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1

Effect of the choice of drawbead type on the spring back: comparative study between two types of drawbead

Bouzaffour M., Yassine F., Nassraoui M.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 30, no. 3

11--25

EN

The stamping process is mainly used in the automotive industry to manufacture parts. However, there is a major problem with the geometrical variations of the part which lead to assembly difficulties, this problem is known as the spring back, that is to say the propensity of the sheet to recover its original shape after being deformed, this results in a geometric variation of the part which affects the final assembly. In this article, we started by modelling the drawbead force and then examined the consequences of drawbead on the spring back, which is one of the essential elements of the stamping process. We have demonstrated that the type of drawbead chosen plays a crucial role in the spring back of the part. We have therefore carried out a comparative study between two types of drawbead, the bead and the step bead. The result shows that the use of a step bead as a type of drawbead improves spring back.

2

Strain-controlled uniaxial fatigue of an AA2519 aluminium alloy sheet

Pejkowski Łukasz, Kotyk Maciej

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

art. no. e154271

EN

This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the uniaxial, strain-controlled fatigue behaviour of an AA2519 aluminium-copper alloy. The alloy was characterized in the as-fabricated state. Three orientations relative to the rolling direction were used to determine the mechanical properties. The quasi-static strength and cyclic stress-strain response of the AA2519 aluminium alloy for the examined cases were similar regardless of the rolling direction, although slight differences between them were noticeable. Similarly, the fatigue life was not strongly affected by the specimen orientation. The investigation also included fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces, revealing differences between strain amplitude levels and specimen orientations. The experimental results obtained provide a good basis for engineering applications of the analyzed AA2519 alloy and offer a solid foundation for further research into the effect of heat treatment on the fatigue strength of the investigated alloy.

3

The effect of varnishing and soaking on formability of the AW-5052-H28 aluminium alloy sheets in Erichsen cupping test

Żaba Krzysztof, Kuczek Łukasz, Balcerzak Maciej

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 41, nr 1

137--144

EN

This article presents the results of experimental tests on the stretch-forming ability of 0.21-mm-thick AW-5052-H28 aluminium alloy sheets used in the production of pull-off cups. Erichsen test under various tribological conditions (dry friction, lubrication with graphite lubricant) was used to assess the sheet formability. Punches with a various diameter of the spherical end (8 and 20 mm) were used in the tests. The effect of soaking conditions and varnishing variants on the value of Erichsen indices IE and IE11 was investigated. The sheets were soaked for 13 minutes at various temperatures: 185°C, 190°C and 200°C. In test conditions without lubrication, the lowest value of the IE index = 3.3 mm was observed for sheets in as-received state and for samples after soaking. However, the highest values of the Erichsen index in tests without lubrication were measured for varnished samples and repeatedly soaked. The tests conducted under lubrication conditions with graphite grease revealed usually higher values of the IE index compared to testing conditions without the use of grease. The values of the IE11 index were approximately twice lower than the IE indices. Observation of the bulge surface revealed a smooth surface, which means that the material is characterised by a fine-grained microstructure.

PL

W tym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych odkształcalności blach ze stopu aluminium AW-5052-H28 o grubości 0.21 mm stosowanych do produkcji kapsli zawierających zawleczkę. Tłoczność blachy określono metodą Erichsena w warunkach tarcia suchego i smarowania smarem grafitowym. Wykorzystano stemple o średnicy sferycznej końcówki 8 oraz 20 mm. Badano wpływ warunków lakierowania i wygrzewania na wartość wskaźników Erichsena IE oraz IE11. Wygrzewanie blach przeprowadzano w czasie 13 minut i w różnej temperaturze: 185°C, 190°C oraz 200°C. W warunkach bez smarowania najmniejszą wartością wskaźnika IE = 3,3 mm charakteryzowały się blachy w stanie dostawy oraz próbki po wygrzewaniu. Natomiast najwyższe wartości wskaźnika Erichsena w badaniach bez smarowania zmierzono dla próbek lakierowanych oraz wielokrotnie wygrzewanych. Testy przeprowadzone w warunkach smarowania smarem grafitowym ujawniły przeważnie większe wartości wskaźnika IE w porównaniu do warunków testowania bez użycia smaru. Wartości wskaźnika IE11były około dwukrotnie mniejsze niż wskaźnika IE. Obserwacja powierzchni wytłoczenia pozwoliła stwierdzić gładką powierzchnię, co oznacza, że materiał charakteryzował się drobnoziarnistą mikrostrukturą.

4

The effect of blankholder pressure on the amount of springback in the U-draw bending process

Fejkiel Romuald

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 41, nr 1

195--204

EN

Springback in sheet metal forming processes is a phenomenon that makes it difficult to obtain products with the desired geometry. This paper presents the results of research on the effect of the blankholder pressure on the elastic deformations of sheets during the forming of strip specimens (50 mm wide and 400 mm long) into U-shaped components. A special die was developed for the forming of sheet metals under variable blankholder pressure conditions in the range between 1 and 3 MPa. Three grades of sheets with significantly different properties were used as the research material: 6063 aluminium alloy, S235JR structural steel and X46Cr13 stainless steel. The research was conducted under dry friction conditions. The elastic deformations of the sheet metal in the U-draw bending process were of a different character in the punch radius and die radius areas. In the area of the punch edge, the springback coefficient decreased with increasing blankholder pressure. This relationship was observed for all the tested materials. In the area of the die edge, a decrease in the value of the bending angle was generally observed in relation to the bending angle in the loaded state.

PL

Sprężynowanie jest zjawiskiem, które utrudnia otrzymanie wyrobów o pożądanej geometrii w procesach kształtowania blach. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu nacisku dociskacza na odkształcenia sprężyste blach podczas ich kształtowania pasów blachy o szerokości 50 mm i długości 400 mm w wyroby w kształcie litery U. Opracowano specjalny tłocznik pozwalający na kształtowanie wyrobów w warunkach zmiennego nacisku dociskacza w zakresie 1-3 MPa. Jako materiał badawczy wykorzystano trzy gatunki blach o znacznie różniących się właściwościach: stop aluminium EN AW-6063, stal konstrukcyjna S235JR oraz stal nierdzewna X46Cr13. Badania przeprowadzono w warunkach tarcia suchego. Odkształcenia sprężyste blachy w procesie gięcia w kształcie litery U miały inny charakter w obszarach promienia stempla i promienia matrycy. W obszarze krawędzi stempla współczynnik sprężynowania zmniejszał się ze wzrostem nacisku dociskacza. Tę zależność zaobserwowano dla wszystkich badanych materiałów o różnych właściwościach mechanicznych. W strefie krawędzi matrycy generalnie zaobserwowano zmniejszenie kąta gięcia w stosunku do kąta gięcia w stanie obciążonym.

5

Research on a multi-step spinning process for manufacturing disc-like part with thickened rim

Jin Junsong, Wang Shaolei, Tang Xuefeng, Liu Famei, Su Xuedong, Wang Xinyun

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 1

art. no. e3, 2022

EN

In this research, a multi-step spinning process was proposed to manufacture disc-like metallic parts with thick rim. The feasibility of this new process was validated by finite element (FE) simulation and forming experiment, while some undesirable geometries and defects including fold, pit, and underfilling were observed during each forming stage. To improve the forming quality, the effects of critical dimension parameters of rollers on the forming stability, streamline distribution, filling performance, and forming defects were systematically investigated by combination of FE and experimental analysis. The results showed that the dimension parameters of the roller significantly affect the forming stability and the streamline distribution, and the forming step has a remarkable effect on the filling performance. A circular slab with a diameter of 326 mm and a thickness of 3 mm was successfully formed into a defect-free disc-like part that has a thick rim with a width of 7.8 mm and thickness of 9.1 mm using the optimized parameters. This work presents a comprehensive understanding of the flow behavior and defects generation mechanism of the newly developed multi-step spinning process which can be used to manufacture large disc parts with thin web and thick rim.

6

Influences of stress states and loading directions on the anisotropic fracture of magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet under tension-dominated forming conditions

Qian Lingyun, Xu Sinuo, Li Heng, Zhou Yuwei, Sun Chaoyang, Ma Tengyun

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 4

art. no. e213, 2022

EN

The crystallographic textures of metal sheet induced by the rolling process cause its anisotropic fracture behavior via plasticity anisotropy. This research aimed to characterize the anisotropic fracture behavior of magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet during the conventional tension-dominated forming conditions. Four specimens with different shapes were designed to cover diverse stress states, and were respectively tension-tested to fracture along the rolling direction (RD), diagonal direction (DD), and transverse direction (TD) of rolled sheet. Almost all specimens failed in the shear fracture mode with slight necking localization. The distinct differences among load response, strain distribution as well fracture strain for three directions revealed the severe anisotropic fracture characteristic. To characterize the fracture anisotropy, the isotropic modified Mohr–Coulomb (MMC) fracture criterion was revised into an anisotropic one by considering the effect of loading direction. The updated unified fracture model together with the Yld2000-3d anisotropic yield function had better performances in describing load responses of tension tests for scaled modified compact-tension (SMCT) specimens under three loading directions, especially blindly predicting their crack locations. Three SMCT specimens all failed due to the tension-dominated stress state with the stress triaxiality higher than 1/3. As a comparison, the isotropic MMC model separately calibrated by tests along the RD, DD, and TD can only predict the fracture behavior of SMCT specimen in the corresponding loading direction, but it failed to judge the fracture features of other two directions.

7

Development of technology for the production of lightweight observation and protective container (LOOK) made of nanostructured ultra-strength steels

Marcisz Jarosław, Garbarz Bogdan, Tomczak Tymoteusz, Janik Aleksandra, Zalecki Władysław, Burdek Marek, Adamczyk Mariusz, Starczewski Lech, Gmitrzuk Michał, Nyc Robert, Gołuński Marcin, Żółkiewski Krzysztof, Lubowiecki Paweł, Skurczyński Marcin

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 73, no. 2

13--39

EN

The article contains results of research and analyses concerning application of nanostructured bainitic steel in the form of plates for manufacturing of armour components. The presented results of examination of microstructure and properties include a wide range of laboratory experiments and industrial tests, which resulted in the achievement of the assumed functional properties. In the period of 2017-2021, a scientific and industrial consortium consisting of Łukasiewicz - Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy (leader); WITPiS, Tarnów Mechanical Works, Alchemia and Heatmasters Poland carried out a project funded by the POIR 04.01.04 programme aimed to develop the design and to manufacture an observation and protective container with a specified resistance to penetration by armour-piercing projectiles and with a lower mass of steel armouring in relation to that currently produced. The aim of the project was achieved by using armour plates made of nanostructured bainitic steel (nanobainitic), which are characterised by high resistance to high-energy impact concentrated in a small area. The technological tests carried out in the project mainly concerned the development of a new container and industrial technology of armour plates production and their application in the armour of this container. Based on the results of investigation of the semi-industrial scale material, the optimum chemical composition for industrial scale melting and casting was determined. An industrial technology for the production of plates of nano-structured bainitic steel was developed, which includes the following processes: smelting and casting, preliminary heat treatment and ingot hot processing, as well as hot rolling, final heat treatment, and surface treatment. A test batch of the material in the form of 1500×2470 mm armoured plates was fabricated under industrial conditions. The final result of the project is a container armoured with bainitic nanostructured steel plates with implementation documentation and a technology for producing armoured plates from this steel under the technical and technological conditions of domestic steel manufacturers.

PL

Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań i analiz dotyczące zastosowania stali nanostrukturalnej bainitycznej w postaci blach arkuszowych do wytwarzania elementów opancerzenia. Przedstawione wyniki badań mikrostruktury i właściwości obejmują szeroki zakres eksperymentów laboratoryjnych i badań przemysłowych, w wyniku których osiągnięto założone właściwości użytkowe. W latach 2017-2021 konsorcjum naukowo-przemysłowe w składzie: Łukasiewicz - Instytut Metalurgii Żelaza (lider), Wojskowy Instytut Techniki Pancernej i Samochodowej (WITPiS), Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów S.A. (ZMT), Alchemia S.A. i Heatmasters Poland sp. z o.o. zrealizowało projekt finansowany z programu POIR 04.01.04, którego celem było opracowanie konstrukcji i wykonanie kontenera obserwacyjno-obronnego o określonej odporności na przebicie pociskami przeciwpancernymi oraz o niższej masie opancerzenia stalowego w odniesieniu do obecnie wytwarzanego. Cel projektu osiągnięto przez zastosowanie blach pancernych ze stali nanostrukturalnej bainitycznej (nanobainitycznej-NBA), które charakteryzuje wysoka odporność na skoncentrowane na małym obszarze wysokoenergetyczne oddziaływania udarowe. Zrealizowane badania przemysłowe w projekcie dotyczyły w głównej mierze opracowania konstrukcji nowego kontenera oraz przemysłowej technologii wytwarzania blach pancernych i ich zastosowania w opancerzeniu tego kontenera. Na podstawie wyników badań materiału wytworzonego w skali półprzemysłowej ustalono optymalny skład chemiczny dla wytopów przemysłowych. Opracowano przemysłową technologię wytwarzania blach ze stali nanostrukturalnej bainitycznej, która obejmuje następujące procesy: wytapianie i odlewanie, wstępną obróbkę cieplną i przetwarzanie wlewków oraz walcowanie na gorąco blach i finalną obróbkę cieplną oraz obróbkę powierzchniową. Wykonano testową partię materiału w warunkach przemysłowych w postaci pancernych blach arkuszowych o wymiarach 1500×2470 mm. Finalnym rezultatem projektu jest kontener opancerzony za pomocą blach ze stali nanostrukturalnej bainitycznej z dokumentacją wdrożeniową oraz technologia wytwarzania blach pancernych z tej stali w warunkach techniczno-technologicznych krajowych wytwórców wyrobów stalowych.

8

Mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in plastically deformed bainite-based TRIP-aided medium-Mn steels

Kozłowska Aleksandra, Grajcar Adam, Janik Aleksandra, Radwański Krzysztof, Krupp Ulrich, Matus Krzysztof, Morawiec Mateusz

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 3

807--820

EN

Advanced medium-Mn sheet steels show an opportunity for the development of cost-effective and light-weight automotive parts with improved safety and optimized environmental performance. These steels utilize the strain-induced martensitic transformation of metastable retained austenite to improve the strength–ductility balance. The improvement of mechanical performance is related to the tailored thermal and mechanical stabilities of retained austenite. The mechanical stability of retained austenite was estimated in static tensile tests over a wide temperature range from 20 °C to 200 °C. The thermal stability of retained austenite during heating at elevated temperatures was assessed by means of dilatometry. The phase composition and microstructure evolution were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was shown that the retained austenite stability shows a pronounced temperature dependence and is also stimulated by the manganese addition in a 3–5% range.

9

Multivariate modelling of effectiveness of lubrication of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet using vegetable oil-based lubricants

Trzepieciński Tomasz, Szpunar Marcin

Advances in Materials Science

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2021

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Vol. 21, nr 2(68)

26--39

EN

The article presents the results of modelling the friction phenomenon using artificial neural networks and analysis of variance. The test material was composed of strip specimens made of 0.5-mm-thick alpha-beta Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) titanium alloy sheet. A special tribotester was used in the tests to simulate the friction conditions between the punch and the sheet metal in the sheet metal forming process. A test called the strip drawing test has been conducted in conditions in which the sheet surface is lubricated with six environmentally friendly oils (palm, coconut, olive, sunflower, soybean and linseed). Based on the results of the strip drawing test, a regression model and an artificial neural network model were built to determine the complex interactions between the process parameters and the friction coefficient. A multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer and eight neurons in this layer showed the best fit to the training data. The network training was conducted using three algorithms, i.e. Levenberg-Marquardt, back propagation and quasi-Newton. Taking into consideration both the coefficient of determination R2 (0.962) and S.D. ratio (0.272), the best regression characteristics were presented by the network trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. From the response surfaces of the quadratic regression model it was found that an increase in the density of lubricant at a specific pressure causes a reduction in the coefficient of friction. Low density and high kinematic viscosity of the oil leads to a high coefficient of friction.

10

Elastic buckling analysis of uniaxially compressed CCCC stiffened isotropic plates

Ibeabuchi V. T., Ibearugbulem O. M., Ezeah C., Ugwu O. O.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 25, no. 4

84--95

EN

This paper reports a research study that investigated buckling of stiffened rectangular isotropic plates elastically restrained along all the edges (CCCC) under uniaxial in-plane load, using the work principle approach. The stiffeners were assumed to be rigidly connected to the plate. Analyses for critical buckling of stiffened plates were carried out by varying parameters, such as the number of stiffeners, stiffness properties and aspect ratios. The study involved a theoretical derivation of a peculiar shape function by applying the boundary conditions of the plate on Taylor Maclaurin’s displacement function and substituted on buckling equation derived to obtain buckling solutions. The present solutions were validated using a trigonometric function in the energy method from previous works. Coefficients, K, were compared for various numbers of stiffeners and the maximum percentage difference obtained within the range of aspect ratios of 1.0 to 2.0 is shown in Figs 2 - 7. A number of numerical examples were presented to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the current solutions.

11

Effect of punch profile on deformation behaviour of AA5052 sheet in stretch flanging process

Kumar Surendra, Ahmed M., Panthi S. K.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

247--263

EN

Stretch flanging is a type of bending process widely used in automobile and aerospace industries. Forming of the stretch flange is mainly affected by three important parameters: materials of the sheet, the geometry of tools and different process parameters. This work focuses on the effect of punch profile on deformation behavior of AA5052 alloy sheet to form the stretch flange. Six punches of different geometry i.e. cylindrical, two stepped, three stepped, six stepped, conical and hemispherical are used. Results are presented in the form of edge crack in the sheet at edge corner and its propagation towards center, forming load comparison for different punch profile and distribution of radial and circumferential strain in the sheet. It is observed that the punch profile has a considerable effect on the deformation behavior of the sheet. Circumferential strain, radial strain and load requirement to form the flange are found to be minimum in hemispherical punch profile as compared to other punch profiles. Experiments are performed to validate the FE simulation results and results are found in very good agreement in terms of edge crack length. Fractography study shows uniform and large number of small size dimples at the fractured surface for hemispherical and conical punch profile.

12

Technologia klinczowania blach w aspekcie wykorzystania blach powlekanych

Lonkwic Paweł, Usydus Ireneusz, Bielecki Michał

Obróbka Metalu

|

2019

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nr 4

20--24

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące oceny połączeń klinczowanych w aspekcie użycia blach powlekanych. Porównano wartości sił zrywających próbki. Do badań użyto materiały wykorzystywane w procesie produkcji grzejników. Proces łączenia został wykonany z użyciem ręcznej klinczarki BTM. Stwierdzono, że z technologicznego punktu widzenia zalecanym rozwiązaniem jest łączenie niepokrytych materiałów warstwami folii. Gdy zachodzi konieczność pokrycia powierzchni blachy folią, przed połączeniem, w miejscach łączenia należy folię usunąć.

EN

In this paper research on the evaluation of clinched joints in terms of the use of coated sheets were presented. The values of the breaking forces of the samples were compared. Materials used in manufacturing process of radiators were used for the tests. The joining process was carried out with manual BTM clamping machine. It was found that from technological pointed of view the recommended solution is to join uncovered materials with layers of foil. When it is necessary to cover the sheet metal surface with foil, the foil in the connection points must be removed before it is joined.

13

Wpływ wybranych parametrów procesu zgrzewania tarciowego z mieszaniem na jakość złączy aluminiowych

Adamus J., Winowiecka J.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2018

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R. 63, nr 4

3--9

PL

Zgrzewanie tarciowe z mieszaniem (ang. friction stir welding) jest opatentowaną w latach 90. XX w. metodą łączenia blach, która umożliwia zgrzewanie elementów o różnych właściwościach i grubościach. Proces zgrzewania tarciowego z mieszaniem może być stosowany do zgrzewania materiałów, których łączenie klasycznymi metodami spawalniczymi jest trudne lub niemożliwe. Z powodzeniem zgrzewane są trudnospawalne lotnicze stopy aluminium z serii 2xxx i 7xxx. Przedmiotem analiz w niniejszym artykule jest określenie wpływu parametrów procesu liniowego zgrzewania z mieszeniem na jakość złączy wykonanych z blach aluminiowych. Badaniami objęto blachy z aluminium 7075 T6. Łączono blachy o grubościach 1,6 i 0,8 mm. Analizowano wpływ prędkości obrotowej, prędkości liniowej oraz sposobu mocowania próbek podczas statycznej próby rozciągania na nośność złączy. Przedstawiono makrostrukturę złączy, omówiono rodzaje wad i ich wpływ na nośność złączy.

EN

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a process invented in the 1990s that enables welding of the materials with different properties and thicknesses. Friction stir welding can be used for the materials that are poorly weldable or non-weldable by conventional fusion welding methods. Poorly weldable aluminum alloys of 2xxx and 7xxx series are easily joined by FSW technology. Determination of the influence of the FSW parameters on the quality of aluminum joints is the object of the work. The study includes 7075 T6 aluminum sheets. The sheets with thickness of 1.6 and 0.8 mm were joined. The influence of rotational speed, linear velocity and loading type during tensile tests on joint load capacity was analyzed. The macrostructure of the joints was presented. The typical defects and their impact on joint load capacity was described.

14

Use of magnetic field in sheet metal shearing

Moravec J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2018

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Vol. 85, nr 10

359--361

EN

The paper presents the mechanism for sheet metal shearing with the help of magnetic field. Next, schemes are presented together with shearing areas and a comparison with classical shearing. It was confirmed that shearing material thickness is directly dependent on electromagnet power.

PL

Praca opisuje proces wykrawania arkuszy blach metalowych z użyciem pola magnetycznego. Zaprezentowano mechanizmy działania, obszary ścinania i porównanie z klasyczną metodą wykrawania. Udowodniono, że grubość wykrawania materiału jest ściśle zależna od siły elektromagnesu.

15

Detection of strain localization in numerical simulation of sheet metal forming

Lumelskyj D., Rojek J., Tkocz M.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, no. 2

490--499

EN

This paper presents an investigation on the detection of strain localization in numerical simulation of sheet metal forming. Two methods to determine the onset of localized necking have been compared. The first criterion, newly implemented in this work, is based on the analysis of the through-thickness thinning (through-thickness strain) and its first time derivative in the most strained zone. The limit strain in the second method, studied in the authors’ earlier works, is determined by the maximum of the strain acceleration. The limit strains have been determined for different specimens undergoing deformation at different strain paths covering the whole range of the strain paths typical for sheet forming processes. This has allowed to construct numerical forming limit curves (FLCs). The numerical FLCs have been compared with the experimental one. Mesh sensitivity analysis for these criteria has been performed for the selected specimens. It has been shown that the numerical FLC obtained with the new criterion predicts formability limits close to the experimental results so this method can be used as a potential alternative tool to determine formability in standard finite element simulations of sheet forming processes.

16

Współczesne metalowe elewacje perforowane

Żwirek P.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2017

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R. 88, nr 3

34--41

PL

Stosowanie elewacji perforowanych umożliwia uzyskanie elewacji nadających bryle budynku indywidualny charakter. Spośród dużej liczby dostępnych na rynku wyrobów budowlanych materiałów elewacyjnych największe możliwości w zakresie formowania kształtu pojedynczego elementu okładzinowego, stopnia skomplikowania wzoru perforacji i jej intensywności zapewniają okładziny metalowe. Znajomość właściwości materiałów oraz technologii produkcji elementów perforowanych jest kluczowa dla uzyskania estetycznych i poprawnych technicznie, a jednocześnie akceptowalnych ze względu na koszty produkcji rozwiązań. W pracy omówiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z projektowaniem i wykonaniem metalowych elewacji perforowanych.

EN

Use of perforated elevations makes it possible to obtain elevations which provide the body of a building with an individual character. Out of a great number of elevation materials available on the construction market, the greatest possibilities in the scope of forming the shape of a single facing element, degree of complexity of the perforation pattern and its intensity, are provided by metal facings. Knowledge of properties of materials as well as of production technologies of perforated elements plays a key role in obtaining aesthetic and technically correct solutions, which at the same time are acceptable in terms of production costs. The paper discusses selected issues connected with designing and creation of perforated metal elevations.

17

Analiza wpływu smaru technologicznego na proces tłoczenia blach stosowanych w przemyśle lotniczym

Więckowski W., Adamus J., Dyja K.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2016

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R. 61, nr 2

83--88

PL

Przemysł lotniczy do budowy samolotów wykorzystuje lekkie elementy powłokowe otrzymywane z blach na drodze tłoczenia. Procesy tłoczenia pozwalają na uzyskanie powtarzalności wymiarów oraz własności wytwarzanych elementów. Tłoczenie blach można postrzegać jako system tribologiczny, którego ważnym elementem jest smar technologiczny mający istotny wpływ na przebieg procesu i finalną jakość wyrobu. W artykule omówiono wpływ smaru technologicznego na rozkład grubości ścianek wytłoczek. Przedstawiono wyniki badań współczynnika tarcia w próbie przeciągania pasa blachy pomiędzy płaskimi matrycami, badania korozyjne oraz wyniki analiz numerycznych procesu tłoczenia blach aluminiowych i tytanowych.

EN

In the aviation industry, lightweight coated materials obtained through sheet metal forming have been used for construction of airplanes. Forming processes ensure repeatability of dimensions and properties of the components. Sheet metal forming can be considered as a tribological system, with its important element being technological lubricant, which has a significant effect on the process and final quality of products. The paper discusses the effect of a technological lubricant on distribution of wall thickness in drawn parts. The results of examinations of the coefficient of friction in the strip drawing test between flat dies, corrosion tests and results of numerical analyses of aluminium and titanium sheet metal forming were also presented.

18

Wpływ gazu osłonowego na emisję zanieczyszczeń podczas lutospawania łukowego blach stalowych pokrytych powłokami ochronnymi

Matusiak J., Wyciślik J.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2016

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R. 88, nr 9

121--126

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wielkości emisji zanieczyszczeń pyłowych i gazowych powstających przy lutospawaniu łukowym metodami MIG/MAG. Badania przeprowadzono dla blach stalowych z powłoką cynkową oraz powłoką ze stopu cynku i żelaza. Na osłonę łuku zastosowano argon oraz mieszaniny gazowe dwuskładnikowe typu Ar+O2, Ar+CO2, Ar+H2 i trójskładnikowe Ar+CO2+H2. W analizie wyników badań przedstawiono wpływ składu gazu osłonowego na wielkość emisji pyłu całkowitego, tlenków azotu i tlenku węgla oraz na skład chemiczny zanieczyszczeń pyłowych.

EN

The results of research into the fume and gas emission during MIG/MAG arc weld brazing are presented in the article. Research was conducted for hot – dip coated steel sheets with zinc and zinc and iron alloy coatings. Arc shielding gases applied were Ar, Ar+O2, Ar+CO2, Ar+H2 and Ar+CO2+H2 gas mixtures. The analysis of the results presents the influence of composition of shielding gas effect on the emission rate of total fume, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide and the chemical composition of welding fume.

19

Badania sprężynowania powrotnego blachy stalowej nierdzewnej AMS5604 w podwyższonej temperaturze

Trzepieciński T., Nowotyńska I., Stachowicz F., Malinowski T., Pieja T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2016

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R. 17, nr 6

1180-1185

PL

Sprężynowanie powrotne blachy stalowej nierdzewnej AMS5604 o grubości 1 mm określono w próbie swobodnego gięcia blachy za pomocą walcowego stempla. Badania eksperymentalne gięcia zrealizowano na specjalnym przyrządzie umożliwiającym pomiar wartości sprężynowania blachy. Symulacje numeryczne za pomocą metody elementów skończonych procesu gięcia blachy przeprowadzono za pomocą programu LS-Dyna. Symulacje numeryczne zostały wykonane dla procesu gięcia odbywającego się w temperaturze otoczenia oraz w temperaturach podwyższonych: 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 650°C i 700°C. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że współczynnik sprężynowania blachy zmniejsza się liniowo wraz ze wzrostem temperatury. Ponadto, podczas procesu gięcia w badanym zakresie temperatury dochodzi do zmiany grubości blachy. Temperatura obróbki blachy jest czynnikiem decydującym o wartości granicznej odkształcalności blachy i determinuje końcowy kształt wyrobu.

EN

To determine the value of springback coefficient of sheet metal the cylindrical bending test was conducted. The experimental tests of bending process were carried out using special device which allows to measure the value of sheet springback. As a test material we used the AMS 5604 alloy sheet metal with a sheet thickness of 1 mm. The numerical simulations by finite element method of the cylindrical bending test was conducted using LS-Dyna program. The simulations were conducted at the room temperature (20°C) and at elevated temperatures: 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 650°C i 700°C. The results indicated that the value of springback coefficient of the sheet decreases with the increasing of temperature. Furthermore, during the bending process at analysed temperature the linear variation in sheet thickness is observed. The forming temperature value influences the value of limit strains of the sheet and determines the final shape of product.

20

Extended evaluation of Erichsen cupping test results by means of laser speckle

Kocańda A., Jasiński C.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, no. 2

211--216

EN

Erichsen cupping test has usually been used to determine the height of the cup at the moment of sheet metal fracture, defined as the Erichsen Number IE. The paper presents a proposal of using Erichsen cupping test to determine the additional parameter – the height of the cup LN-IE at the moment of localized necking in sheet metal, which usually precedes fracture of sheet metal. For this purpose, a method of localized necking detection was developed. It is based on the phenomenon of laser speckle. The results of height measurements were presented for three different grades of sheet metals used in the automotive industry: 5754 H22 aluminum alloy, DC04 deep drawing steel, and Dogal 800DP high strength steel. The differences in cup heights at the moments of localized necking (LN-IE) and fracture (IE) of the tested sheet metals were in the range of 0–8%.