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EN
One of the main problems of today’s automotive manufacturers are emission norms that are getting much stricter. According to these high demands, car manufacturers are developing new systems to keep exhaust emissions at the lowest possible level. The resonance expansion system for emissions reduction of internal combustion engines could decrease emissions production not only in modern vehicles but also in older vehicles by additional mounting on the exhaust system. This article shows the resonance expansion system technical solution and simulations of fluid flow done in flow simulation software. The resonance expansion system is also patented, and further experiments for design improvement are planned in the near future.
EN
Fuels combustion, polluting the atmosphere is a side effect of an engines’ work. Increasing ecological awareness has led to constant pursuit of disposing harmful substances properly. Catalytic converters (car catalysts), containing precious metals from the platinum group, including palladium, platinum and rhodium, have been commonly adopted for this purpose. These critical elements can be found in many raw materials used frequently throughout the economy. Therefore, it is economically viable to retrieve these elements from, among the others, spent catalysts, so they can be reused to manufacture new converters. In order to determine a possible cost of spent car catalyst, it is essential to use the analytical techniques to determine elemental content in any given sample. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is an example of such a technique. It is nevertheless advisable to use a complementary procedure to confirm any results obtained. A cross-verification technique was developed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This procedure was verified using comparative studies, which confirmed its usefulness and correctness.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse the modelling of exhaust gas flow patterns with variations in pressure, number, and shape of filters on the catalytic converter. Design/methodology/approach: The research method used is a simulation using ANSYS, which starts by creating a converter catalytic model with pressure variations: (0.5-1.5 atm), number of filters: (2-5), and the form of filter-cut/filter-not-cut. Findings: The decrease in velocity is caused by non-uniform velocity in the exhaust gas flow that occurs when passing through a bend in the filter-cut that serves as a directional flow to create turbulence. Filter-cut type tends to have fluctuating pressure, turbulence flow pattern shape so that contact between filter and exhaust gas is more effective. Based on the analysis of flow patterns, the speed and pressure of the 5 filter-not-cut design at a pressure of 0.5 are the best, while at pressure (1-1.5 atm) the type 5 filter-cut is the best. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to filter-not-cut and filter-cut types with variations in the number of filters: 2, 3, 4, and 5, and the inlet pressure between 0.5-1 atm. Practical implications: The practical implications of this study are to find a catalytic converter design that has advantages in the effectiveness of exhaust gas absorption. Originality/value: The results show that the filter-not-cut and filter-cut types have the best effectiveness in the number of 5 filters. Filter-not-cut at the pressure of 0.5 atm and filter-cut at pressure (1-1.5 atm).
EN
A series of Mn-doped CeO2-CuO catalyst (CeO2-MnOx-CuO) (Ce/Mn molar ratio of 0.5, 1.0 2.0 and 3.0) were prepared using co-precipitation method for the selective oxidation of CO in automobile engine exhaust. The content of copper was 5.0 wt. % in each sample. Catalysts were installed on the automobile engine exhaust and CO amount was recorded with help of CO sensor, with and without the catalyst. The catalytic converter efficiency was estimated for each catalyst through efficiency formula. It was observed that Ce/Mn catalyst with a molar ratio of 2.0 shows the maximum efficiency (88.35%). Stability of conversion process was analyzed by plotting the CO amount with respect to time. The catalyst with Ce/Mn molar ratio of 2.0 performed the most streamline conversion process with least deviations.
EN
The purpose of support mats used in catalytic converters as connecting element between the ceramic core and the metallic converter housing has been presented in article. The functional requirements and operating conditions have been discussed as well as support mat types and manufacturing methods. The support mat choice and basic design features have been also presented.
EN
The paper discusses the problem of thermal state of three-way catalytic converter depending on engine load with spark ignition fueled with gasoline and natural gas. The measurements on the test bench were performed, during which the temperature of the exhaust gases in the exhaust system was measured with the help of thermocouples, and at the same time, the track of the thermal state of the catalytic converter was monitored using thermo-vision camera. The stable work of engine with different rotation speed and values of load was considered together with transient states. The results of the measurements were presented in forms of charts and selected thermograms, qualitatively presenting the issue of thermal state of the catalytic converter.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań katalitycznego ograniczenia emisji tlenku węgla i węglowodorów podczas rozruchu silnika o ZS. Badania przeprowadzono na stanowisku w komorze klimatycznej w obniżonych temperaturach otoczenia: –7 ,-15 i –20°C. W badaniach zastosowano podgrzewany trójfunkcyjny reaktor katalityczny platynowo-palladowy z monolitem metalowym. Metodyka prowadzonych badań polegała na pomiarze stężenia toksycznych składników spalin przed i za z reaktorem katalitycznym przy jednoczesnym pomiarze parametrów rozruchu i pomiarze temperatur w wybranych 15 punktach silnika oraz reaktora katalitycznego. Emisje tlenku węgla i węglowodorów w okresie rozruchu ograniczono poprzez wstępne podgrzanie reaktora katalitycznego przed i podczas rozruchu za pomocą grzejnika elektrycznego. Przy podgrzaniu powierzchni reaktora do 400°C uzyskano w temperaturze otoczenia –7°C średnio obniżenie stężenia CO o 80...90%, natomiast węglowodorów o około. 70%.
EN
This article presents the results of the tests of catalytic reduction of carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the self-ignition engine start-up. The tests were performed at the station in the climate chamber at lowered ambient temperatures:–7 ,-15 and –20°C. A heated three-function platinumpalladium catalytic reactor with a metal monolith was used in the tests. The test methodology included a measurement of toxic fume concentraction upstream and downstream the catalytic reactor at simultaneous measurement of the start-up parameters and measurement of temperatures in selected 15 points engine and catalytic reactor locations. Carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the start-up period can be reduced by initial heating up the catalytic reactor before the start-up by means of an electric heater. When heating up the reactor surface up to 400°C at ambient temperature of –7°C, CO concentration can be reduced by 80...90% and the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced by app. 70% on the average.
EN
The article tackles the issues related to a process of heating of three way catalytic converter during the cold start and the heating of the spark ignition engine. The measurements on the test bench were performed, taking into consideration how engine works directly after the start, on the idle speed and under the load, during which the temperature of the exhaust gases in the exhaust system and coolant on the cylinder head were measured. At the same time the track of the heat state of the catalytic converter was monitored using thermo-vision camera. The results of the measurements were presented as charts and selected thermo-grams, qualitatively representing the issue of heating of the catalytic converter.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z procesem nagrzewania trójfunkcyjnego reaktora katalitycznego podczas zimnego rozruchu i nagrzewania silnika spalinowego ZI. Przeprowadzono pomiary na stanowisku hamowni, uwzględniając pracę silnika bezpośrednio po rozruchu, na biegu jałowym oraz obciążonego, w czasie których mierzono temperaturę spalin w układzie wylotowym i cieczy w głowicy silnika, równocześnie prowadząc zapis stanu cieplnego reaktora katalitycznego przy użyciu kamery termowizyjnej. Wyniki pomiarów przedstawiono w postaci wykresów oraz wybranych termogramów, obrazujących jakościowo zagadnienie nagrzewania się reaktora katalitycznego.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań katalitycznego ograniczenia emisji tlenku węgla i weglowodorów podczas rozruchu silnika o ZS. Badania przeprowadzono na stanowisku w komorze klimatycznej w obniżonych temperaturach otoczenia: –7 ,-15 i –20oC. W badaniach zastosowano podgrzewany trójfunkcyjny reaktor katalityczny platynowo-palladowy z monolitem metalowym. Metodyka prowadzonych badań polegała na pomiarze stężenia toksycznych składników spalin przed i za z reaktorem katalitycznym przy jednoczesnym pomiarze parametrów rozruchu i pomiarze temperatur w wybranych miejscach silnika oraz reaktora katalitycznego. Stężenia tlenku węgla i węglowodorów w okresie rozruchu ograniczono poprzez wstępne podgrzanie reaktora katalitycznego przed rozruchem za pomocą grzejnika elektrycznego. Przy podgrzaniu powierzchni reaktora do ok. 400oC uzyskuje się w temperaturze otoczenia –7oC średnie obniżenie stężenia CO o 80...90%, natomiast węglowodorów o ok. 70%.
EN
This article presents the results of the tests of catalytic reduction of carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the self-ignition engine start-up. The tests were performed at the station in the climate chamber at lowered ambient temperatures: –7 ,-15 and –20oC. A heated three-function platinum-palladium catalytic reactor with a metal monolith was used in the tests. The test methodology included a measurement of toxic fume concentraction upstream and downstream the catalytic reactor at simultaneous measurement of the start-up parameters and measurement of temperatures in selected engine and catalytic reactor locations. Carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the start-up period can be reduced by initial heating up the catalytic reactor before the start-up by means of an electric heater. When heating up the reactor surface up to 400oC at ambient temperature of –7oC, CO concentration can be reduced by 80...90% and the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced by app. 70% on the average.
EN
For over hundred years the internal combustion engine has been applied as the drive of various vehicles and it is continuously improved. The most important requirements that should be satisfied by future engines concern reduction in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions preserving possibly low cost of engine manufacturing. In order to fulfill such demands a concept of so called "downsizing" has been proposed which concept is based on high values of mean effective pressure, and as a consequence high mechanical and thermal loads. Further increase of engine power per liter is still possible but new materials are needed in order to keep the manufacturing costs at the reasonable level. The paper presents an analysis of operational conditions of selected parts of supercharged engines constructed according to the downsizing concept and shows areas where the use of new materials could be most profitable. Results of engine tests carried out using modernized catalytic reactors and pistons in which advantages of the carbon nanotubes unique properties were deliberately taken have been presented in this paper as well. The obtained results allow to conclude that the nanotube layer over the piston skirt offers the friction losses reduction by as much as 16% relative to the whole engine. The observed properties of nanotubes can be profitable in a number of applications indicated in the paper.
EN
The article tackles with a topic of emission of hazardous components of exhaust gases into the atmosphere and a conversion degree of catalytic converter while supplying the combustion engine with natural gas. The natural gas is an example of alternative fuel for fossil fuel characterized by low weight carbon participation. The supply of combustion engines with gas fuel is realized in one- or two-fuel systems. The results of measurements were presented performed on the post of engine braking stand, in the conditions for preparing loading characteristics for the engine with spark ignition. The parameter which was changed, was the composition of the combustible mixture. On the basis of the measurements, the analysis of influence of combustible mixture was presented onto the contents of hazardous components in exhaust gases as well as efficiency of catalytic operation.
EN
Lean Burn gasoline engines are receiving increasing application because of their potential of improved fuel economy. The conventional three-way converter used in gasoline engines controls effectively the levels of CO and HC, but it displays poor conversion in harmful NOx emission. This study has investigated the use of different materials with metal additives as support for effective NOx control in gasoline engines. In this work, flyash, which is relatively abundant and inexpensive, has been used as a replacement for expensive materials. Development of Catalysts from waste materials is an effective means to enhance the value of the waste. In the present work, X-Zeolite was synthesized from Coal Fly ash. 13-X zeolite was purchased from market. By the process of exchanging Na+ ions present in these zeolites with copper, Silver and Iron metal ions separately, six catalysts were prepared. Investigations were carried out on the 3 cylinder, 4-stroke, water cooled Maruthi Omni Gasoline Engine with a displacement volume of 796 cc and coupled with eddy current dynamometer. The packed catalyst bed was housed in a 100 mm diameter cylindrical pipe and is connected near to the exhaust manifold. AVL Di-gas analyser is used to measure the NOx, CO, HC, CO2, O2 emissions. Experiments were conducted at various loads from no load to maximum load without catalytic converter and then using the Ag-X, Ag-13X, Fe-X , Fe-13X, Ni -X and Ni -13X zeolite catalytic converters. The result reveals that in house made Ag-X , Fe-X and Ni -X Catalysts reduce emission at all levels of load conditions. Ag-X catalyst gives better conversion than Fe-X catalyst and Ni-X catalyst.
EN
The article presents methodology of experimental, simulated catalytic converter deactivation tests and measurements of the temperature changes of the exhaust gases flowing through a tested catalytic converter mounted in the exhaust system of the Rover 1.4 engine and operating in steady conditions. The energy balance of the catalytic converter has been presented, based on the equation which allows to calculate the exhaust gas temperature change in this converter, depending on the intensity of the chemical reactions occurring in it, and its technical condition. This in turn allowed to assess the effectiveness of the catalytic converter and to formulate diagnostic evaluation criteria for the trifunctional catalytic converter.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodykę eksperymentalnych, symulacyjnych badań dezaktywacji reaktora katalitycznego oraz pomiary zmiany temperatury spalin przepływających przez badany reaktor katalityczny zamontowany w układzie wylotowym silnika Rover 1,4 pracującego w warunkach ustalonych. Przedstawiono energetyczny bilans reaktora katalitycznego, w oparciu o równanie którego wyznaczono zależność pozwalającą na obliczenie zmiany temperatury spalin w tym reaktorze w zależności od intensywności reakcji chemicznych w nim zachodzących i jego stanu technicznego, co pozwoliło dokonać oceny skuteczności działania reaktora katalitycznego i sformułować kryteria oceny diagnostycznej trójfunkcyjnego reaktora katalitycznego spalin.
EN
The article presents the issue of deposit formation in a catalytic converter on diesel engine resulting from the use of diesel oil with biocomponents as a modern fuel to power diesel engines. Analysis was performed in a certified laboratory by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy methods. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diesel oil with biocomponents used as a modern fuel to power diesel engines on the formation of deposits in the catalytic converter. The inference focused on the analysis of the content of unoxidised organic ingredients precipitated in the catalytic converter. The subject of the study was the catalytic converter of engine 2.0HD with a documented process of operating, servicing and the information about fuel types.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienie powstawania osadów w konwerterze katalitycznym (katalizatorze) silnika z ZS w wyniku stosowania oleju napędowego z udziałem biokomponentów jako współczesnego paliwa do zasilania silników z ZS. Analizy przeprowadzono w certyfikowanym laboratorium z wykorzystaniem metod fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii oraz metod spektroskopii w podczerwieni. Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu stosowania oleju napędowego z udziałem biokomponentów jako współczesnego paliwa do zasilania silników z ZS na proces tworzenia się osadów w katalizatorze silnika z ZS. Wnioskowanie ukierunkowano na ocenę zawartości wytrąconych w katalizatorze składników nieutlenionych pochodzenia organicznego. Przedmiotem badań był katalizator spalin silnika 2.0HDI z udokumentowanym procesem eksploatacji, przeglądów technicznych i stosowanych rodzajów paliw.
EN
There are two sides of the catalyst operation: favourable and adverse. The positive side can be expressed by a conversion rate of harmful substances which is the principal parameter of catalyst work in respect of ecology. However, resistance of exhaust gas flow through the catalytic converter is also an essential problem. This is just the negative, adverse side of the converter operation. The catalytic converter can be treated as a local or linear resistance element of exhaust system. The first model, in which flow resistance generated by a catalyst is treated as local resistance, is more simplified. It is especially useful in case, when detailed constructional data of converter are unknown and the analysis of flow resistances in exhaust system is necessary. The basic measured quantity of flow resistance is pressure drop of exhaust gas within the catalyst. Next, on the basis of taken measurements also resistance number for the tested catalyst is calculated and analysed. Resistance number of the converter is calculated using Darcy model. In the second case, exhaust gas flow resistance through catalyst is treated as linear resistance with energy dissipation (linear frictional resistance) distributed linearly along way of exhaust gas flow. Friction number for the tested converter is calculated and analysed. The problem has been illustrated by the results of experimental researches of the three-way catalytic converter installed in the exhaust system of the spark ignition engine.
PL
Reaktory katalityczne są powszechnie stosowane w technice samochodowej do zmniejszania emisji substancji szkodliwych. Istnieją dwa aspekty eksploatacji katalizatorów. Ekologiczny (korzystny) aspekt - obniżenie emisji substancji toksycznych, oraz energetyczny (negatywny) aspekt - wzrost oporów przepływu spalin w układzie wylotowym. Aspekt pozytywny najlepiej wyraża stopień konwersji substancji szkodliwych. W ujęciu modelowym reaktor katalityczny może być traktowany jako element oporów miejscowych lub liniowych układu wylotowego. Liczbę oporu miejscowego wyznaczono stosując model Darcy'ego. W drugim przypadku opór przepływu spalin przez katalizator traktowany jest jako opór liniowy, z dyssypacją energii rozłożoną liniowo (liniowe opory tarcia) wzdłuż drogi przepływu spalin. Do opisu przepływu w obrębie każdego z kanałów zastosowano tzw. ujęcie kapilarne. Problematykę zilustrowano wynikami badań eksperymentalnych trójfunkcyjnego reaktora katalitycznego zainstalowanego w układzie wylotowym silnika o zapłonie iskrowym.
EN
Catalytic converters are in common use for emission reduction in automotive engineering. There are two aspects of the catalyst operation. Ecological (favourable) aspect - reduction of toxic substances emission and energy (negative) aspect - increase of flow resistance in exhaust system. The positive aspect can be expressed by a conversion rate of harmful substances which is the principal parameter of catalyst work in respect of ecology. However, resistance of exhaust gas flow through the catalytic converter is also an essential problem. The catalytic converter can be treated as a local or linear resistance element of exhaust system. Local resistance number of the converter is calculated using Darcy model. In the second case, exhaust gas flow resistance through catalyst is treated as linear resistance with energy dissipation (linear frictional resistance) distributed linearly along way of exhaust gas flow. Exhaust gas flow in every channel is described applying a capillary approach. Friction number for the tested converter is calculated and analysed. The problem has been illustrated by the results of experimental researches of the three-way catalytic converter installed in the exhaust system of the spark ignition engine.
EN
The paper presents basic roles of emission limits for PC and PDV vehicles with CI engine. Furthermore, catalytic converter supports and basic characteristic parameters have been shown. Propose methods of catalytic converter monitoring methods have been described. In the main part of the paper a new concept of catalytic converter monitoring has been presented and results of tested engine with experimental catalyticall converter.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia przepisów dotyczących emisji spalin z pojazdów kategorii PC i LDV z silnikami o zapłonie samoczynnym. Ponadto przedstawiono dane wybranych nośników katalitycznych wraz z podstawowymi parametrami charakterystycznymi. Opisano proponowany sposób monitorowania reaktora katalitycznego spalin oraz przedstawiono wyniki badań silnika o ZS z eksperymentalnym reaktorem katalitycznym.
PL
Nanomateriały i nanorurki stanowią stosunkowo nowy obszar nauki i praktyki przemysłowej. Niniejszy artykuł obejmuje przegląd zastosowań nanomateriałów w przemyśle samochodowym. Obszary zastosowań nanomateriałów podzielono na dwie grupy w zależności od stopnia zaawansowania procesu wdrożeniowego nanomateriałów. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono przy tym obszarom innowacyjnych zastosowań nanomateriałów, zastosowaniom w których możliwe byłoby wykorzystanie unikalnych własności nanomateriałów. Autorzy artykułu zaproponowali utworzenie warstwy pośredniej reaktora katalitycznego z nanorurek, oczekując istotnego zwiększenia powierzchni kontaktu warstwy katalitycznej ze spalinami. W artykule przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań stopnia konwersji reaktora zbudowanego według zaproponowanej koncepcji oraz przedyskutowano kierunki dalszego rozwoju konstrukcji.
EN
The nanotubes and nanotechnologies are relatively new areas of science and engineering practice. This article should be concerned as a review of the selected nanotechnology applications in the automotive industry. The applications were divided into groups in respect of implementation advance level. Special attention was devoted to innovative nanomaterials application in areas where taking advantage of their unique features is possible. Authors presented the catalytic converter for combustion engine exhaust system application in which the nanotubes were used in order to increase the contact area of exhaust gases with catalytic layer. In the paper preliminary results of proposed catalytic reactor conversion ratio were presented and future directions of development were discussed.
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