resource variation in the stratigraphic succession is observed. The location of enhanced coal accumulation events in the stratigraphic succession suggests their repetition at ~1–4 My intervals. The characteristic features of the quantitative variation in these coal seams may be correlated with glacial-interglacial and climate humidity changes, and interpreted as a response to variable volcanogenic CO2 supply.

20

Renewable energy sources as a way to prevent climate warming in Poland

Sikora Jan, Zimniewicz Kazimnierz

Economics and Environment

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2023

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No. 2

456--474

EN

The discussion on renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar energy, conducted in Poland reveals diverse positions among representatives of science, business, local government, and government. It is generally accepted that renewable energy sources are an important factor in limiting global warming. However, it is also emphasised that this energy absorbs high costs related to, e.g. the acquisition of rare metals used in the production of wind turbines, with the disposal of used parts. The article aims to present the opinions of representatives of science, economic practice, and authorities as an expression of behaviour toward the problem of climate warming and renewable energy. An example of expressed opinions is the discussion in the public space, which is created by publications in magazines and non-serial literature. As a result of using the method of analysis of secondary materials, the article shows the diversity of views on the subject under study. Opposing views on the causes of global warming have found; that wind energy can limit global warming, but it can also cause damage to the economy, landscape, and human health. The development of wind energy is determined by legal, organisational, economic, and technological obstacles that are difficult to overcome in Poland. However, the need to develop renewable energy, including wind and solar energy, is supported by 85% of Polish society.

PL

Prowadzona w Polsce dyskusja na temat odnawialnych źródeł energii, szczególnie energii wiatrowej i słonecznej ujawnia zróżnicowane stanowiska wśród przedstawicieli nauki, biznesu i władzy rządowej oraz samorządowej. Ogólnie uważa się, że odnawialne źródła energii są ważnym czynnikiem ograniczenia ocieplenia klimatu. Ale też podkreśla się, że wytwarzanie tej energii pochłania duże koszty związane m. in. z pozyskiwaniem metali rzadkich stosowanych w produkcji np. turbin wiatrowych, baterii słonecznych oraz koszty z opracowaniem sposobów utylizacji zużytych części elektrowni wiatrowych, paneli słonecznych. Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie opinii jako wyrazu postaw społecznych przedstawicieli nauki, praktyki gospodarczej, władzy rządowej i samorządowej na powyższe problemy. Przykładem wyrażanych opinii jest dyskusja w przestrzeni publicznej, którą tworzą artykuły i wywiady zamieszczane w czasopismach i publikacjach zwartych. W artykule przyjęto tezę wskazującą na różnicę poglądów reprezentantów nauki, praktyki gospodarczej i władzy na temat znaczenia odnawialnych źródeł energii w ograniczaniu ocieplenia klimatu. Weryfikacja tezy łączyła się z przeprowadzeniem badań, w których zastosowano metodę analizy literatury przedmiotu, raportów z badań empirycznych publikowanych w postaci artykułów w czasopismach krajowych i zagranicznych oraz na stronach internetowych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że występują przeciwstawne opinie w zakresie oceny przyczyn ocieplenia klimatu, że energia wiatrowa z jednej strony jest czysta i ogranicza proces ocieplenia klimatu, a z drugiej nie zapewnia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju, powoduje szkody w krajobrazie i zdrowotne u ludzi. Rozwój tej energii hamują prze-szkody prawno-organizacyjne, techniczno-technologiczne i ekonomiczne. Potrzebę rozwoju energii wiatrowej popiera jednak 85% polskiego społeczeństwa, niezależnie od argumentów za i przeciw reprezentantów nauki, gospodarki i polityki.