Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of the effects of uncontrolled ammonia release from a tank with different spatial configurations

Piwosz Krzysztof, Polanczyk Andrzej

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2026

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Nr 97 (tom 1)

33--46

EN

Ammonia (NH₃) is widely used as a refrigerant in industrial refrigeration systems due to its high energy efficiency and favourable thermodynamic properties. However, it is a hazardous substance with toxic and irritating effects, and its uncontrolled release can pose a serious threat to human health, life, and the safety of installations. This study analyses an accident scenario involving the loss of containment of an ammonia storage vessel using ALOHA, a software commonly employed for assessing chemical accident consequences. The analysis considered various emergency orifice sizes and different meteorological and seasonal conditions that significantly influence the dispersion of the hazardous substance. Based on the simulations, the extents of toxic hazard zones corresponding to AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 levels were determined and used for human health risk assessment. The results indicate that the size of the leakage orifice is the primary factor determining the scale of the accidental event, while atmospheric conditions significantly affect the spread of the toxic cloud. These findings can be applied in occupational risk assessment, hazard zone classification, and the planning of preventive and organisational measures in facilities subject to occupational health, safety, and ATEX requirements.

2

Pestycydy w XXI wieku - zagrożenia i kontrola

Topolewska Anna, Zahorska Aleksandra, Kumirska Jolanta

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2026

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[Z] 80, 5-6

1009--1029

EN

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to control pests and improve crop yields; however, their extensive application is associated with environmental and human health risks. Their presence is not limited to target organisms, as pesticide residues are commonly detected in soil, water, air, and food, often at trace levels. Due to their physicochemical properties, pesticides can undergo transport and transformation processes, leading to the formation of transformation products that may differ in persistence, mobility, and toxicity from the parent compounds. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pesticide occurrence in the environment, with particular emphasis on their sources, pathways of distribution, and transformation processes. Special attention is given to non-point source pollution and pesticide drift, which contribute to the widespread distribution of these compounds. The challenges associated with pesticide monitoring are also discussed, including the need for sensitive and comprehensive analytical methods. The review also addresses current regulatory frameworks and highlights their limitations, especially in relation to mixture toxicity and transformation products. Finally, emerging strategies aimed at reducing pesticide-related risks are presented, including integrated pest management (IPM), precision agriculture, and environmental remediation approaches such as bioremediation and advanced oxidation processes. A more comprehensive and integrated approach is required to better assess and mitigate the impact of pesticides in the environment.

3

Ship Recycling as a Source of Mercury Pollution: Is There a Need for Regulatory Change?

Čulin J., Orović J., Knežević V., Pavin Z.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

147--151

EN

The Minamata Convention on Mercury was established to combat the profound global threat posed by mercury and its compounds, which exhibit persistent environmental contamination, bioaccumulation, and long-range atmospheric transport, leading to severe ecological and human health consequences, particularly for vulnerable populations in developing nations. In contrast, the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (HKC) and the EU Ship Recycling Regulation (EU SRR) permit the use of mercury onboard ships. Furthermore, the current listing in Appendix 2/Annex II of these regulations allows the recycling of existing ships without requiring specific data on the location and quantity of mercury, potentially leading to unintentional environmental releases. This paper analyses data on mercury environmental contamination by ship recycling activities. Considering the projected increase in ship recycling activities in South Asia, there is a significant risk of escalating mercury emissions. Therefore, we recommend that relevant authorities conduct a thorough assessment of the regulatory status of mercury under the HKC and EU SRR to ensure consistency with the Minamata Convention and to mitigate further environmental and health risks.

4

SAFE-MASS Sociotechnical Array Framework for Evolving Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

Praestegaard Larsen B., Rauffet P., Espes D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

229--248

EN

This paper explores the sociotechnical risk management challenges faced by Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) with an emphasis on cybersecurity. As the maritime sector increasingly embraces autonomous vessels to enhance efficiency and safety, it confronts new cybersecurity vulnerabilities and challenges. The paper outlines a comprehensive approach to identifying and mitigating cyber risks by examining the sociotechnical considerations within MASS. It underscores the importance of understanding how cyber threats can compromise the interaction between humans and systems, potentially impacting vessel operations performance and safety. Through a detailed description of the Sociotechnical Array Framework for Evolving Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (SAFE-MASS), which functions as a sociotechnical transition taxonomy, and by explaining how this can be used for securing MASS this research contributes valuable insights into developing safer and more efficient maritime operations, signaling a trans-formative shift in the industry’s future, especially by examining information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) integration within MASS highlights the critical need for robust cybersecurity measures in this emerging field.

5

Navigational Safety Assessment in Benoa Channel Based on Course over Ground and Trajectory

Asmara I.P.S., Putra G.H., Arfianto A.Z., Artana K. B., Handani D.W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

47--53

EN

This study evaluated ship berthing safety in Benoa Port using AIS data and the MMG model. Firstly, AIS data derived from the AIS receiver at Udayana University was analyzed based on the COG entropy method. Secondly, the trajectory of the Passenger Ship Celebrity Solstice, the largest ship in the port with 317.19 meters LOA and 36.9 meters width, was evaluated using the shortest distance to an obstacle based on the trajectory plotted from the AIS data. Finally, a Pure Car Carrier was simulated based on the Mathematical Maneuvering Group model to berth in the port to assess berthing safety in the Port. The COG entropy method is implemented in three positions in the port channel, the course-changing, course-keeping, and turning basing areas. The study shows that ship berthing safety using the COG entropy in all areas is at high risk. The shortest distances of the Celebrity Solstice and the Pure Car Carrier were to the obstacle of shallow water, less than the distance recommended by Innoe. Based on the maneuvering simulation results, the maximum wind and current speed for the port operation is recommended.

6

Multidecadal Wind-Wave Variability in Makassar Strait along ALKI 2: ERA-Interim Based Assessment Supports IKN Maritime Resilience

Pawara M.U., Arifuddin A.M.N., Apriansyah A., Mahmuddin F., Alamsyah A., Suardi S., Raditya M.Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

153--158

EN

This study investigates the multidecadal variability of wave and wind dynamics along the Indonesian ALKI 2 shipping lane in the Makassar Strait using ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 39 years (1979–2017). Seven observation points (K1–K7) were analyzed from northern Kalimantan to the southern strait. Key parameters include Significant Wave Height (SWH), Mean Wave Period (MWP), and 10-meter wind speed. The results reveal significant spatial and seasonal variability influenced by the monsoon system and local topographic effects. The northern points exhibit higher wave energy during DJF (December–February), while the southern points are more active in JJA (June–August), consistent with the prevailing seasonal winds. Trend analysis shows a weak but statistically significant increase in MWP at certain locations. These insights are critical for the development of maritime infrastructure and risk mitigation strategies associated with Indonesia’s new capital city (IKN Nusantara), located near this important shipping corridor.

7

Managing Maritime Crises: A Systematic Literature Review of Passenger Ships’ Operations During Accidents and Unforeseen Events Using the PSALSAR Method

Chrysafis K.A., Papadopoulou G.C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

311--323

EN

International organisations and shipping companies placed particular emphasis on ship safety both in the covid and post-covid eras. In 2023, passenger shipping experienced a rapid increase in the number of passengers as a response to the recently resolved crisis. With the full resumption of passenger shipping, significant changes were made to ship’s operational practices to fully align with the new health protocols. These changes were not limited to health-related aspects but also led to the redesign of the ship's operational practices at multiple levels. What has now become clear to stakeholders in the shipping industry -and even more so in the passenger shipping sector- is that unforeseen events can escalate into crises of various magnitudes. A multi-level redesign of ship operations (including engineering, navigation, safety, environmental, security, administrative, and commercial operations, etc.) became necessary for the effective management of unexpected crises and for identifying visible risks. This paper conducts a systematic literature review using the improved version of the SALSA method, the PSALSAR method. The Scopus database was used to extract high-quality and reliable academic papers. The results identify the most significant changes in passenger ship operations, and reveal a new philosophy for crisis management in the passenger shipping sector.

8

Limitations of Navigation by the FSCIR Ice Class A1 Ship in Polar Waters

Pastusiak T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

29--36

EN

The FSCIR A1 ice class ships are designed to navigate in non-Arctic waters, but they may operate in polar waters under specified ice conditions. This work took into consideration speed and ice conditions limiting movement of the ship in ice during independent voyage and with icebreaker escort. Same time, the safety of the ship was analysed, taking into account the ship's draft, so that the restrictions resulting from the width of the hull ice strengthening belt and the possibility of damage to the propeller were met.

9

Limitations and Practical Applicability of SEMIS Methodology in Intact Stability Assessment

Kacprzak P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

279--287

EN

This paper applies the SEMIS (Simple Evaluation Methodology for Intact Stability) approach to a 13593 DWT general cargo vessel for stability assessment using only metacentric height (GM). SEMIS estimate key stability parameters through regression models and compares them with IMO Intact Stability Code criteria. Analysis of 1314 loading conditions of investigated ship shows that SEMIS method provides quick and generally accurate evaluations of stability for typical GM ranges (GM>0.30 m). However, results reveal notable discrepancies for low-GM states (GM<0.30 m) especially in context of weather-related criteria. SEMIS in low GM condition may incorrectly classify compliance and may underestimate critical stability parameters. These findings indicate that while SEMIS is a practical supplementary tool, its application should be limited to preliminary checks rather than final compliance verification. Additionally, we can determine the GM value associated with the critical weather criterion. At this point, the b/a ratio reaches its peak, while for lower GM values it decreases significantly, remaining a nonlinear function alongside other stability parameters.

10

Incorporating Probabilistic Mutual Interactions in Simulation-Based Safety Evaluation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

Ishii M., Tamaru H.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

387--395

EN

This paper proposes a “Probabilistic Reactive Target Model” that generates avoidance behaviors for target ships to evaluate the collision avoidance algorithms of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in a realistic simulation environment. Focusing on the “shift of the Points of Potential Collision (PPC)” resulting from collision avoidance maneuvers in one-on-one head-on situations, we conducted indirect probabilistic modeling using AIS data. Specifically, we constructed a state transition probability model by estimating the directional probability of the PPC shifting to either the starboard or port side using a linear binary classification model, and by estimating the parameters of the passing distance distribution for each side using a neural network, assuming a log-normal distribution. Furthermore, by iteratively sampling and evaluating transitions to target states that follow this model, we demonstrated that it is possible to generate behaviors in a simulation environment where target ships react to the movements of the MASS.

11

Identification of Trends in Port State Control Detention: A Comparative Analysis of Two Regional MoU Agreements

Junaidi A., Yudo H., Ab-Samat H.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

271--277

EN

Port State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports based on relevant international conventions and regulations. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive analysis framework to identify PSC detention trends by comparing data from two regional agreements for a selected period. The objective was achieved by collecting detention data based on the Paris and Tokyo MoU for the 2018 to 2022 period. The data were analyzed traditionally using statistical methods to determine PSC detention trends with a focus on some factors. The results for Paris MoU showed that the highest percentage detention based on flag registry was Panama at 19.75%, recognized organization was class BV at 16.71%, type of ship was general cargo at 46.86%, ship more than 25 years old were 45.52% and deficiency related to ISM was 16.69%. Meanwhile, the analysis of the data related to Tokyo MoU showed Panama at 30.22%, class NKK at 22.61%, bulk carrier vessels at 39.22%, 15 and 19 years old at 29.82% and deficiency related to fire safety was 21.66%, respectively. The results were expected to provide important insights into the maritime industry, especially for ship managers and shipping companies as well as future studies related to PSC.

12

GNSS Jamming and Spoofing Situational Awareness Maps

Zmysłowski D., Kelner J. M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

336--352

EN

The widespread and rich use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) means that they have become a frequent target for intentional interference that impedes, falsifies, or prevents their operational existence. Such activities are related to deliberate disinformation actions or limiting access to services essential for transport, critical infrastructure, government, civil services, or military. They are usually an element of asymmetric hybrid actions carried out as part of information warfare conducted in the electromagnetic spectrum using electronic warfare (EW) techniques, terrorist operations, or are related to human carelessness. In military operations, they constitute a means of influencing navigation warfare (NAVWAR). When GNSS is caused by jamming or spoofing, it becomes challenging to use effectively. Utilizing their services introduces significant uncertainty, as it is unclear whether the provided values for position, speed, and time are reliable. Nowadays, many incidents are observed concerning the jamming of GNSS signals, causing adverse effects on maritime navigation, air operations, and land transport, the synchronization of telecommunications systems (especially mobile), as well as disruptions to the operation of energy and financial systems. The scale of these phenomena is massive, and their scope covers countries (e.g., Ukraine), regions of countries (e.g., Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Sweden, and others), also large areas of shipping waters, such as the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, or the Black Sea. In this paper, we present the idea of using situational awareness maps to visualize and assess the current state of disruptions to the functioning of global systems in each region caused by jamming or spoofing.

13

Determination of Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Moonpool from Free Decay and Forced Oscillation Tests Including the Influence of Damping Plates

Ciba E., Jurczyński M., Dymarski P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

475--481

EN

The paper presents Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of a hull with a moonpool, aiming to determine its hydrodynamic coefficients and to evaluate the effect of damping plates. Simulations included the response of the floating body in head waves as well as free decay and forced oscillation tests. From these tests, added mass and damping coefficients of the moonpool were determined and analysed. Special attention was given to the application of additional horizontal damping plates installed at the moonpool entrance. The results demonstrate that the non-dimensional damping coefficient exhibits an approximately linear relationship with the degree of inlet area blockage caused by the plates. Furthermore, the influence of the excitation wave amplitude on the amplification factor was investigated, revealing that the factor decreases with increasing wave amplitude. These findings provide new insights into the hydrodynamic behaviour of moonpools and may support the design of offshore vessels and floating platforms equipped with such structures.

14

Decision Support System Using Modern Methods of Collision Avoidance in Collision Situations at Sea

Mohamed-Seghir M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

55--60

EN

Due to the rapid growth of maritime transport, many researchers have developed advanced methods aimed at increasing navigation safety and reducing operating costs, while maintaining compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). Navigating a ship in potential collision situations requires decision-making under conditions of uncertainty and ambiguity – particularly with respect to concepts such as collision risk and safe speed. These concepts are subjective and not clearly defined. In response to these challenges, this paper presents an artificial intelligence-based method that takes into account the navigator's role as a decision-maker. The proposed solution is designed for integration with existing collision avoidance systems. A universal simulator was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of an algorithm for determining a safe ship trajectory in collision situations. Example navigation scenarios were conducted and presented using this simulator.

15

Cold Climate Maritime Engineering: The Need for Development of Educational Materials

Sollid M. P., Johansen K., Hammer M., Gudmestad O. T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

497--505

EN

Maritime activity in the Arctic has increased significantly due to declining sea ice, longer open-water seasons, and growing interest in shipping, tourism, fisheries, and natural resources. While these developments create new opportunities, they also increase operational, environmental, and safety challenges in remote and vulnerable regions. This paper argues for the development of a dedicated one-year, 60-ECTS programme in cold-climate maritime engineering to address competency gaps in current maritime education and training (MET) for Arctic operations. The objective of the study is to present key learning requirements based on real challenges and threats as a result of increased activity. The study draws on historical polar maritime accidents, Arctic search-and-rescue exercises, and evaluations of Polar Code training. Case studies, including Maxim Gorkiy (1989), Explorer (2007), Northguider (2018), and Ocean Explorer (2023), reveal recurring challenges related to grounding, ice navigation, emergency response, remoteness, and organizational decision-making. Although accident rates relative to traffic appear to have declined after the introduction of the IMO Polar Code, grounding remains the dominant accident type in Arctic passenger shipping. The paper argues that existing international training standards are insufficient for the complexity of polar operations. To address this, the proposed curriculum combines theoretical instruction, simulator training, laboratory exercises, and case-based learning grounded in resilience and professional competence formation. The programme is organized into six modules covering Arctic operations, marine technology, safety, resilience, and emergency preparedness. The paper concludes that strengthening Arctic maritime resilience requires not only regulation and technology, but also specialized education adapted to the realities of cold-climate operation.

16

Analysing Risk Influencing Factors for the Navigational Safety of Hazardous Cargo Vessels Using Bayesian Networks

Wan C.P., Qi J.Z., Wang X.B., Yang Z.S., Wu B., Zhang D., Yan X.P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

3--10

EN

Enhancing navigational safety of hazardous cargo vessels constitutes a critical imperative for sustaining maritime transportation system stability and fostering sustainable industry development. Based on the developed database containing 106 accident reports involving hazardous cargo vessels collected from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), this study aims to analyze the key risk influencing factors (RIFs) contributing to the maritime traffic accidents. Utilizing text analysis, the research first identifies critical RIFs across five primary domains, which are human, vessel, cargo, environment, and management. A Bayesian network model is subsequently developed to map out the interrelationships among these identified navigational safety RIFs. The findings suggest that factors such as "insufficient personnel training," "inadequate safety inspections," "flammable and explosive cargo," "inadequate hazardous goods management," and "pollutant and toxic cargo" exert the most pronounced influence on maritime traffic accidents. Based on these pivotal RIFs and their evolutionary trajectories, this paper can offer theoretical support for enhancing the navigational safety of hazardous cargo vessels.

17

An Analysis of the Risks during Personnel Transfer via Shipboard Crane and Personnel Transfer Basket (PTB) during Ship to Ship (STS) Operation Offshore

Lewkowicz Ł., Rutkowski G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

19--25

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyze the risk related to the transfer of personnel via shipboard crane and Personnel Transfer Basket (PTB) during Ship to Ship (STS) operation offshore. The process of transferring personnel between two vessels or units offshore can be dangerous and is considered to be a high-risk operation. It is possible for accidents to occur that can result in serious injury or death. The study contains an analysis of risk assessment during marine personnel transfer operations from one unit to another, and a presentation of examples of documentation used in some maritime companies. It is also the answer to the question of what procedures should be followed to minimize the risk of marine accidents during personnel transfer offshore via shipboard crane and PTB.

18

A Data-driven Method for Assessing Safety and Ease of Inland Waterway Navigation

Spielberger L., Zentari L., Göbel G., Maedel N.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 2

259--269

EN

The quantification of safety and ease is an essential aspect of risk assessment in the context of inland waterway navigation using ship handling simulators. This task involves deriving and analysing quantifiable parameters from inherently complex manoeuvres, including ship kinematics and waterway-specific measures. The main challenge lies in establishing a systematic and standardized approach that can be applied to a broad variety of manoeuvres. In this paper, we introduce a data-driven method for assessing the safety and ease of inland waterway navigation, including ship and waterway related parameters extracted from simulation data. What is novel about this method is the spatially-resolved evaluation of the parameters, allowing for precise identification of local critical situations along the waterway. The method is extended by averaging the parameters across multiple simulations, which reduces the influence of outliers and highlights critical situations that persist across simulations. We demonstrate our method's universal applicability with three representative case studies on German inland waterways: a lock entry in Schwabenheim on the River Neckar, a sharp river bend near Reibersdorf on the River Danube and an entry into a planned rest harbour in Niedermörmter on the River Rhine.

19

Ujmowanie i pobór wód w świetle podejścia opartego na ryzyku. Część 2. Uwarunkowania techniczne i eksploatacyjne

Gierek-Ożóg Anna, Mulik Barbara

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2026

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Nr 6

78--81

PL

Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi rozpoczyna się od odpowiedniej ochrony ujęć wody i punktów jej poboru, przy uwzględnieniu trzech wzajemnie powiązanych grup uwarunkowań: środowiskowych, prawnych oraz technicznych. Odpowiednia jakość wody surowej i bezpieczeństwo ujęć wód są w praktyce zapewniane dzięki środkom technicznym i organizacyjnym, umożliwiającym odpowiedni projekt, wykonanie i eksploatację.

20

Ujmowanie i pobór wód w świetle podejścia opartego na ryzyku. Część 1: Uwarunkowania środowiskowe i prawne

Gierek-Ożóg Anna, Mulik Barbara

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2026

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Nr 5

73--78

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problematykę ujmowania i poboru wód w świetle podejścia opartego na zarządzaniu ryzykiem, wynikającego z wytycznych WHO Water Safety Plan, dyrektywy (UE) 2020/2184 oraz nowelizacji krajowych przepisów dotyczących zbiorowego zaopatrzenia w wodę (DZ.U. 2026, poz. 605). Omówiono wzajemne powiązania pomiędzy warunkami środowiskowymi, prawnymi i technicznymi, które determinują bezpieczeństwo wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi na etapie ujmowania i poboru wody. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono miejscu, w którym styka się odpowiedzialność wynikająca z Prawa wodnego z odpowiedzialnością za system zaopatrzenia w wodę pitną. Omówiono także znaczenie stref ochronnych, dokumentacji hydrogeologicznej oraz współpracy pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami wodociągowymi, PGW Wody Polskie i organami sanitarnymi. Przedstawiono również praktyczne aspekty projektowania, eksploatacji i zabezpieczania ujęć wody, w kontekście skutecznego zarządzania ryzykiem. Wskazano na rosnącą rolę systemów bezpieczeństwa i wymagań wynikających z dyrektywy NIS2 (2022/2555).

EN

The article presents the issues of water intaking and collection under the risk-based approach, resulting from the WHO Water Safety Plan guidelines, Directive (EU) 2020/2184, and the amendment to national regulations on collective water supply (Journal of Laws 2026, item 605). Interconnections between environmental, legal, and technical conditions that determine the safety of water intended for human consumption at the collection and abstraction stages are discussed. Special attention is paid to the intersection of responsibility under the Water Law and responsi bility for the drinking water supply system. The importance of protection zones, hydrogeological documentation, and cooperation between water companies, Polish Waters Public Water Body, and sanitary authorities are also discussed. Practical aspects of water intake design, operation, and security are also presented in the context of effective risk management. The increasing role of safety systems and the requirements of the NIS2 Directive (2022/2555) is highlighted. This article provides a practical overview approach and addresses issues relevant to designers, operators, and water utilities companies, emphasizing the importance of a multi-barrier approach and proper infrastructure operation in ensuring water supply security. Part 1 discusses environmental and legal issues, while Part 2 addresses technical issues.