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1

Odbudowa przemysłu potasowego w Ukrainie i charakterystyka procesów jego przetwarzania

Khatsevych Olha, Derzhko Olha

Przegląd Solny

|

2025

|

T. 19

13--20

PL

Artykuł przedstawia dane dotyczące dostępności zasobów potasu w Ukrainie i pokazuje możliwość ich wykorzystania do produkcji nawozów potasowo-magnezowych typu siarczanowego. Zaprezentowano mapę złóż soli potasowej w Basenie Przedkarpackim oraz ogólne cechy rud poliminerałowych. Krótko opisano technologiczną sekwencję przetwarzania rud poliminerałowych z Basenu Przedkarpackiego w celu uzyskania trzech głównych produktów: kalimagnezji, soli (technicznej lub spożywczej) oraz skoncentrowanych roztworów chlorku magnezu. Wskazano również możliwość rozwiązania problemów środowiskowych istniejących w zakładach dawnych przedsiębiorstw potasowych. Przedstawiono perspektywiczne kierunki odbudowy przemysłu potasowego w Ukrainie.

EN

The article presents data on the availability of potash resources in Ukraine and demonstrates the possibility of their use for the production of sulfate-type potassium-magnesium fertilizers. A map of potassium salt deposits of the Fore-Carpathian Basin and general characteristics of polymineral ores are presented. The technological scheme of processing polymineral ore of the Fore-Carpathian Basin with the production of three main products: kalimagnesia, salt (technical or food grade), and concentrated magnesium chloride solutions is briefly described. The possibility of solving environmental problems existing at the facilities of former potash enterprises is shown. Prospective directions for the restoration of the potash industry of Ukraine are given.

2

The effect of grinding type on roughness and coagulation of magnesite particles

Guven Onur, Kayabaşı Halim Recep, Ehsani Arman, Kaymakoğlu Burçin, Tombal Kara Tuğba Deniz

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2025

|

Vol. 61, iss. 3

art. no. 203708

EN

Coagulation is one of the most important processes for aggregating the fine particles in a dispersed system via different mechanisms. Many factors such as particle size, morphology, pH, coagulant type, and concentration may affect particle-particle interactions, which will then be effective on their coagulation characteristics. In this study, the effect of grinding type on the roughness of magnesite particles under 38 microns was evaluated for its role in the coagulation of particles under different salt types and concentrations. The results of grinding tests showed that rougher particles could be obtained with a rod mill compared to the particles ground in a ball mill. After grinding of particles, an increasing trend was obtained in terms of settling rate for different salts in an order of NaCl

3

Ion-specific effects on the bubble coalescence in aqueous medium

Çavdar Yunus Emre, Karakashev Stoyan I., Donhev Stanislav, Yotova Irina, Ozdemir Orhan

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2025

|

Vol. 61, iss. 3

art. no. 204586

EN

The flotation froth must have low durability to be useful for the mineral separation process. For this reason, suitable frothers are used. Their role is to suppress the coalescence of the bubbles in the liquid phase of the reactor and to form a short-lasting froth cap above the level of the liquid. Indeed, one could state the question; what makes the bubble coalesce in pure water? They coalesce to decrease their surface energy, which is related to the hydrophobicity of the bubbles. In such a case, why do frothers with very small concentrations, practically not affecting the surface tension value, obstruct their coalescence? The answer, in our opinion, is the hydration repulsion between the bubbles, which are covered by frother with a hydrophilic head pointing outward the bubble. This makes the bubble more hydrophilic even when its surface tension values are practically the same as this one in the absence of a frother. Such a more hydrophilic bubble with a scarce frother adsorption layer has no sufficient Gibbs elasticity to underpin a stable froth cap above the level of the liquid. Some time ago an excellent group from Istanbul Technical University built up a unique setup, able to determine the fraction of bubble coalescence versus the frother concentration. We show in this work that the experimental curve determined by this setup can be converted to an experimental level of hydrophilicity of the bubbles versus the concentration of the frothers. Hundred percent of the primary bubbles coalesce in pure water, where they are the most hydrophobic. At 100% hydrophilicity, the bubbles do not coalesce but form a froth cap, which is short-lasting. Within this context, in this study, the effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on the coalescence of the bubbles being either frother-free or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were investigated. Their foamability was studied as well. The fraction of the coverage of SDS, NaCl, and CaCl2 species on the surface of the bubble and the level of hydrophilicity versus their bubble percentage coalescence were determined. The experimental data were related to the adsorption energy of SDS, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ on the air/water interface and their Gibbs hydration energy. It was established a linear dependence between the value of CCC and its corresponding level of coverage of the added agent.

4

Assessment of Salt Stress Tolerance of Evergreen Ferns

Salachna Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 4

271--277

EN

Ferns are an essential group of forest plants, however their salt tolerance is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 50 or 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) on the growth, biomass, and ionic potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and sodium (Na+) concentrations in the fronds of evergreen ferns: Cyrtomium fortunei var. clivicola, Polystichum setiferum, and Polystichum setiferum ‘Proliferum’. Visual quality of the plants immediately after the stress application and after the overwintering period was also carried out. Salinity resulted in the relative chlorophyll content reduction with exposure to increasing NaCl for all ferns. In C. fortunei var. clivicola and P. setiferum, salt stress led to a decrease in plant height, frond length, and weight of the above-ground part of plants as well as visual quality. For P. setiferum ‘Proliferum’ there was not a significant reduction in fresh and dry weight. Moreover, P. setiferum ‘Proliferum’ grown under salt stress maintained stable K+ concentrations in the fronds and high aesthetic appearance both immediately after the stress factor and after several months. In conclusion, P. setiferum ‘Proliferum’ was relatively salt-tolerant and Cyrtomium fortunei var. clivicola and P. setiferum were sensitive to soil salinity.

5

Efektywność transportu jonów chlorkowych w betonie zawierającym kruszywo z recyklingu poddanym cyklicznemu zamrażaniu i rozmrażaniu w obecności soli

Jin Kairong, Zhang Xiaojing, Wang Dezhi, Wang Jian

Cement Wapno Beton

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2024

|

R. 29, nr 4

265--284

PL

Cykliczne zamrażanie i rozmrażanie w obecności soli to jeden z podstawowych czynników wpływających na trwałość betonu z kruszywem z recyklingu. Zbadanie efektywności transportu jonów chlorkowych w betonie zawierającym kruszywo pochodzące z przetwarzania odpadów betonowych jest kluczowe dla określenia odporności tego typu betonów na korozję chlorkową. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie zjawisk migracji i wiązania jonów chlorkowych w betonie z recyklingu narażonym na korozję mrozową w środowisku soli. Mikrostrukturę betonu z recyklingu oceniono z wykorzystaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej [SEM], a proces migracji jonów chlorkowych zasymulowano z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania komputerowego COMSOL. Wyniki wskazują, że w przypadku betonów z kruszywem z recyklingu poddanych badaniu mrozoodporności w 3% roztworze NaCl, uszkodzenia wynikające z korozji mrozowej są poważniejsze niż w przypadku próbek zanurzonych w wodzie. Zawartość wolnych jonów chlorkowych w betonach z recyklingu poddanych cyklicznemu zamrażaniu i rozmrażaniu w wodzie w minimalnym stopniu zależała od zawartości popiołu lotnego [NF] i stopnia zastąpienia naturalnego kruszywa grubego [NCA] kruszywem grubym pochodzącym z recyklingu [RCA]. Gdy cykle zamrażania i rozmrażania prowadzono w 3% roztworze NaCl, zwiększenie zawartości popiołu lotnego w mieszance przy stałym udziale kruszywa RCA skutkowało najpierw zmniejszeniem, a następnie wzrostem zawartości wolnych jonów chlorkowych oraz zdolności wiązania jonów chlorkowych w betonie. Beton z recyklingu zawierający w spoiwie 15% popiołu lotnego [NF] cechował się lepszą odpornością na korozję mrozową w obecności soli od betonu pozbawionego popiołu NF oraz betonu zawierającego ultradrobny popiół lotny [SF]. Wraz ze wzrostem udziału kruszywa z recyklingu, zawartość wolnych jonów chlorkowych wzrastała, a odporność na korozję chlorkową betonu z recyklingu ulegała pogorszeniu. Korzystając z drugiego prawa Ficka, współczynnik dyfuzji jonów chlorkowych obliczono za pomocą oprogramowania MATLAB, a następnie w programie COMSOL dokonano symulacji, która dobrze odzwierciedla mechanizm dyfuzji chlorków w betonie z recyklingu.

EN

Salt-freezing coupling is one of the main factors affecting the durability of recycled concrete. Investigating the chloride ion transport performance in recycled concrete containing recycled aggregate is essential to clarify the resistance of recycled concrete to chloride ion erosion due to the use of recycled aggregate produced from waste concrete. The objective of this paper is to investigate the migration behaviors and binding characteristics of chloride ions in recycled concrete, which were exposed to the salt-freezing coupling environment. The microstructure of the recycled concrete was conducted through scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the process of chloride ions migration was simulated by COMSOL software. The results indicated that the degree of recycled concrete, prepared by recycled coarse aggregate [RCA] and different particle size fly ash [NF], frost damage was higher in a 3 % NaCl solution compared to water. The contents of free chloride ions in recycled concrete subjected to freezing-thawing [F-T] cycle in water was minimally influenced by the NF content or the replacement rate of RCA. Under F-T conditions in a 3 % NaCl solution, increasing the NF content at the same replacement rate of RCA results in a decreasing-then-increasing trend in both the free chloride ion content and the chloride ion binding capacity in the concrete. Recycled concrete containing 15 % NF had a superior salt frost resistance compared to recycled concrete without NF or with ultrafine fly ash [SF]. With the replacement rates of RCA increasing, the contents of free chloride ions rose, the salt resistance of recycled concrete decreased. Using Fick’s second law, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient was calculated using MATLAB, and COMSOL software simulation accurately portrayed the diffusion state of free chloride ions in the recycled concrete.

6

Technologiczne i środowiskowe skutki likwidacji kopalni soli z zastosowaniem podsadzki hydraulicznej (kopalnia Kałusz, Ukraina)

Sadovyi Yuryij V., Galamay Аnatolіy R., Bukowski Krzysztof

Przegląd Solny

|

2023

|

T. 17

106--116

PL

Złoża soli potasowo-magnezowych w Kałuszu na Ukrainie charakteryzują się złożonym składem polimineralnym i wysoką zawartością składnika terygenicznego, głównie we frakcji ilastej. Skały te są podatne na absorpcję wilgoci z powietrza górniczego oraz pęcznienie, co prowadzi do zmniejszenia wytrzymałości solnych skał i powstawania osuwisk i obrywów w kopalniach podziemnych. Przeprowadzone obserwacje w kopalniach oraz dane z licznych eksperymentów laboratoryjnych dotyczących różnych typów skał występujących na złożu wykazały, że wytrzymałość tych skał znacznie spada wraz ze wzrostem ich wilgotności. Może to być spowodowane zarówno dopływem cieplejszego wilgotnego powietrza latem, które jest zatłaczane do kopalni w celu wentylacji, przez infiltrację wód gruntowych o różnym pochodzeniu i mineralizacji, jak również wysoki udział składnika ilastego. W wyniku prowadzenia hydraulicznego podsadzania wyrobisk kopalni Kałusz specjalnie przygotowanym szlamem składającym się z odpadów osadów produkcyjnych oraz nasyconych wysoko stężonych solanek nie zlikwidowano podstawy dopływu wód podziemnych, a tym samym nie zahamowano rozwoju zjawisk krasowych. W wyniku tego, po ponad 30 latach od likwidacji kopalni, górotwór ulega ciągłemu niszczeniu. W kontekście przyszłej eksploatacji złoża soli na Podkarpaciu Ukraińskim, istotne jest podjęcie skutecznych działań w celu lokalizacji dawnych wyrobisk. Ponadto, aby uniknąć dalszych procesów zapadania terenu i zagrożeń dla otoczenia, likwidacja wyrobisk podziemnych poprzez zatapianie wymaga dokładnej analizy warunków geologicznych i szczelnej izolacji hydrogeologicznej głównej części kopalni.

EN

The potassium-magnesium salt deposits in Kalush, Ukraine, are characterized by a complex polymetallic composition and a high content of terrigenous components, mainly in the clay fraction. These rocks are susceptible to moisture absorption from the underground air and swelling, leading to a decrease in the strength of salt rocks and the formation of landslides and collapse in underground mines. Observations conducted in the mines and data from numerous laboratory experiments on various types of rocks found in the deposit have shown that the strength of these rocks significantly decreases with increasing moisture content. This can be caused by the supply of warmer moist air pumped into the mine for ventilation in the summer, the infiltration of groundwater with different origins and mineralization. As a result of the hydraulic backfilling of workings in the mines of Kalush, using specially prepared slurry consisting of waste sediment and highly concentrated brines, groundwater inflow was not eliminated. Thus, the development of karst phenomena was not halted. Consequently, over 30 years after the closure of the mine, the rock mass continues to deteriorate. In the context of future salt deposit exploitation in the Ukrainian Subcarpathian region, it is essential to take effective measures to locate the former excavations. Furthermore, to prevent further ground subsidence and environmental threats, the closure of underground workings through flooding requires a thorough analysis of the geological conditions and watertight hydrogeological isolation of the main part of the mine.

7

Selected quality characteristics of sea salt important during transport and storage

Śmiechowska M., Ruszkowska M., Olender O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

|

Vol. 15 No. 3

659--665

EN

Salt is obtained in various regions of the world and using differing technologies. The origin of the salt and its production methods influence its composition, properties and application possibilities. In recent years, sea salt has attracted a lot of interest, as it is commonly believed that it is richer in minerals than pure evaporated salt. One of the oldest methods of extracting edible salt in the world is the evaporation of seawater. Salinas are found in coastal zones of seas and oceans around the world. The salt obtained in the salin is transported to its destination by various means of transport, including sea transport. Taking into account the classification of sea cargo, salt is classified as solid mass cargo, and due to the physicochemical properties of salt, the transport of this product by sea requires security. The aim of this study was to present selected quality parameters of sea salt that are important in its transport and storage. Parameters relevant from the point of view of transport, storage, technology and processing, which are important in shaping the quality of sea salts were compared in salts obtained in various European salinas vs. Himalayan salt. These parameters included water activity, degree of granulation and discharge angle and embankment angle. The paper also presents the characteristics of sea salts from microscopic analysis and an assessment of the correct labeling of the product, which is important for the consumer of the packaged product. In land transport, not only sea salt is transported in bulk, but also the product in commercial packaging, most often weighing 1 kg.

8

Determination of mechanical parameters of salts in the cyclic load processes corresponding to the operation of a storage cavern for hydrogen

Polański Krzysztof

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

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2021

|

Vol. 38, no. 3

5--12

EN

The paper describes the results of laboratory tests of the strength of salt samples made as part of the HESTOR project in order to determine the mechanical parameters of salt. The tests were carried out using an Autolab 2000 apparatus which allows to simulate any load cycles. The tests were made by simulating the operation of the hydrogen storage cavern. In order to observe the differences in salt behavior depending on the sample medium being stored during the test, gases were supplied: nitrogen, as an analogue of natural gas, and helium as a hydrogen analogue.

9

Characteristics of the MK-40 and MA-40 Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment – A Review

Gubari Mohammed Qader, Zwain Haider M., Al-Zahiwat Murtadha Mohammed, Alekseeva Nadezda Vyacheslavovna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, iss. 1

39--50

EN

Industrial application of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) for saline water desalination is widely used. In this review, two kinds of IEMs were targeted and focused on: cation-exchange membrane (MK-40) and anion-exchange membrane (MA-40). The characteristics of ion-exchange capacity, structural water content, electrical conductivity and diffusion permeability of counter ions and co-ions, as well as the properties in diffusion of alkaline media were reviewed. IEMs are anionic or cationic fixed exchange groups; the diffusion flows of the two IEMs are scarcely impacted by the kind of an ion selective membrane, as well as of the concentration dependence. The salt diffusion coefficient increases alongside the water content in the membrane, whereas the electrical conductivity increases along with the ion exchange capacity (IEC). In addition, the permeability of the charged polymer increases along with the salt concentration, while for the uncharged polymer it decreases. Thus, the methods and formulas for determining the salt diffusion coefficient and osmotic permeability were studied. Evidently, the differences in the microstructure between membranes will significantly affect the permeability of salt transport in IEMs.

10

Szkodliwość soli w zawilgoconych przegrodach

Monczyński Bartłomiej

Materiały Budowlane

|

2020

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nr 3

24--26

11

Domy z soli i energetyka w Boliwii

Gierlotka Stefan

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2019

|

R. 87, nr 5

69--70

PL

Boliwia jest najwyżej położonym krajem Ameryki Południowej. Stolica La Paz, leżąca na wysokości ok. 4000 m n.p.m., jest najwyżej położoną stolicą na świecie. Na zachodzie kraju wznoszą się kordyliery Andyjskie. Pomiędzy kordylierami rozciąga się na wysokości 3300-3800 m n.p.m. płaskowyż Altiplano. W południowo-zachodniej części Altiplano znajdują się rozległe solniska, w tym największa na świecie pustynia solna Salar de Uyuni.

12

Microstructure and geotechnical characteristics of a highly plastic clay treated by magnesium chloride

Bahloul Ouassila, Abbeche Khelifa, Bahloul Azzedine

Mining Science

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2019

|

Vol. 26

249--262

EN

Chemical stabilization of soil is an effective improvement technique because it reduces the ability of the soil to swell. We added different proportions of magnesium chloride to an expansive clay and performed swelling, geotechnical characterization, and mechanical strength tests. The results show that the swelling potential and swelling pressure of the expansive soil were significantly decreased by the addition of magnesium chloride (MgCl2). This treatment also improved the physical and mechanical characteristics and microstructure of the soil. The soil's plastic limit, shrinkage limit, cohesion, and internal friction angle all increased linearly with the addition of the MgCl2 stabilizer. However, we observed that the liquid limit of the soil decreased as the level of magnesium chloride was increased.

13

Rzeźbiarstwo w soli

Wolańska Agnieszka

Przegląd Solny

|

2018

|

T. 14

132--144

PL

Historyczny rozwój solnego rzeźbiarstwa związany jest z tradycją górniczą. Ten rodzaj twórczości uzależniony był od rozwoju technik eksploatacji soli kamiennej. Możliwy był tylko w przypadku kopalń podziemnych, z których sól eksploatowano metodami tradycyjnymi „na sucho”. Pierwsze prace rzeźbiarskie wykonywali górnicy - uzdolnieni artystycznie samoucy. Początkowo ich rzeźby służyły kreowaniu i przyozdabianiu podziemnych kaplic, które powstawały już w XVII wieku w kopalni soli w Wieliczce, a w następnych stuleciach również w Bochni. Początki XX wieku to okres przenoszenia tradycji rzeźbiarskich do kopalni soli w Kaczyce (Cacica). W XX wieku solne rzeźbiarstwo zaczęło rozwijać się również w kopalni soli w Kłodawie. Solne rzeźby są też ozdobą podziemnej katedry w kopalni Realmonte na Sycylii. Poza Europą miejscem, w którym były tworzone solne rzeźby, jest kolumbijska kopalnia soli w Zipaquira, oraz kopalnia Khwera w Pakistanie. Tradycja rzeźbienia w soli przez górników jest wciąż kontynuowana. Powstały nie tylko dzieła o treści religijnej, ale również pomniki ku czci zasłużonych ludzi polityki, nauki i sztuki. Analizując rzeźby solne, można wskazać przykłady kwalifikujące się do sztuki zarówno profesjonalnej, jak i nieprofesjonalnej. Odpowiedź na pytanie, gdzie w przypadku rzeźbiarstwa w soli, biegnie granica między sztuką wysoką a ludową nie jest prosta. Specyfika surowca, jakim jest sól, warunkuje formę i technikę rzeźbiarską. O wyborze gatunku soli decyduje temat i wielkość mającej powstać rzeźby. Sól jako materiał rzeźbiarski jest nietrwała i determinuje nierozwiązywalne częstokroć problemy konserwatorskie. Odrębnym zagadnieniem jest wykorzystanie soli jako materiału rzeźbiarskiego przez współczesnych artystów profesjonalnych niemających związków z górnictwem. Jedno z takich dzieł znajduje się w kolekcji Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Krakowie. Generalnie jednak sól nie jest popularnym surowcem dla współczesnych artystów, wykorzystują ją jedynie nieliczni. Warto podjąć dalsze badania nad rzeźbiarstwem solnym, które jako część dziedzictwa górnictwa solnego wymaga kompleksowych studiów. Przeprowadzenie interdyscyplinarnych badań powinno przyczynić się do jego popularyzacji oraz objęcia jeszcze lepszą ochroną. Celem nadrzędnym mogłoby być wpisanie rzeźbiarstwa w soli na Światową Listę Dziedzictwa UNESCO.

XX

The historical development of salt sculpture is associated with the mining tradition. This type of work depended on the development of rock salt mining techniques. It was only possible in the case of underground mines, from which the salt was excavated using traditional “dry” methods. The first sculptural works were made by miners – artistically talented self-taught men. Initially, their sculptures were used to create and ornament underground chapels, which were founded as early as in the seventeenth century in the salt mine in Wieliczka, and subsequently in Bochnia. The beginning of the 20th century is the period of transferring sculptural traditions to the Kaczyce salt mine (Cacica). In the 20th century, salt sculpture also began to develop in the salt mine in Kłodawa. Salt sculptures decorate the underground cathedral in the Realmonte mine in Sicily. Outside Europe, the art of salt sculptures also emerged in the Colombian salt mine in Zipaquira, and the Khwer mine in Pakistan. The tradition of salt carving is still alive. Not only did the miners create work of religious content, but also monuments in honor of famous people from the field of politics, science and art. While analyzing salt sculptures, one can point to the examples that could be classified as both professional and unprofessional art. When it comes to sculpture in salt, the boundary between high and folk art is not easy to be defined. Special features of salt as a material determines the form and technique of sculpturing. The choice of salt type depends on the theme and size of the sculpture. Salt as a sculptural material is not lasting and often causes problems with conservation work that are difficult to be solved. A separate issue is the use of salt as a sculptural material by contemporary professional artists who have no connection with mining. One of such works is a part of the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Krakow (MOCAK). Generally, however, salt is not a popular material for contemporary artists, used only by a few. It is worth undertaking further research on salt carving, which, as a part of the salt mining heritage, requires comprehensive studies. Interdisciplinary research should contribute to its popularization and even better preservation. The main objective could be the inclusion of salt sculpture in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

14

A novel technique to investigate the bubble coalescence in the presence of surfactant (MIBC) and electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2)

Gungoren C., İslek E., Baktarhan Y., Kursun I., Ozdemir O.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 4

1215--1222

EN

An efficiency of flotation process is strongly dependent upon the collecting ability of air bubbles. On the other hand, the liquid film formed beetween two fully or partially mobile air/liquid interfaces being in contact has low stability, which leads to fast liquid drainage. Therefore, when they approach to each other, they tend to coalescence. Therefore, bubble coalescence is usually controlled with frothers in flotation process. Meanwhile, it is known that dissolved ions inhibit bubble coalescence. In this study, the bubble coalescence in the presence of MIBC was determined using a novel technique with a modified bubble-particle attachment timer. Additionally, the effect of NaCl and CaCl2 on bubble behavior was investigated along with surface tension and bubble coalescence time aspects. As a result of study, it is seen that the bubble coalescence time can be successfully determined with a bubble-bubble coalescence timer.

15

Ocena wybranych cech jakościowych paluszków słonych

Borkowska B., Bianga A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2017

|

nr 99

132--140

PL

Celem pracy była ocena porównawcza jakości sensorycznej i wybranych wskaźników fizykochemicznych paluszków słonych, wyprodukowanych przez trzech wybranych producentów A, B i C. Ocenę jakości badanego produktu przeprowadzono na podstawie oceny sensorycznej oraz oznaczenia suchej masy, kwasowości, soli i cukrów ogółem. Wyniki oceny sensorycznej wykazały, że paluszki słone badanych producentów charakteryzowały się cechami sensorycznymi zgodnymi z wymaganiami PN-A-74111:1998. Zawartość suchej masy, soli i kwasowości były zgodne z wymaganiami normy, z wyjątkiem zawartości cukrów w paluszkach, wyprodukowanych przez producenta (A).

EN

The aim of the paper was a comparative assessment of sensory quality and selected physico-chemical properties of salted sticks by produced for three selected producers A, B and C. Assessment of the quality of the investigational product was based on their assessment of: sensory quality and the determination of dry matter, acidity, total salts and sugars. The results of the sensory assessment showed that the salted sticks from the producers under scrutiny were characterised by sensory properties in compliance with the Polish standard. The content of dry matter, salt and acidity were compliant with the standard, with exception of sugar content in sticks produced by the producer's (A).

16

Investigation of the role of the production process on the luminescence of sea salt products

Hunter P. G., Spooner N. A.

Geochronometria

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2017

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Vol. 44, no. 1

121--128

EN

Luminescence dosimetry assumes samples of a given material with diverse provenances behave in a predictable manner, allowing a standardised testing protocol, such as SAR for quartz, to be employed. This article demonstrates that distinct salt products derived from a single manufacturer’s feedstock retain comparable luminescence behaviour. This is the basis of a standardised test protocol: uniting testing procedures which have been shown to be individually applicable. Generalization across samples from different manufacturers and processes is currently under investigation.Luminescent evaluation of five samples produced by Cheetham & Co. gave useful intensities for all emission bands (590 nm, 420 nm and 360 nm TL and blue stimulated OSL), with the spectral and intensity balance of emissions generally similar for each sample. 590 nm emission sensitization was noted after preheating samples to 135°C and 300°C for five minutes. But, the 360 nm TL emission from feedstock salt was a factor of five greater than the same signal from the other processed samples despite the OSL intensity being similar to the other samples.Spectrum variation between aliquots as measured by the 3D TL spectrometer was also investigated and found to be minimal for both the first and second TL glow cycles.

17

Oddziaływanie soli na elementy budynku

Wołoch F., Gaczek M., Fiszer S.

Builder

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2017

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R.21, nr 12

70--74

18

Synthesis of Single Crystalline Titanium Oxide and Sodium Titanate Nanorods via Salt-Assisted Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

Hwangbo Y., Yoo J.-H., Lee Y.-I.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

|

Vol. 62, iss. 2B

1411--1414

EN

The simple and continuous synthesis of single crystalline anatase titanium dioxide and sodium titanate nanorods by a saltassisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method is demonstrated. This method does not require expensive precursors, long reaction time, and physical templates or surfactant. In addition, its continuous nature makes it a suitable method for the large-scale preparation. Moreover, the effect of a salt concentration in a starting solution on material properties, including morphology and phase of the synthesized products was systematically investigated. The synthesized nanorods had one-dimensionality, a single crystalline and the average diameter of 12.3 nm with dual phases of titanium dioxide and sodium titanate by FE-SEM, XRD, HR-TEM as well as FFT-converted SAED pattern analysis.

19

Department of Economic and Mining Geology

Mucha J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 2

223--225

20

The graduation tower of Bad Kösen (Germany) ‒ its history and the formation of thornstone

Engelhardt H. J., Borstel L.

Przegląd Solny

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2015

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T. 11

98--108

EN

Graduation towers are wooden frameworks stuffed with blackthorn bundles. Brine is pumped to the top of the towers. Afterwards, the brine flows down on the bundles and drops are formed upon impact with the twigs and branches. The technique results in high evaporation rates due to the enormous surface of the drops, the high air velocity on the drop surfaces, and the dependence of the vapor pressure on the radius of a brine surface. Minerals precipitate as so-called thornstone. Gypsum crystals mostly radiate out from the twigs of the bundles and the surface of the thornstone is comparable with sandroses. A rounding of the crystals is caused by dissolution processes. Samples from the graduation tower in Bad Kösen, Germany, show that the thornstone contains layers of foreign particles, fine-grained carbonates, and sometimes traces of halite. Strontium illustrates that the brine could be evaporated until halite saturation. Due to its high efficiency, the technique made it possible to produce table and pickling salt during the 18th and 19th century, even from low-concentrated brines and under the climatic conditions in Austria, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland. Nowadays, graduation towers are centres of recreation in spa towns. The particle inclusions of the thornstone demonstrate the cleaning of the air. Water evaporation cools the air and the resulting microclimate with fresh, salty aerosols is used for therapeutic inhalations. The trickling of brine creates a relaxing atmosphere and the brines can be used for bath therapies. In addition, the towers are technical monuments, tourist attractions, and event locations. Visitors have the opportunity to learn principles of solution mining and salt processing.