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1

Instalacje fotowoltaiczne na terenach zdegradowanych – uwarunkowania projektowe i ocena wykonalności

Kosakiewicz Michał, Jeleniewicz Katarzyna, Koda Eugeniusz, Vaverková Magdalena Daria, Gołęgowski Piotr

Przegląd Budowlany

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2026

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R. 97, nr 3

147--153

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie uwarunkowań lokalizacji instalacji fotowoltaicznych na terenach zdegradowanych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem składowisk odpadów jako obiektów o ograniczonej dostępności inwestycyjnej i podwyższonych wymaganiach środowiskowych. Praca ma charakter przeglądowo-metodyczny i została uzupełniona eksploracyjnym studium przypadku istniejącej instalacji PV na składowisku odpadów komunalnych w Zakroczymiu, opartym na wizji lokalnej i dokumentacji fotograficznej. Analizę uporządkowano według kryteriów formalno-środowiskowych, geotechnicznych, konstrukcyjnych i eksploatacyjnych. Wyniki wskazują, że powodzenie inwestycji zależy nie tylko od dostępności terenu i parametrów technicznych instalacji, lecz także od zgodności z obowiązkami wynikającymi z wcześniejszego sposobu użytkowania obiektu. Szczególne znaczenie mają zachowanie funkcji ochronnych składowiska, ograniczenie ingerencji w jego warstwy techniczne oraz zapewnienie dostępu do punktów kontrolnych i infrastruktury towarzyszącej przez cały okres eksploatacji. W konsekwencji serwisowalność instalacji należy traktować jako element oceny wykonalności, a nie wyłącznie jako zagadnienie eksploatacyjne.

EN

The objective of this article is to identify the determinants for the siting of photovoltaic installations on degraded land, with a particular focus on landfills as sites characterized by restricted investment accessibility and heightened environmental requirements. The study adopts a methodological review approach, supplemented by an exploratory case study of an existing PV plant located at a municipal landfill in Zakroczym, based on on-site inspections and photographic documentation. The analysis is organized according to formal-environmental, geotechnical, structural, and operational criteria. The results indicate that the success of such investments depends not only on land availability and technical parameters but also on compliance with obligations arising from the site’s prior use. Crucial factors include maintaining the landfill’s protective functions, minimizing interference with its technical layers, and ensuring continuous access to monitoring points and auxiliary infrastructure throughout the operational period. Consequently, the maintainability of the installation should be considered a fundamental component of the feasibility study rather than a purely operational concern.

2

Budownictwo w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym w ujęciu cyklu życia obiektu

Vaverková Magdalena Daria, Koda Eugeniusz, Podlasek Anna

Przegląd Budowlany

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2026

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R. 97, nr 3

46--52

PL

Budownictwo należy do sektorów o największym zużyciu zasobów naturalnych oraz znaczącym udziale w generowaniu odpadów i emisji, co uzasadnia konieczność wdrażania zasad gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w całym cyklu życia obiektów budowlanych. Celem artykułu jest przegląd rozwiązań służących zwiększaniu cyrkularności na etapach planowania i projektowania, realizacji, eksploatacji oraz zaprzestania eksploatacji i rozbiórki budynków, a także wskazanie ich znaczenia dla ograniczenia presji środowiskowej sektora budowlanego. Omówiono kluczowe założenia gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w budownictwie, koncepcję budynku cyrkularnego oraz podejście oparte na cyklu życia obiektu jako podstawę oceny rozwiązań materiałowych, technologicznych i organizacyjnych. Zwrócono uwagę na rolę projektowania cyrkularnego, doboru materiałów umożliwiających ponowne wykorzystanie, efektywnego zarządzania procesem budowlanym oraz działań eksploatacyjnych wydłużających okres użytkowania obiektów budowlanych. Szczególne znaczenie przypisano etapowi zaprzestania eksploatacji i rozbiórki, który w podejściu cyrkularnym stanowi źródło wtórnych zasobów materiałowych. Wyniki przeglądu wskazują, że skuteczne wdrażanie zasad gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w budownictwie wymaga podejścia systemowego, współpracy interesariuszy oraz uwzględniania aspektów środowiskowych już na wczesnych etapach procesu inwestycyjnego, co ma istotne znaczenie dla ograniczania zużycia zasobów, emisji oraz ilości odpadów budowlanych. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i systematyzuje rozwiązania cyrkularne w budownictwie według etapów cyklu życia obiektu.

EN

Construction is one of the sectors with the highest consumption of natural resources and a significant contribution to waste generation and emissions, which justifies implementing circular economy principles across the entire life cycle of buildings. This article reviews methods for increasing circularity at the planning and design, construction, operation, and decommissioning stages and highlights their importance for reducing the environmental pressures of the construction sector. The paper discusses key circular economy principles in construction, the concept of a circular building, and the life cycle approach as a basis for assessing material, technological, and organizational solutions. Attention is given to circular design, the selection of materials that enable reuse, effective management of construction processes, and operational measures that extend service life. Emphasis is placed on the decommissioning stage, which in a circular approach can serve as a source of secondary material resources. The review indicates that effective implementation of circular economy principles in construction requires a systemic approach, stakeholder cooperation, and the integration of environmental considerations at early stages of the investment process, which is essential for reducing resource consumption, emissions, and the amount of construction waste. The article is a review that organizes circular solutions in construction by life cycle stage.

3

Sustainable Construction in post-industrial Ursus district in Warsaw: Biologically active areas on roofs and underground garages

Kosakiewicz Michał, Krysińska Karolina, Strzeszewska Karolina, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2024

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Nr 3

10--35

EN

Urbanization leads to the expansion of urban areas and increased population density, which has a negative impact on natural resources, including green spaces. To address these environmental challenges, various green measures and sustainable development practices offer environmental, economic and societal benefits. This article provides an overview of different types of green roofs, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and outlines current legislation on biologically active areas in new residential developments. A residential project in the Ursus district of Warsaw was used as a case study to compare intensive and extensive green roofs. The project involved the installation of vegetation on the roof of an underground garage and later on the roof of the building, with detailed descriptions of the roof layers and vegetation used. One experiment examined seasonal variations in water runoff from green roofs. Three test sites simulated different seasons, with substrates in containers and vegetation watered twice daily. Results showed that spring, with temperatures around 15°C, provided optimal conditions for green roof establishment, while winter posed challenges due to frost. Both intensive and extensive green roofs have positive environmental, social and economic impacts, supporting the pillars of sustainable development. Examples of global green infrastructure further illustrate these benefits.

4

Trwałość warstw hydroizolacyjnych stosowanych w przekryciach dachów zielonych w świetle aktualnych specyfikacji technicznych oraz na przykładzie Galerii Handlowej „Sfera II” w Bielsku-Białej

Francke Barbara, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 11-12

133--137

PL

Artykuł dotyczy przekryć dachowych i tarasowych wykonywanych w odwróconym układzie warstw, z roślinnymi warstwami wykończeniowymi. Na podstawie przykładowego obiektu, tzn. przekrycia dachowego Galerii Handlowej „Sfera II”, przeanalizowano wymagania krajowe dotyczące powierzchni biologicznie czynnej niezbędnej do stosowania w zabudowie wielorodzinnej. Analizy te uzupełniono o dyskusję nt. właściwości użytkowych materiałów hydroizolacyjnych zabudowanych w ww. przekryciu dachowym w kontekście ich trwałości, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odporności na przerastanie przez korzenie. Przedyskutowano skuteczność metod badawczych przyjętych w normach europejskich do oceny tej zasadniczej charakterystyki wyrobów hydroizolacyjnych.

EN

This study focuses on inverted roof and terrace systems with vegetated finishing layers. Based on the example of the roof covering of the „Sfera II” Shopping Gallery, national requirements regarding the biologically active surface area necessary for use in multifamily buildings were analyzed. These analyses were supplemented with a discussion of the functional properties of waterproofing materials incorporated in the aforementioned roof system, particularly their durability and resistance to root penetration. The effectiveness of the research methods adopted in European standards for evaluating this fundamental characteristic of waterproofing products is also discussed.

5

Promoting Biodiversity: Vegetation in a Model Small Park Located in the Research and Educational Centre

Winkler Jan, Jeznach Jerzy, Koda Eugeniusz, Sas Wojciech, Mazur Łukasz, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

146--157

EN

University campuses, as important elements of urban greenery, are related with a positive impact on student health and well-being. They provide unique possibilities for estimating biodiversity change. This study focused on the biodiversity in the Campus. The study aimed at: assessing the plant biodiversity occurring in the park; assessing the representation of native species and determining the frequency at which invasive species occur; as well as recommending an adaptation of the park management. The Park was sub-divided into biotopes and a phytocoenological relevé was recorded. Park projects create biodiversity islands that may contribute to improve urban space. A species composition that is close to natural vegetation creates a space for native species, which thus better adapt to living in urban conditions. Localities created by humans, which imitate natural ecosystems, increase the biodiversity and are valuable natural islands in cities. The semi-natural phytocoenoses however, do not resist the occurrence of invasive plant species. Regarding the small size of the studied park, manual elimination or cutting of invasive plant species is sufficient.

6

Impact of Cigarette Butts on Plant Germination Based on Sinapis alba L. and Hordeum vulgare L. Seeds

Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Bulak Alicja, Barroso Petra Martínez, Podlasek Anna, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

226--237

EN

Cigarette butts (CBs) have only recently begun to be considered environmentally harmful waste. CBs are common waste in the environment, that can cause air, soil, and water pollution and pose a threat to the living. CBs should be treated as toxic and hazardous waste due to its slow decomposition and accumulation of many toxic substances. There is a lack of research on the adaptation of CBs to the environment and what impact they have on vegetation. Therefore, the present work aimed to understand the toxicity of smoked CBs. Leachates of various concentrations were assessed with ecotoxicological tests. The effect of CBs on germination and development of plants at their early stage of growth was determined. Seeds of Sinapis alba L. and Hordeum vulgare L. were used in the CBs toxicity test. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the main effects on plants. From the results, it is evident that low concentrations of toxic substances contained in CBs have a positive effect on plants; however, Hordeum vulgare L. expresses higher toxic resistance than Sinapis alba L. It has been proven that high concentrations of CBs in a water solution have negative effects on seed germination and radical growth. This research shows that varied plant species can cope with different levels of contamination by hazardous elements. CBs are an important source of contamination for the environment and the hazardous elements that are released from them when inappropriately disposed of can impair the development of plants and accumulate in them.

7

Effect of Application of Soil Amendments on the PAHs Level in the Fire-Affected Forest Soil

Martínez Barroso Petra, Winkler Jan, Oulehla Jan, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

26--38

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are introduced to the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. The most significant natural source of PAH are wildfires and volcanic eruptions. The PAHs occurring in the soil mostly bind to the root system of plants. Phytodegradation, specifically rhizospheric degradation, can reduce the PAH levels in soil with the help of plants roots. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of application of soil amendments on the PAHs level in the burnt soil (BS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of application of soil amendments (compost, biochar, and bentonite) on the PAHs level after performing experiment with two grass species (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra). Biochar and compost turned out to be the most effective amendments, regardless of the used grass species. Phytomanaged BS without added amendments also demonstrated the potential for PAH dissipation, but only in the case of Festuca rubra. It has been proven that the application of soil amendments together with the test grass species induced important changes in the BS properties (alteration of soil pH with related change of Kow of individual PAHs; root system on which soil microorganisms thrive) which evoked an increased bioavailability of PAHs.

8

Influence of land use on plant community composition in Vysocina Region grasslands, Czech Republic

Winkler Jan, Mazur Łukasz, Smékalová Marta, Podlasek Anna, Hurajová Erika, Koda Eugeniusz, Jiroušek Martin, Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 4

21--33

EN

Human disturbance is an important factor in forming vegetation. According to our hypothesis, anthropogenic activity and changes in the species composition of grass communities occur in the process of co-evolution. Understanding co-evolution, to better predict future changes in the entire ecosystem. Five grassland sites were selected with different methods of use and hence different anthropogenic disturbance regimes. The results show that the composition of grassland communities responds to the methods of their use. The needs and demands of our civilization are changing. Humans co-create plant communities the preservation of which depends on their use by humans.

9

Food Waste – Challenges and Approaches for New Devices

Maxianová Alžbeta, Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

231--238

EN

Food waste has recently received attention due to its environmental, economic and social impacts. Final processing of food waste encounters a number of technical challenges, arising from weak physical structure of food waste with weak porosity, high content of water, and low carbon-to-nitrogen relation. This study deals with the research of food waste processing in households by using an automatic device. The main objective of the study was to assess the toxicity of the end-product produced by an automatic device. The research included 10 experiments. The input foundation consisted of common food waste generated in household kitchens. Following its processing, the end-product was tested in a pot experiment for the germination capacity and biomass increase in different concentrations. The end-product was mixed with the reference soil in concentrations 5/95, 30/70, 50/50 (tested/reference substrate). The testing included three different plant species, i.e. Sinapis alba L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cannabis sativa L. The germination capacity of plants and their increase in biomass were evaluated after 21 days. The increase in biomass was monitored by using the Before-After-Control-Impact method. The plants developed much better without the end-product additive to the soil substrate than with its small addition. The best germination capacity in the case of end-product addition was observed in the concentration ratio 30/70 in all plants. In spite of this, the highest increase in biomass was recorded in the concentration ratio 5/95. This might have caused the occurrence of mould in the pots. The test shows that the end-product made of food waste is toxic to plants; therefore, it is not recommended for direct application as a soil amendment.

10

Consumption and Savings of Drinking Water in Selected Objects

Vaverka Igor, Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Trach Yuliia, Koda Eugeniusz, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 5

13--25

EN

Water is essential to the proper functioning of kindergartens and schools. Nevertheless, water consumption in public facilities is usually high, often exceeding the average household water consumption. Recently, increasing pressure on this valuable and depletable natural resource has been noticed and, therefore, it is interesting to study the water consumption in kindergartens and the possibilities of water saving. The present work examined 6 kindergarten facilities in Kyjov, Czech Republic, where the equipment has been enhanced with the faucet water saving technology. The work analyzed the impact of the equipment on the reduction of water consumption as a raw material and on the financial and economic profitability. The results were estimated based on the variation of two parameters such as average daily water consumption and demand per person. The experiment showed that installing the savers resulted in water savings ranging from 8% to 18.7% for average daily consumption and from 10.02% to 23.2% for per capita demand.

11

Comparison of Changes of Road Noise Level Over a Century Quarter: A Case Study of Acoustic Environment in the Mountainous City

Vaverková Magdalena Daria, Koda Eugeniusz, Wdowska Małgorzata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

139--150

EN

An essential part of a sustainable city is sustainable transport; however, the development of transport has led to the growing noise pollution. It is obvious that the road-traffic noise has negative health impacts on the population in the cities. These effects should be reduced to ensure the sustainability of modern cities. The main purpose of the study was to compare the changes in the noise level in the mountainous city in 2012 and 2016 compared to 1990. A hypothesis was introduced that over the past 26 years, the level and severity of noise during the day and night increased along with traffic and the number of cars. In addition, a comparison of the value of the traffic intensity of passenger cars and trucks during the daytime in the years 2012–2016 was made. Additionally, the noise generated by vehicles during the day and night was compared. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the level of noise during the daytime over the last 26 years has clearly decreased. The main factors that reduced the noise level were the improvement of the quality of vehicle fleet, directing transit traffic to the city beltways, as well as the local use of noise barriers. However, the level of noise intensity at night increased significantly. This is due to the increase in the total number of vehicles in the city and their high speed at this time.

12

Fire Effects on Soils – A Pilot Scale Study on the Soils Affected by Wildfires in the Czech Republic

Barroso Petra Martínez, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

248--256

EN

Fires have always been a natural component influencing ecosystems and driving their evolution; however, in recent years they have become too frequent and ecosystems are not able to cope with them anymore. Fires destroy the natural vegetation, which prevents the soil erosion, and affect the soil properties which delay the natural recovery of the fire affected area. This experiment was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of fire affected soil and to investigate whether different soil amendments can help to decrease the negative effect of fire on soil properties. The study utilised the PhytotoxkitTM test. The tested burnt soil was supplemented with 3% w/w of the following individual soil amendments: bentonite, biochar, compost and diatomite. Then, the phytotoxicity tests were carried out with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The pH and electrical conductivity of soil were measured and it was revealed that the individual soil amendments affected the values of pH and electrical conductivity diversely. The highest root growth stimulation for Sinapis alba L. was observed when diatomite was added, whereas the most favourable amendment for the stimulating root growth of Lepidium Sativum L. were compost, diatomite and biochar, respectively. This study recommended repeated testing for the amendments that show a capability to stimulate the root growth and conducting tests on a wider group of plant species.