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Effect of whole-body cryotherapy on body balance in patients with multiple sclerosis

Staszkiewicz Robert, Rusek Stanisław, Lubkowska Anna, Szyguła Zbigniew

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2025

Vol. 27, no. 1

170--179

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by multifocal and damage disseminated in time to the central nervous system. This causes various clinical symptoms, including spastically increased muscle tone and balance disorders, which already occur in the early stages of the disease, increasing the frequency of falls, which negatively affects the mobility and independence of patients. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is used in the rehabilitation of MS patients, however, there are no reports on the effect of WBC without subsequent kinesiotherapy on body balance in patients with MS. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a series of 10 and 20 WBC without kinesiotherapy on the degree of disability assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), muscle spasticity evaluated using the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and body balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: The study was completed by 51 patients, aged 23 to 65 years, with a disability grade of 3.5–6.5 on the EDSS scale and spasticity 0–3.0 assessed by the MAS. Patients were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 18) or the experimental group participating in 20 WBC sessions (n = 33). Balance assessment consisted of performing two, 30-second static tests on stabilometric platform, the first test with eyes open and the second one with eyes closed. During these tests, the centre of foot pressure displacement was monitored and analysed in real time. Results: A series of 20 daily WBC resulted in an improvement in the functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis in the form of a significant reduction in EDSS values and spasticity, both on the side with greater and less spasticity. Under the effect of whole-body cryotherapy treatments, there was slight improvement in the stability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that WBC, without subsequent targeted kinesiotherapy, are not sufficient to obtain clear and measurable benefits in the rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis.

The influence of high- and low-heeled shoes on balance in young women

Mika A., Oleksy Ł., Kielnar R., Świerczek M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2016

Vol. 18, no. 3

97--103

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of two different heel heights on static balance and on limits of stability during functional reach test, with both the eyes open and eyes closed, in young women (age 22–27) who did not wear heeled shoes habitually. Methods: Thirtyone young women (age 22–27) performed balance tests on a stabilometric platform without footwear and in shoes with 4 cm and 10 cm heels. The center of pressure (COP) deviations range and velocity in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions were assessed. The limits of stability were measured when the subject leaned the body in sagittal plane. Results: The ranges of COP deviations in AP and ML directions were already significantly higher in 4 cm heels in comparison to the barefoot condition. COP deviation velocity significantly raised with increasing heel height as well as when the eyes were closed. Conclusions: A more pronounced increase of COP deviation velocity than COP deviation range when measurement conditions become more difficult may indicate that young women anticipate postural corrections by stimulation of ankle proprioception when heeled shoes are worn. High-heeled shoes may lead to alterations in velocity feedback balance mechanism, which may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Observed in our study adverse effect of heeled footwear on balance may predispose women to falls and injuries. Permanent use of stiletto high heels should be avoided by women.