Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analiza obrazu jako narzędzie oceny kolmatacji geowłóknin oraz zmian ich właściwości filtracyjnych

Markiewicz Anna

Przegląd Budowlany

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2026

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R. 97, nr 3

133--137

PL

Geowłókniny pełniące w konstrukcjach inżynierskich funkcję filtracyjną są szczególnie narażone na kolmatację. Kolmatacja fizyczna, w której dochodzi do nagromadzenia się drobnych cząstek gruntowych wewnątrz materiału, prowadzi do zmniejszenia przepuszczalności poprzecznej geosyntetyków, wpływając negatywnie na wydajność systemów drenażowych z ich zastosowaniem. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena możliwości wykorzystania analizy obrazu SEM oraz CT jako narzędzi do określenia stopnia kolmatacji geowłóknin oraz zmian ich parametrów hydraulicznych. Badania laboratoryjne przeprowadzono dla geowłókniny igłowanej poddanej procesowi kolmatacji w warunkach symulowanego przepływu wody przez ośrodek gruntowy. Przed i po testach filtracyjnych wykonano wysokorozdzielcze obrazy mikrostruktury materiału, które poddano analizie w celu określenia sposobu retencji cząstek gruntowych. Przedstawione wyniki badań mają charakter pilotażowy. Wskazują jednak, że zaproponowana metodyka może umożliwiać obiektywną i powtarzalną ocenę postępu kolmatacji oraz dostarczać informacji na temat mikrostrukturalnych mechanizmów odpowiedzialnych za degradację właściwości filtracyjnych geowłóknin.

EN

Nonwoven geotextiles performing a filtration function in engineering structures are particularly susceptible to clogging. Physical clogging, the accumulation of fine soil particles within the material, reduces the permeability normal to the plane of geosynthetics, negatively affecting the efficiency of drainage systems that incorporate them. The aim of this paper is to provide a preliminary assessment of the potential use of SEM and CT image analysis as tools for determining the degree of geotextile clogging and changes in its hydraulic properties. Laboratory tests were conducted on needle-punched geotextile subjected to clogging under simulated water flow through a soil medium. High-resolution images of the material microstructure were captured before and after filtration tests and analyzed to determine the mode of soil particle retention. The results indicate that the proposed methodology enables an objective, repeatable assessment of clogging progression and provides insight into the microstructural mechanisms underlying the degradation of geotextile filtration properties.

2

Influence of casting method on bond performance and self-compacting concrete properties

Kucharska Milena, Dybeł Piotr

Materiały Budowlane

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2026

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nr 2

1--8

EN

A self-compacting concrete mixture, due to its specific rheological properties, enables placement methods that differ from those applied in conventional concretes, including placement from the bottom of a form. This paper reports on an experimental investigation into the influence of placing technique (top-down and bottom-up) on the strength properties of self-compacting concrete and on the steel-concrete bond performance. Bond tests were performed using the pull-out method. The bottom-up casting technique was found to enhance the uniformity of concrete strength and bond conditions within the specimens, and to improve bond performance overall, particularly in the upper zones of those elements. Given the increasing practical relevance of self compacting concrete and its alternative casting methods as well as the encouraging outcomes obtained, further research on this subject is recommended.

PL

Mieszanka betonu samozagęszczalnego, dzięki swoim specyficznym właściwościom reologicznym, umożliwia zastosowanie metod jej układania, które odbiegają od tradycyjnych rozwiązań stosowanych w przypadku betonów konwencjonalnych, m.in. podawanie od dołu formy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych dotyczących wpływu technologii układania (od góry i od dołu) na właściwości wytrzymałościowe betonu samozagęszczalnego oraz na przyczepność prętów zbrojeniowych do betonu. Badania przyczepności zrealizowano metodą wyrywania. Stwierdzono, że technologia podawania od dołu przyczynia się do zwiększenia wytrzymałości betonu i przyczepności w elementach badawczych, szczególnie w górnych strefach tych elementów. Ze względu na coraz większe znaczenie praktyczne betonu samozagęszczalnego i alternatywnych metod jego układania, jak również uzyskane obiecujące wyniki, zaleca się dalsze prowadzenie badań.

3

Stroke detection from brain CT-imagesand its volume visualization

James Rithu, Harsha Appukuttan, Joseph Liza Annie

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2026

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T. 16, nr 2

15--21

EN

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for the detection, classification, and volumetric analysis of stroke lesions from computed tomography (CT) images. The approach encompasses several key stages: Skull stripping is performed to remove non-brain tissues, enhancing the accuracy of subsequent analyses. Stroke regions are identified by analysing the symmetry between the two hemispheres of the brain in CT images. Advanced segmentation algorithms are applied to delineate the region of interest (ROI) corresponding to the stroke-affected area. Texture features from the segmented ROI are extracted to capture the characteristics of the stroke lesion. The extracted features are input into classifiers such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) to categorize the type of stroke. For haemorrhagic strokes, the segmented regions from the CT image stacks are used to visualize and quantify the volume of the stroke. The methodology was validated using datasets from five patients, demonstrating its potential in aiding clinical diagnosis and treatment planning for stroke patients.

PL

W niniejszym badaniu przedstawiono kompleksową metodologię wykrywania, klasyfikacji i analizy objętościowej zmian udarowych przy użyciu obrazów tomografii komputerowej (TK). Podejście obejmuje kilka kluczowych etapów: wykonuje się stripping czaszki w celu usunięcia tkanek innych niż mózg, co zwiększa dokładność kolejnych analiz. Obszary udaru są identyfikowane poprzez analizę symetrii między dwiema półkulami mózgu na obrazach TK. Zaawansowane algorytmy segmentacji są stosowane w celu określenia obszaru zainteresowania (ROI) odpowiadającego obszarowi dotkniętemu udarem. Cechy tekstury z segmentowanego ROI są ekstrahowane w celu uchwycenia cech zmiany udarowej. Wyekstrahowane cechy są wprowadzane do klasyfikatorów, takich jak Support Vector Machines (SVM) i K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), aby sklasyfikować rodzaj udaru. W przypadku udarów krwotocznych segmentowane obszary ze stosów obrazów TK są wykorzystywane do wizualizacji i ilościowego określenia objętości udaru. Metodę tę potwierdzono zbiorami danych pochodzącymi od pięciu pacjentów, wykazując jej potencjał we wspomaganiu diagnostyki klinicznej i planowania leczenia pacjentów po udarze.

4

The natural fibre composites and their acoustical performance

Pater Marcin Adam, Świrk Patrycja Renata, Leniowska Lucyna, Reizer Rafal

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 1

259--268

EN

This study investigates the microstructure and acoustical performance of eco-friendly epoxy–wood composites and plant fiber based materials for potential application as sound absorbing solutions. Natural fibers and wood-based composites are being increasingly used rather than synthetic fibers. This is due to their advantageous specific characteristics. They are low in cost (because they ofen are waste in production processes), environmentally friendly, non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable, as well as abundant in supply. For research purposes, epoxy composites were manufactured with varying oak chips using controlled proportions of resin filler and their internal structure was characterised by industrial computed tomography (CT). The sound absorption coefficient (SAC) was determined using an impedance tube in the frequency range of 100–5700 Hz. The results showed that the acoustic properties strongly depend on the concentration of filler and microstructural uniformity. The highest and most stable absorption values, with coefficients approaching α ≈ 1.0 in the mid- and high-frequency ranges, were obtained for samples containing 65–75% wood chips. With a higher filler content, one can notice an increased heterogeneity of the structure, which directly affects the worsening of the reduction of sound absorption. Results confirm that the SAC coefficient is strongly dependent on the effective porosity and pore uniformity, and that the technological process of filling is of significant importance. Furthermore, the findings confirm that both epoxy–wood composites and plant fiber based materials demonstrate great potential as reproducible, wideband sound and eco-friendly absorbers.

5

Assessment of Radiation Doses for Paediatric Head, Chest, and Abdominopelvic Computed Tomography Examinations in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana

Amedzoame Bernard, Brobbey Isaac Frimpong, Djan Bismark, Acquah Isaac Kwesi, Tetteh Mercy Afadzi

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 31, Iss. 3

256--262

EN

Introduction: With the increasing number of pediatric computed tomography (CT) examinations, there is a need to optimise protocols for children by adopting examination-specific protocols customised to the patient’s age, size, imaging region, and clinical indication. This study aimed to assess the radiation doses in pediatric CT examinations and compare them to international standards. Material and methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study design was adopted to probe patient records at the radiology department of a teaching hospital in Ghana. Thus, scan parameters, volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), as well as demographic data, were recorded from 496 pediatric patients (age 0-15 years) undergoing head, chest, and abdominopelvic CT examinations. Local Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRLs) were established using the 75th percentile of patient dose values for each protocol and age group. These local levels were then compared with DRLs from other studies. Results: Head CT was the most performed examination (35.0%) compared to chest (32.0%) and abdominopelvic (33.0%). The male group recorded the highest (59.1%) percentage of CT examinations compared to the female group. While LDRL values from this study were generally lower than data from other studies, the CTDIvol and DLP for head scans of patients between 11 and 15 years were found to be higher than the data from other studies. Conclusions: Our study has established LDRLs for standard pediatric CT examinations in the teaching hospital. The LDRLs were generally lower than those reported in other studies, except for head scans in patients aged 11 to 15 years. These findings suggest that there are opportunities for further optimisation of pediatric CT imaging protocols at this facility.

6

Zastosowanie opcji DirectDensity w planowaniu rozkładu dawki

Giza Maciej, Gądek Adam, Sroka Łukasz, Masternak Aleksandra, Zawarczyńska Olga, Ślosarek Krzysztof

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2025

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Vol. 14, nr 3

287--291

PL

Tomografia komputerowa jest bardzo istotnym elementem radioterapii. Obraz z tego badania jest wykorzystywany w celu wrysowania obszaru tarczowego oraz narządów krytycznych, jak również przeprowadzenia obliczeń rozkładu dawki w celach terapeutycznych. Jednak aby system planowania leczenia mógł dokonać niezbędnych obliczeń, trzeba powiązać jednostki HU z tomografii komputerowej z relatywną gęstością elektronową lub masową. W pracy zbadano, czy występują różnice w obliczeniu rozkładu dawki z wykorzystaniem dwóch różnych krzywych kalibracji: na co dzień wykorzystywanej w Narodowym Instytucie Onkologii im. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie – Państwowym Instytucie Badawczym, Oddział w Gliwicach, a krzywą powstałą przy pomocy algorytmu DirectDensity od firmy Siemens. Wykorzystano 6 różnych badań tomografii komputerowej z różnych obszarów: głowa, klatka piersiowa i miednica. Plany leczenia różniły się pomiędzy sobą wykorzystaną krzywą kalibracji dołączoną do bryły TK, aby uniknąć wpływu zastosowania różnych metod planowania. Analiza statystyczna testem U Manna- -Whitneya nie wykazała żadnych istotnych statystycznie różnic pomiędzy wyliczonymi rozkładami dawki, co może sugerować, iż obu krzywych kalibracyjnych można używać zamiennie.

EN

Computed tomography is a very important element of radiotherapy. The images from this examination are used to contour the tumor and critical organs, as well as to perform dose distribution calculations for therapeutic purposes. However, in order for the treatment planning system to make the necessary calculations, it is essential to correlate the HU units from the tomography with the relative electron or mass density. This study investigated whether there are differences in the dose distribution calculation using two different calibration curves: the commonly used one and the curve generated using the DirectDensity algorithm from Siemens. Six different CT scans from various regions were used: head, thorax and pelvis. The treatment plans differed only in the calibration curve applied to the CT dataset, in order to avoid the impact of using different planning methods. Statistical analysis using the U Mann-Whitney test showed no statistically significant differences between the calculated dose distributions, which may suggest that both calibration curves can be used interchangeably.

7

Czy możemy symulować obrazy CT bez rzeczywistych skanów? : możliwości i ograniczenia modeli matematycznych

Podolszańska Jolanta

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2025

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Vol. 14, nr 2

191--198

PL

Artykuł analizuje wykorzystanie modeli matematycznych i głębokiego uczenia do generowania syntetycznych obrazów CT, jako alternatywy dla rzeczywistych skanów, które są trudne do pozyskania z powodów prawnych, finansowych i zdrowotnych. Przedstawiono klasyczne modele, jak fantom Shepp-Logana i Jaszczaka, oraz nowoczesne podejścia, takie jak GAN, VAE i modele dyfuzyjne. Omówiono potencjał tych metod w rekonstrukcji obrazów, planowaniu radioterapii i szkoleniu AI, a także ich ograniczenia - np. halucynacje AI i trudności w odwzorowaniu wartości HU. Artykuł podkreśla, że mimo postępów, pełne kliniczne zastosowanie syntetycznych obrazów CT wymaga dalszych badań i walidacji.

EN

The article examines the use of mathematical models and deep learning to generate synthetic CT images as an alternative to accurate scans, which are difficult to obtain for legal, financial and health reasons. Classic models, such as the SheppLogan phantom and Jaszczak, and modern approaches, such as GAN, VAE and diffusion models, are presented. The potential of these methods in image reconstruction, radiotherapy planning and AI training is discussed, as well as their limitations - such as AI hallucinations and difficulties in mapping HU values. The article emphasizes that despite advances, the full clinical application of synthetic CT images requires further research and validation.

8

Full-Field Force Mapping of Cutting Forces Driven by Local Density Variations in Norway Spruce Wood

Mellqvist Daniel, Buck Dietrich, Johansson Jimmy

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2025

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No. 131

44--53

EN

Full-Field Force Mapping of Cutting Forces Driven by Local Density Variations in Norway Spruce Wood. Local density variations in wood influence cutting performance. In this study, full-field force mapping was applied to investigate the relationship between density distribution and cutting forces. Cutting forces were measured using piezoelectric transducers during cutting of Norway spruce. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of the workpiece provided spatially resolved density data. Force maps were constructed by aligning recorded forces with kerf positions and CT data. Results showed that cutting forces increased in regions of higher density, particularly near knot boundaries and latewood zones. Inner knot areas exhibiting lower density correlated with reduced cutting forces. Normal-force patterns were less responsive to local density changes. No self-feeding behaviour was observed. The integrated CT–force mapping technique enables spatial analysis of cutting responses in relation to anatomical wood features.

9

Evaluating the impact of the tool and additional fruit cutting on changes of pitted cherries using digital volume correlation with computed tomography

Bańkowski Damian, Nowakowski Łukasz, Skrzyniarz Michał, Błasiak Sławomir, Kurp Piotr, Depczyński Wojciech, Młynarczyk Piotr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 11

162--175

EN

The paper presents the use of computed tomography examinations to assess the effect of the pitting process on the structure of cherry fruit. The Digital Volume Correlation (DTC) method was used to assess fruit pitting. The aim of this article is to evaluate internal changes in fruit volume, measure deformation, changes in weight, and changes in cherry volume as a result of pitting with various tools. For pitting there are using conventional cross tool head and innovative pitting technology using a rotary knife and a three and four-needle head. The modern VG Studio computer program, designed for tomographic reconstructions, was used for the qualitative analysis of pitting in cherry fruit. The use of modern tools for the analysis of tomographic reconstructions facilitates a range of procedures, including qualitative analysis, measurements, porosity analysis, division into materials, determination of the share of individual materials. Additionally, as evidenced in the present study, digital volume correlation is a valuable tool. Tomographic reconstructions allowed for non-destructive measurements of deformations and damage to the fruit during the pitting process. The voxel displacement tracking method was used to determine the deformations of cherry fruit caused by different pitting technologies. The research results are presented in graphical form, including histograms that taking into account the changes in mass and volume deformations. Furthermore, an analysis of fruit mass losses was performed in order to validate the DVC method. The relative change in fruit volume and mass caused by the pitting process was assessed. The research results indicate that the innovative pitting method with three-needle head is characterized by less deformation and damage to the fruit and a smaller loss of the pericarp volume. The study points that three-needle and four-needle tools result in a reduced degree of fruit degradation in comparison to cross-shaped tools. However, when assessing the exterior surface, it should be noted that additional cutting of the fruit facilitates the removal of the pit and reduces damage to the fruit during the process.

10

Computed tomography-positron emission and tomography image reconstruction under compressed sensing constraints

Malczewski Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 11

76--90

EN

A novel generative framework, RED-WGAN, is presented for the reconstruction of high-resolution CT-PET images under conditions of sparse sampling, motion corruption, and low-dose acquisition. The method integrates deformable motion compensation, residual deblurring, and Transformer-based denoising within a unified architecture. Joint priors from structural (CT) and functional (PET) data are combined with Ridgelet-domain sparsity and compressed sensing principles to enable the recovery of anatomically precise and perceptually coherent images from highly degraded inputs. The framework was evaluated using both digital phantom models (Shepp-Logan and Zubal) and clinical in vivo CT-PET datasets encompassing a range of anatomical sites and motion scenarios. RED-WGAN was benchmarked against twelve state-of-the-art super-resolution algorithms under varying levels of data sparsity (20–100%) and motion distortion. Superior performance was consistently observed, with PSNR values reaching 39.03 dB, SSIM up to 0.921, and LPIPS reduced to 0.118. Robust image quality was maintained at compression ratios as low as 40%. Furthermore, the framework achieved the lowest total registration error (1.44 voxels) across all evaluated motion compensation methods. These findings demonstrate that RED-WGAN offers a technically robust and clinically scalable solution for CT-PET image enhancement. Its ability to preserve structural integrity and improve cross-modality alignment under constrained acquisition conditions positions it as a promising tool for applications in low-dose imaging, pediatric diagnostics, rapid scanning protocols, and motion-prone clinical environments.

11

Wykorzystanie tomografii komputerowej oraz SEM w ocenie morfologii przekrojów próbek azotanu(V) amonu

Biessikirski Andrzej, Kuterasiński Łukasz, Dworzak Michał, Kolano Malwina, Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk Małgorzata

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 7

805--810

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych związanych z analizą powierzchni morfologicznej w przekrojach granul porowaconego i rolniczego azotanu(V) amonu. Ocenę morfologii przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem SEM oraz tomografii komputerowej. Przekroje próbek azotanu(V) amonu charakteryzowały się strukturą przypomi nająca pumeks. Wykazały występowanie niewielkiej liczby kanałów oraz brak chropowatości powierzchni krystalicznej. W przypadku porowaconego azotanu(V) amonu próbki charakteryzowały się zróżnicowaną budową wynikającą z różnych procesów produkcyjnych. Obie próbki wykazywały dużą liczbę porów, m.in. obecność porów kulistych i wydłużonych. Ponadto w przypadku AN-PP-2 w przekroju próbki widoczna była centralna pustka powietrzna, która nie znajdowała się na żadnym ze skanów dla AN-PP-1. Porowacony azotan(V) amonu charakteryzował się dużą porowatością, rzędu 60-70%, w po równaniu z porowatością rolniczego azotanu(V) amonu (ok. 49%). Przeprowadzone badania BET wykazały, że AN-PP-2 charakteryzował się największą powierzchnią właściwą, ok. 0,5 m²/g, co przy uwzględnieniu mocno rozwiniętej budowy morfologicznej potwierdza wysokie określane przez producenta współczynniki absorpcji.

EN

The morphology of cross sections of porous and agricultural NH₄NO₃ granules was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography and low-temperature nitrogen sorption. Agricultural NH₄NO₃ showed a pumice-like structure, characterized by a small number of channels and a smooth crystalline surface but samples of prilled NH₄NO₃ showed a significant presence of pores, including spherical and elongated pores. The porosity of prilled and agricultural NH₄NO₃ was 70 and 49%, resp. and BET surface area of both materials was 0.5 m²/g and 0.01 m²/g resp.

12

Investigation of the effectiveness of eight different metal artifact reduction algorithms in reducing extracorporeal metal artifacts: a phantom study using the Gumbel method

Suzuki Keiko, Muto Hiroe

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 30, Iss. 4

189--196

EN

Introduction: Metal Artifact Reduction (MAR) processing has been clinically applied to computed tomography (CT) images using various methods. Iterative MAR (iMAR) is an algorithm for reducing metal artifacts from implants and is tailored to the type, shape, and imaging site of a metal object. Various implants have been targeted using iMAR; however, there are some implants and metals that do not have a dedicated iMAR. The potential of iMAR for managing such artifacts has not yet been explored. Utilizing iMAR in unavoidable extracorporeal metal artifact cases could improve diagnosis. We aimed to assess whether the iMAR reduces extracorporeal metal artifacts and enhances image quality. Material and methods: CT was performed on a whole-body phantom with electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes attached. Images were obtained without the iMAR and with eight different iMAR processings. The CT value profiles were perpendicular to the direction of artifact generation, and the maximum adjacent CT value difference was extracted from each CT value profile as the largest variation. The cumulative probabilities for the largest variations were obtained, and the location and scale parameters were calculated from the cumulative probability plots. Kruskal–Wallis tests and multiple comparisons were performed on nine different images. Results: Regarding the 100 cumulative probability plots of the largest variations obtained from each CT value profile, the coefficients of determination (R2) for all cumulative probability plots were as high as > 0.84, indicating that the features of the extracorporeal metal artifact generated from the ECG electrodes evaluated in this study asymptotically approached a Gumbel distribution. The location parameters showed no significant differences among the nine processed images (p > 0.11), whereas the scale parameters showed significant differences for neuro coil, shoulder implant, extremity implant, and thoracic coil iMAR-processed images compared with controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: iMAR may improve diagnosis by reducing extracorporeal metal artifacts and enhancing image quality.

13

Analysis of the frequency and type of CT examinations performed in Poland in 2022

Pankowski Piotr, Wrzesień Małgorzata

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 30, Iss. 1

11--17

EN

Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used diagnostic procedures in modern medicine. Despite many technical improvements, CT still exposes patients to significantly higher doses of radiation than other methods of diagnostic imaging. The presented analysis of the number of CT scans performed in Poland in 2022 aims to designate priorities in the process of optimising radiation protection and makes it possible to identify those examinations and patient groups for which action is particularly justified. Material and methods: The data presented is based on an analysis of the National Health Fund (NHF) database of medical services reimbursed in 2022. According to the NHF data, approximately 5.1 million CT examinations were performed. The coding of reimbursed medical procedures used by the NHF in 2022 included 45 different CT procedures. Results: The highest ratio of the number of examinations performed to the number of patients was found in the age group 59-75 years (average 1.35). This ratio varied according to examination type and was closest to 1 for spine and extremities examinations (between 1.1 and 1.2 on average). Irrespective of patients’ age and type of examination, the proportion of female and male patients fluctuates around 50%. Approximately 82% of head and neck examinations are single-phase CTs. Examinations with two or more phases account for about 17% and less than 1%, respectively. Conclusions: Over the past 10 years, both the number of CT scanners and the number of annually performed scans have doubled. Relative to the population size, this is a rate of about 22 scanners per one million people, an average level for European countries, ranging from a maximum of around 37 for Italy and Germany to around 20 for France, Spain, and Romania, according to Eurostat data.

14

Współczesne wyzwania i przyszłość algorytmów rekonstrukcyjnych w CT: aktualne problemy i kierunki rozwoju

Podolszańska Jolanta

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2024

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Vol. 13, nr 5

495--501

PL

W ostatnich latach algorytmy rekonstrukcyjne w obrazowaniu medycznym przeszły znaczną ewolucję, w dużej mierze dzięki wykorzystaniu sztucznej inteligencji oraz technik głębokiego uczenia. Tradycyjne podejścia, takie jak filtracja wsteczna, są coraz częściej zastępowane przez iteracyjne algorytmy rekonstrukcyjne, które lepiej radzą sobie z redukcją szumów i artefaktów w obrazach niskiej dawki promieniowania. Kompresja danych oraz zastosowanie modeli hybrydowych, które łączą klasyczne metody z nowoczesnymi technologiami AI, umożliwiają szybszą i bardziej dokładną rekonstrukcję obrazów. Szczególną uwagę zwraca rozwijająca się technika kontrastu fazowego, która może zrewolucjonizować diagnostykę tkanek miękkich. W niniejszym artykule omawiane są najnowsze trendy i innowacje w zakresie algorytmów rekonstrukcyjnych, ze szczególnym naciskiem na ich zastosowanie w medycynie oraz przyszłe kierunki rozwoju.

EN

In recent years reconstruction algorithms in medical imaging have undergone significant evolution, largely using artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques. Traditional approaches such as filtrated back-projection are increasingly being replaced by iterative reconstruction algorithms that do a better job of reducing noise and artifacts in low-dose radiation images. Data compression and using hybrid models, which connect classical methods with innovative AI technologies, make possible faster and more efficient image reconstruction. Of note is the developing phase contrast technique, which has the potential to revolutionize soft tissue diagnostics. This article discusses the latest trends and innovations in reconstruction algorithms, with particular emphasis on their medical applications and future directions.

15

The assessment of the technical condition of a tire belt using computed tomography

Warczek Jan, Żak Krzysztof

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2024

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Vol. 26, no. 2

art. no. 183177

EN

Car tire belting is a key structural element. Its operation in the tire determines the maintenance of the geometrical stability of the pneumatic wheel in conditions of variable operational loads. The belt creates a spatial composite structure in which the structural component is usually made of braided steel strands. The even arrangement of the fibers in the belt determines its mechanical properties. Under normal conditions, the belting is invisible in used tires and its technical condition is difficult to assess. The arrangement of the belt wires in the tire can be seen usingX-ray imaging, which was used in this work. In the conducted research, various configurations of the lamp settings and the detector of the measurement system were tested. On the basis of the tests performed, it is possible to assess irregularities in the belting resulting from manufacturing errors. However, a more important application of the obtained results is the possibility of assessing operating wear. Delamination in the belt detected during the tests reduce the safety of using such tires.

16

Use of computed tomography to assess quality and structure of curved CFRP laminate samples produced by autoclave technology

Helizanowicz Barbara, Helizanowicz Damian, Krzemiński Łukasz, Matula Grzegorz

Composites Theory and Practice

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2024

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R. 24, nr 1

72--77

EN

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates are widely used in parts with complex shapes with different curvatures. The curved regions are susceptible to the occurrence of manufacturing defects and premature in-service damage, thus the nondestructive inspection (NDI) of the curved regions is an important issue. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to assess the structure of CFRP composite laminate curved beams with different curvature geometry produced in the autoclave technology. The performed inspection allowed visualization of the structure of the curvatures on the ply level and the detection of defects such as foreign objects, voids, resin rich regions, wrinkles and changes in thickness. Also, the quantitative assessment of the defects and distances between the adjacent layers was carried out. The performed investigations show that X-ray CT is an adequate tool to visualize curved CFRP structures.

17

The use of computed tomography and scanning microscopy methods for assessing the alkaline reactivity of aggregate

Zapała-Sławeta Justyna

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 3

art. no. e149814

EN

The reaction of alkalis with aggregate containing reactive forms of silica (ASR) plays a significant role in shaping the durability of concrete, as the strongly hygroscopic reaction products generated lead to internal stress, causing its expansion and cracking. This study presents an extended analysis of corrosive processes occurring in mortars with reactive natural aggregate from Poland, using computed tomography and scanning microscopy methods. Numerous cracks in the grains and the surrounding cementitious matrix were observed, indicating a high degree of advancement of corrosive processes. Over time, the proportion of pores with reduced sphericity increased, indicating ongoing degradation of the mortars. The usefulness of computed tomography in studying the progress of ASR was demonstrated. Scanning microscopy confirmed that the cause of mortar degradation is the formed ASR gel with a typical composition, located within the volume of reactive grains, cracks propagating into the cementitious matrix, and accumulated in air voids.

18

Przetwarzanie i analiza danych w tomografii komputerowej dla celów diagnostyki technicznej

Zawada-Tomkiewicz Anna

Badania Nieniszczące i Diagnostyka

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2024

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nr 1-2

4--16

PL

W artykule zamieszczono wprowadzenie w metody radiologiczne wykorzystywane w tomografii komputerowej do badań nieniszczących. Zgodnie z normą PN-EN ISO 15708 zastosowanie CT ma duży potencjał do wykrywania rozwarstwienia oraz mikropęknięć, które nie są dostępne za pomocą innych urządzeń pomiarowych. Pozwala również na pełną ocenę powierzchni wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej części. CT jest jedyną metodą badań nieniszczących, która umożliwia połączenie testowania wad z testowaniem wymiarów. Artykuł skupia się na zagadnieniach związanych z jakością rekonstruowanych obrazów warstwowych oraz wpływem na jakość kwalifikacji testowanych wad i wymiarów.

EN

The article provides an introduction to radiological methods used in computed tomography for non-destructive testing. According to the PN-EN ISO 15708 standard, the use of CT has great potential for detecting delamination and microcracks that are not available using other measuring devices. It also allows for a complete assessment of the inner and outer surfaces of the part. CT is the only non-destructive testing method that allows defect testing to be combined with dimensional testing. The article focuses on issues related to the quality of reconstructed layered images and the impact on the quality of qualification of tested defects and dimensions.

19

Możliwości i korzyści zastosowania metody Small Punch Test w diagnostyce urządzeń przemysłowych

Nowak Marek, Baran Patryk

Badania Nieniszczące i Diagnostyka

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2024

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nr 3-4

26--29

PL

Dla zapewnienia bezpiecznej eksploatacji urządzeń technicznych konieczna jest wiedza o aktualnym ich stanie technicznym. Dotyczy to zarówno urządzeń w przemyśle energetycznym, petrochemicznym czy też chemicznym. W celu zapewnienia bezawaryjnej eksploatacji urządzeń prowadzone są badania z wykorzystaniem różnych metod nieniszczących. Katalog stosowanych metod jest co raz szerszy ze względu na rozwój różnych metod badawczych i potrzeby lepszej diagnostyki. Badania te prowadzone są w celu ujawniania uszkodzeń jak również istotne jest dostarczenie informacji o stanie materiału badanego obiektu. Dane dotyczące własności materiału pozyskuje się dzięki wykorzystaniu różnych metod badawczych, niekiedy mocno inwazyjnych. Alternatywą może być wykorzystanie metody Small Punch Test (SPT), która uważana jest za metodę małoinwazyjną. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady wykorzystania metody SPT w praktyce przemysłowej do wyznaczenia własności wytrzymałościowych materiałów jak również inne korzyści zastosowania tej metody. Pobranie niewielkiego wycinka materiału pozwala m.in. na realizację badań mikrostruktury za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego i skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego czy pomiarów twardości.

EN

In order to ensure safe operation of technical devices, knowledge of their current technical condition is necessary. This applies to devices in the energy as well petrochemical and chemical industries. In order to ensure failure-free operation of devices, the various non-destructive methods are used. The catalogue of methods used is becoming wider due to the development of various research methods and the needs for better diagnostics. These tests are carried out to detect damage and it is also important to provide information about material condition of tested object. Mechanical properties of the material are obtained through the use of various research methods, sometimes very invasive. An alternative may be the use of the Small Punch Test (SPT) method, which is considered a minimally invasive method. The article presents examples of the use of the SPT method in industrial practice to determine the strength properties of materials as well as other benefits of using this method. Taking a small sample of the material allows, among others, to carry out microstructure tests using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope or hardness measurements.

20

3D printed anatomical models for preoperative planning of complex orthopaedic surgical operations of the lower limb

Valchanov P., Ivanov S.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 127, nr 2

73--85

EN

Purpose: Complex multifragmentary fractures of the pelvis and lower limb are a major challenge for operative orthopaedic surgery. The successful metallic osteosynthesis of the fractures requires an extensive planning process, which can be dramatically improved with the 3D printed anatomical models – replicas of the bones with high fidelity generated from CT and MRI imaging studies. The models represent the spatial properties of the skeleton with a dimensional error of approximately 8 μm/mm. They can be manufactured easily and with high reproducibility with commercial or open-access software and FDM 3D printing. Orthopaedic surgeons use the preoperative models as a highly accurate physical model of complex fractures and allow them to choose and prepare the optimal operation window, surgical tools, metallic implants, and as a template for recontouring (pre-bending) of fixation plates, which will be used during the surgery. The approach provides a new level of personalisation in operative orthopaedic surgery and significantly reduces the duration of the operation, the amount of blood loss and the intraoperative X-rays. The proper anatomical repositioning of the fracture is achieved at a higher rate in the surgeries, which are planned with 3D-printed anatomical models. The planning of surgical operations with 3D-printed models increases the overall effectiveness of the surgery, reduces the rate of post-surgical complications, and allows for a patient-specific approach. The paper will describe the methods for manufacturing accurate 3D-printed anatomical models representing complex fractures and their application for preoperative planning of orthopaedic operation. Design/methodology/approach: The anatomical 3D models were generated from CT datasets with open-access medical informatics software (3D Slicer) and 3D printed on an FDM 3D printer with minimal thermal deformation (Polylactate, PLA). The finished models were used for preoperative planning of complex orthopaedic operations, including high-energy multifragmentary hip, knee and ankle fractures. The preoperative planning included selecting surgical access, preparing tools and implants, and contouring (pre-bending) metal plates for metallic osteosynthesis. Several parameters, such as operation time, blood loss, intraoperative X-rays, and the achievement of anatomical reduction of the fractures, were observed in order to measure the quality of the operations. bones can be generated from tomographic imaging studies easily and accurately, even with open-source software. They can be utilised as a tool for preoperatively planning complex orthopaedical operations of the lower limb. Using 3D-printed models allows a patient-specific approach, which leads to good anatomical reduction and favourable functional results in complex surgeries regarding the pelvis, acetabulum, tibial plateau, and calcaneus. Practical implications: The methods described in the paper are routinely used for the preoperative planning of complex orthopaedical operations regarding the lower limb. In the future, they will be combined with the implementation of 3D-printed personalised titanium implants to achieve good anatomical reduction even for the most challenging multigragmental fractures. Originality/value: In the paper, we described the technical aspects and clinical considerations for the preoperative planning of complex orthopaedical operations, which can assist engineers and clinicians alike in implementing the useful method in clinical practice.