Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles in the Logistics Supply Chain – Overview

Zając Paweł, Ejdys Stanisław, Dzik Renata

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2022

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Tom 24

439--456

EN

A great deal of packaging made of PET is observed in logistics supply chains, and the article is mainly concerned with food – bottles. Implementing the EU’s “zero-waste” guidelines implies action on the part of producers of packaging and food for B2C distribution to find new solutions to enable the above-mentioned stakeholders in the logistics supply chain to balance the business mentioned above parties – taking into account environmental protection. The article discusses the tasks and possibilities under the above conditions of a new type of “RECYCLER” companies, which, at the end of the life of PET packaging, i.e. after the foodstuffs in PET bottles have been consumed, produce a recyclate and return it to reproduction. In several journals, including, e.g. (Połednik et al. 2016, Topiarzová et al. 2011), respecting good recycling practices – there is an ongoing discussion on the sense of introducing reusable packaging, deposits, etc. This article discusses the barriers to recovery in a multi-level plastics recovery system, with specific reference to the operation of a PET bottle recycling line, and presents a pre-verified concept for a method to increase the efficiency of separating PET bottles from the plastics fraction in a multi-level waste separation system.

2

Lekkie kruszywo ultrakompozytowe - ekologiczne i użyteczne wykorzystanie odpadów mineralnych i sztucznych

Górak Piotr, Postawa Przemysław

Materiały Budowlane

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2022

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nr 6

56--59

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac projektowych i badawczych, których celem było wytworzenie lekkiego kruszywa ultrakompozytowego (UCLA - ultracomposite lightweight aggregate) w wyniku połączenia odpadów pochodzących z różnych źródeł. Opracowana technologia wytwarzania pozwoliła na wykorzystanie odpadów pochodzących z termoplastycznych polimerów (PET) oraz mineralnych odpadów z procesów spalania, i pozyskanie kruszywa lekkiego mogącego znaleźć powszechne zastosowanie w budownictwie. W trakcie prac nad technologią wytwarzania nowego, ekologicznego kruszywa wykorzystano właściwości fizyczne termoplastycznych tworzyw sztucznych, w tym ich dużą lepkość w stanie stopionym. W wyniku odpowiednio przeprowadzonej obróbki termicznej w specjalnie zaprojektowanych warunkach wytworzono kompozyt w postaci granulek odpowiadających frakcji kruszywowej 2 - 8 mm. Uzyskano różne rodzaje kruszyw lekkich wykonanych przy użyciu różnych drobnoziarnistych wypełniaczy mineralnych - ubocznych produktów spalania, których podstawowe właściwości zostały zbadane i zaprezentowane.

EN

The paper presents the results of design and research work aimed at producing ultracomposite lightweight aggregate (UCLA) as a result of combining waste from different sources. The developed production technology allowed to utilize waste from thermoplastic polymers (PET) with mineral waste from combustion processes, and to produce a lightweight aggregate that can be widely used in construction. During the development of the technology to produce a new, ecological aggregate, the physical properties of thermoplastics and their high viscosity in the molten state were used. As a result of a properly conducted thermal treatment in specially designed conditions, a composite in the form of granules corresponding to an aggregate fraction of 2 - 8 mm was produced. Different types of lightweight aggregates made with various fine-grained mineral fillers - by-products of combustion - were obtained, the basic properties of which were studied and presented.

3

Review of the Thermochemical Degradation of PET: An Alternative Method of Recycling

Cruz José Nolasco, Martínez Karla Donjuan, Zavariz Álvaro Daniel, Hernández Irma Pérez

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

319--330

EN

Plastics play an important role in our lives due to their versatility, lightness and low production cost. They can be found in almost every industry such as automotive, construction, packaging, medical, and engineering applications among others. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most consumed plastics worldwide in the packaging sector, which is why its useful life is usually very short, causing serious problems due to high disposal in the environment and urban landfills. The thermochemical degradation of PET has been studied by some researchers and it has been found that its degradation products are of high added value, which is why this work focuses on presenting the results obtained in the literature.

4

Comparative Analysis and Fusion of MRI and PET Images based on Wavelets for Clinical Diagnosis

Sebastian Jinu, King Gnana

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2022

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Vol. 68. No. 4

867--873

EN

Nowadays, Medical imaging modalities like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT), and Computed Tomography (CT) play a crucial role in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. The images obtained from each of these modalities contain complementary information of the organ imaged. Image fusion algorithms are employed to bring all of this disparate information together into a single image, allowing doctors to diagnose disorders quickly. This paper proposes a novel technique for the fusion of MRI and PET images based on YUV color space and wavelet transform. Quality assessment based on entropy showed that the method can achieve promising results for medical image fusion. The paper has done a comparative analysis of the fusion of MRI and PET images using different wavelet families at various decomposition levels for the detection of brain tumors as well as Alzheimer’s disease. The quality assessment and visual analysis showed that the Dmey wavelet at decomposition level 3 is optimum for the fusion of MRI and PET images. This paper also compared the results of several fusion rules such as average, maximum, and minimum, finding that the maximum fusion rule outperformed the other two.

5

Interfacial Structure of Polytrimethylene Terephthalate/Polyethylene Terephthalate Bicomponent Filament

Yang Zhuli, Wang Fumei, Guan Fuwang, Luo Jin, Qiu Yiping, Zhang Chuyang

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2022

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Nr 1 (151)

71--76

EN

The interfacial structure and binding forces of polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate filament were investigated through the methods of Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. When two molten polymers met during the spinning process, an interface layer between the PTT and PET components formed and played an important role in binding the two components together. When the blending time was sufficient, an ester-interchange reaction took place with the generation of the copolymer. The PET recrystallisation was observed in the DSC curve under the influence of entangled PTT molecular chains. The morphology of the cross-section and side view proved that the linear boundary line was short and weaker in binding without a chemical bond and molecular diffusion. Side-by-side bi-component fiber and split-type fiber was able to be controllably spun by adjusting the spinning parameters.

6

Beton zbrojony włóknami recyklingowymi PET z butelek po napojach

Szpetulski Jacek, Stawiski Bohdan

Przegląd Budowlany

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2021

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R. 92, nr 11-12

126--128

PL

Idea zastąpienia zbrojenia w betonie innym, mniej energochłonnym materiałem jest bardzo kusząca. Od pewnego czasu czynione są próby wzmacniania betonu włóknami z butelek plastikowych PET. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wytrzymałości betonu na ściskanie i zginanie zbrojonego „włóknami” z politereftalanu etylenu PET pozyskanego z butelek po napojach. W poszczególnych seriach betonu długości włókien PET były różne: 32 , 62 i 93 mm. Najkorzystniejsze wyniki uzyskano z włóknami 62 mm. Porównano je z fibrobetonem zbrojonym włóknami polipropylenowymi PP, stalowymi i bez zbrojenia rozproszonego.

EN

The idea of replacing the reinforcement in concrete with another, less energy-consuming material is very tempting. For some time, attempts have been made to strengthen concrete with fibers from PET plastic bottles. The article presents the results of testing the compressive and bending strength of concrete reinforced with „fibers” made of polyethylene terephthalate PET obtained from beverage bottles. In each series of concrete, the lengths of PET fibers were different: 32, 62 and 93 mm. The best results were obtained with 62 mm fibers. They were compared with fibrobeton reinforced with PP polypropylene fibers, steel and without dispersed reinforcement.

7

Badanie ciągłości kolumn w geotechnice

Michalska Monika, Kanty Piotr

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 2

22--23

8

Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Packaging Materials in Developing Countries – Sources, Adverse Effects, and Management

Elehinafe Francis B., Komolafe Timileyin C., Beture Oshiokheme C., Babalola Oni A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 1

135--142

EN

The ecological issues posed in the land, air and water compartments of the environment by waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging materials linger to be a significant problem nowadays, strictly linked to the rise in consumption of PET packaging materials by the populations in developing countries. However, little efforts are involved in these parts of the world, in managing sources and impacts of waste PET packaging materials. Although the main raw materials, PET polymers, are not considered lethal, the residual monomers in the raw materials have been proven hazardous to the environment. Moreover, many chemicals used in the production of PET packaging materials, such as additives, are dangerous to the environment, along with some degradation products that may be released during the PET packaging materials life cycle. In view of the potential impacts by waste PET packaging materials in the environment, this paper highlights the sources, impacts and management of waste PET packaging materials. We involved extensive literature review on the waste PET packaging materials. It was concluded that the management of waste PET packaging materials by the sources generating them together with recycling, enlightenment, re-usage, ban, product replacement, and improved collection of waste will mitigate the impacts on the environment.

9

Unparalleled and revolutionary impact of PET imaging on research and day to day practice of medicine

Alavi Abass, Werner Thomas J., Stępień Ewa Ł., Moskal Paweł

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 4

203--212

EN

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is the most quantitative modality for assessing disease activity at the molecular and cellular levels, and therefore, it allows monitoring its course and determining the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions. In this scientific communication, we describe the unparalleled and revolutionary impact of PET imaging on research and day to day practice of medicine. We emphasize the critical importance of the development and synthesis of novel radiotracers (starting from the enormous impact of F-Fluorodeouxyglucose (FDG) introduced by investigators at the University of Pennsylvania (PENN)) and PET instrumentation. These innovations have led to the total-body PET systems enabling dynamic and parametric molecular imaging of all organs in the body simultaneously. We also present our perspectives for future development of molecular imaging by multiphoton PET systems that will enable users to extract substantial information (owing to the evolving role of positronium imaging) about the related molecular and biological bases of various disorders, which are unachievable by the current PET imaging techniques.

10

Radioactive nuclei for β+γ PET and theranostics: selected candidates

Matulewicz Tomasz

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 4

235--239

EN

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an established medical diagnostic imaging method. Continuous improvements are aimed at refining image reconstruction, reducing the amount of radioactive tracer and combining with targeted therapy. Time-of-flight (TOF)-PET provides the localization of the tracer through improved time resolution, nuclear physics may contribute to this goal via selection of radioactive nuclei emitting additional γ-rays. This additional radiation, when properly detected, localizes the decay of the tracer at the line of response (LoR) determined by two detected 511 keV quanta. Selected candidates are presented. Some are particularly interesting, as they are strong candidates for theranostic applications.

11

Progress and perspectives in total body PET systems instrumentation

Vandenberghe Stefaan

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 4

265--267

EN

Total body positron emission tomography (PET) systems are being developed by different groups worldwide. These systems have potential to change the number of applications in which molecular imaging is used. The change from a short axial field of view (FOV) to a longer one is however associated with a linear increase in the cost of these systems. This may limit their application to a small number of centers (capable of obtaining sufficient research funding). Therefore it remains interesting to see if lower cost systems can be developed and bring total body PET to the clinic for an acceptable budget. The wider availability of this low cost system can also enable more researchers to further optimize and explore the full potential of total body PET.

12

Perspectives of brain imaging with PET systems

Majewski Stan

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 4

269--291

EN

In this partial review and partial attempt at vision of what may be the future of dedicated brain PET scanners, the key implementations of the PET technique, we postulate that we are still on a development path and there is still a lot to be done in order to develop optimal brain imagers. Optimized for particular imaging tasks and protocols, and also mobile, that can be used outside the PET center, in addition to the expected improvements in sensitivity and resolution. For this multi-application concept to be more practical, flexible, adaptable designs are preferred. This task is greatly facilitated by the improved TOF performance that allows for more open, adjustable, limited angular coverage geometries without creating image artifacts. As achieving uniform very high resolution in the whole body is not practical due to technological limits and high costs, hybrid systems using a moderate-resolution total body scanner (such as J-PET) combined with a very high performing brain imager could be a very attractive approach. As well, as using magnification inserts in the total body or long-axial length imagers to visualize selected targets with higher resolution. In addition, multigamma imagers combining PET with Compton imaging should be developed to enable multitracer imaging.

13

Hydrophilization of Polyester Textiles by Nonthermal Plasma

Azeem Musaddaq, Javed Asif, Morikawa Hideaki, Noman Muhammad Tayyab, Khan Muhammad Qamar, Shahid Muhammad, Wiener Jakub

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

142--149

EN

Polyester is a popular class of material used in material engineering. With its 0.4% moisture regain, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is classified as highly hydrophobic, which originates from its lack of polar groups on its backbone. This study used a parallel-plate nonthermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge system operating at medium pressure in dry air and nitrogen (N2) to alter the surface properties of PET fabrics to increase their hydrophilic capabilities. Water contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to analyze any effect from the plasma treatment. The wettability analysis revealed a reduction in the contact angle of more than 80% within 5 min for both discharges. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed no microscopic damage to the fiber structure, guaranteeing that the fabrics’ structural integrity was preserved after treatment. AFM analysis showed an increase in the nanometer roughness, which was considered beneficial because it increased the total surface area, further increasing the hydrophilic capacity. XPS analysis revealed a sharp increase in the presence of polar functional groups, indicating that the induced surface changes are mostly chemical in nature. Comparing that of untreated fabrics to treated fabrics, a Increase in water absorption capacity was observed for air-treated and N2-treated fabrics, when these fabrics were used immediately after plasma exposure.

14

Woski polietylenowe. Cz. 2, Metody modyfikacji fizycznej i chemicznej

Zieliński Janusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 3

412--418

PL

Dokonano przeglądu metod uszlachetniania wosku polietylenowego przez mikronizację, szczepienie, powierzchniowe utlenianie i emulgowanie.

EN

A review, with 40 refs., of methods for improving polyethylene wax by micronization, grafting, surface oxidn. and emulsifying.

15

Circular economy: comparative life cycle assessment of fossil polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and its recycled and bio-based counterparts

Rybaczewska-Błażejowska Magdalena, Mena-Nieto Angel

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2020

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Vol. 11, No. 4

121--128

EN

The transition to circular economy requires diversifying material sources, improving secondary raw materials management, including recycling, and finally finding sustainable alternative materials. Both recycled and bio-based plastics are often regarded as promising alternatives to conventional fossil-based plastics. Their broad application instead of fossilbased plastics is, however, frequently the subject of criticism because of offering limited environmental benefits. The study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of fossil-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) versus its recycled and bio-based counterparts. The system boundary covers the plastics manufacturing and end-of-life plastic management stages (cradle-to-cradle/grave variant). Based on the data and assumptions set out in the research, recycled PET (rPET) demonstrates the best environmental profile out of the evaluated plastics in all impact categories. The study contributes to circular economy in plastics by providing transparent and consistent knowledge on their environmental portfolio.

16

Wpływ PET, HDPE i PVC na wybrane właściwości kompozytów cementowych

Kostrzanowska-Siedlarz Aleksandra, Kocot Agnieszka

Magazyn Autostrady

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2020

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Nr 4

18--22

PL

W artykule omówiono możliwość wykorzystania odpadów sztucznych jako dodatku do kompozytów cementowych oraz określono ich wpływ na gęstość, wytrzymałość na zginanie oraz ściskanie po 2 i 28 dniach.

EN

The article discusses the possibility of using artificial waste as an additive to cement composites and their influence on the density, flexural and compressive strength after 2 and 28 days.

17

Butelka zwrotna najbardziej ekologicznym rozwiązaniem?

Szymański Dominik

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2020

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nr 9

46--46

PL

Butelki PET są najpopularniejszymi opakowaniami wykorzystywanymi w przemyśle napojowym. Alpla, globalny lider rynku opakowań i recyklingu, opracował innowacyjną jednolitrową butelkę PET pozwalającą na jej wykorzystywanie w systemie butelek zwrotnych wielokrotnego użytku.

18

Wpływ produkcji butelek z tworzyw sztucznych na środowisko naturalne. Cz. 1, Zastosowanie metody oceny ReCiPe 2016 w celu identyfikacji problemów środowiskowych

Bałdowska-Witos Patrycja, Kruszelnicka Weronika, Kasner Robert, Rudnicki Jacek, Tomporowski Andrzej, Flizikowski Józef

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 10

1662--1667

PL

Dokonano oceny wpływu opakowań na środowisko naturalne. Głównym celem było przeprowadzenie analizy cyklu życia (LCA) butelki do napojów wykonanej z poli(tereftalanu etylenu) (PET). Za jednostkę funkcjonalną przyjęto łącznie 1000 szt. butelek PET o pojemności 1 L. Granica przyjętego systemu obejmowała kroki od momentu dostarczenia preform do zakładu produkcyjnego aż do ich prawidłowego ukształtowania w procesie produkcyjnym. Z systemu wykluczono dalsze etapy procesu produkcji (rozlewanie napoju, etykietowanie, magazynowanie, dystrybucja) oraz procesy związane z transportem i magazynowaniem surowca. Analizę LCA wykonano, wykorzystując program SimaPro 8.4.0. holenderskiej firmy Pre Consultants. Do interpretacji list emitowanych substancji chemicznych wybrano metodę ReCiPe 2016. Wyniki badań zostały przedstawione graficznie na wykresach słupkowych i poddane weryfikacji oraz interpretacji.

EN

Effect of the process for prodn. of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles on the natural environment was evaluated by the life cycle anal. The functional unit comprised a total of 1000 PET 1 L bottles. The adopted system included steps from the delivery of preforms to the prodn. plant, their properly shaping and forming the beverage bottles. Processes for the beverage bottling, labeling, storage, distribution and recyclingwere were excluded. The LCA anal. was performed by using the com. Pre Consultants SimaPro 8.4.0. program. The ReCiPe 2016 method was selected for the interpretation of lists of impacts.

19

Wpływ produkcji butelek z tworzyw sztucznych na środowisko naturalne. Cz. 2, Analiza niepewności danych w ocenie cyklu życia polimerowych butelek do napojów z PET i PLA z wykorzystaniem techniki Monte Carlo

Bałdowska-Witos Patrycja, Kruszelnicka Weronika, Kasner Robert, Tomporowski Andrzej, Flizikowski Józef, Mroziński Adam

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 10

1668--1672

PL

Środowiskowa ocena cyklu życia LCA (life cycle assessment) stanowi przykład analizy, w której wiarygodność uzyskanych wyników jest szczególnie istotna. W celu określenia poziomu wiarygodności uzyskanych wyników wykorzystano analizę Monte Carlo. Wykazano możliwość praktycznego wykorzystania rozkładu trójkątnego, szeroko stosowanego w ekologicznej ocenie cyklu życia w warunkach niepewności. Do oceny niepewności wyników wykorzystano program komputerowy Sima Pro oparty na arkuszu kalkulacyjnym. Użyte w pracy rozkłady prawdopodobieństwa oparto na zebranych danych przemysłowych.

EN

Processes for prodn. of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polylactide (PLA) bottles were compared according to environmental life cycle assessment rules to det. the level of reliability of the rules. The Monte Carlo anal. was used. The possibility of practical use of log-normal probability distributions in eco life cycle assessment under conditions of uncertainty was demonstrated. The probability distributions were based on collected industrial data. The prodn. of PLA bottles had higher negative impact on the environment and human health than the process for prodn. of PET bottles.

20

GATE Simulation Study of the Siemens Biograph mCT 20 Excel PET/CT System

Saaidi Rahal, Toufique Yassine, Zeghari Abdelkrim, El kharrim Abderrahman, Cherkaoui El Moursli Rajaâ

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 25, Iss. 1

7--14

EN

We used GATE simulation to study the effect of the coincidence time window (CTW) along with the block gap and the intercrystal gap on the count rate performance and the spatial resolution of the Biograph™ mCT 20 Excel. We ran simulations on our local cluster to reduce computation time. The task was split into several jobs that were then triggered simultaneously on the cluster nodes. The BiographTM mCT 20 Excel was validated using the NEMA NU 2-2012 protocol. Our results showed good agreement with experimental data. The simulated sensitivity, peak true count rate, peak noise equivalent count rate (NECR), and scatter fraction showed agreement within 3.62%, 5.77%, 0.6%, and 2.69%, respectively. In addition, the spatial resolution agreed within <0.51 mm. The results showed that a decrease in the coincidence time window and the block gap and an increase in the intercrystal gap increase the count rate performance and improve the spatial resolution. The results also showed that decreasing the coincidence time window increased the NECR by 27.37%. Changing the intercrystal gap from 0 to 0.2 mm and the block gap and from 4 to 0.4 mm increased the NECR by 5.53% and improved the spatial resolution at 1 cm by 2.91 % and that at 10 cm by 3.85%. The coincidence time window, crystal gap, and block gap are important parameters with respect to improving the spatial resolution.