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1

Analysis of the acceleration process of a passenger vehicle under variable load conditions

Hennek Krystian, Mamala Jarosław, Bieniek Andrzej, Kołodziej Szymon

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 3

100--108

EN

The study contains an analysis of the acceleration process of a passenger vehicle equipped with an IC power-train, aimed at determining a throttle control strategy that minimizes fuel consumption during acceleration while maintaining adequate dynamic performance. The first stage involved measuring traction parameters for a constant assumed engine power. The second stage focused on determining a control trajectory that would ensure minimal fuel consumption during acceleration. To achieve this the acceleration process was examined during a flexibility test in the speed range from 12.5 to 35 m/s, following an acceleration pedal control line related to the crankshaft rotation speed. Implementing the acceleration process along this control line resulted in a reduction in acceleration dynamics, accompanied by a decrease in fuel consumption per distance traveled by nearly 51%. An analysis of the average acceleration values for a given drivetrain gear ratio revealed that exceeding an acceleration pedal position of 70% yields no significant improvement in vehicle dynamics. The optimal acceleration pedal positions during acceleration were found to be within the range of 25% to 70%.

2

Acceleration dynamics of a passenger vehicle with an electric powertrain and their impact on the mileage energy consumption

Graba Mariusz, Hennek Krystian, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Mueller Maximilian

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 4

3--8

EN

The aim of the paper was to analyse the effect of an electric vehicle's acceleration intensity on energy consumption in a real road test. The research involved the urban Skoda Citigo-e iV equipped with a proprietary measurement system. Acceleration tests were carried out at different accelerator pedal positions, analysing kinematic and energy parameters, including energy consumption, speed, acceleration, and power. The paper introduces a dynamics index, combining powertrain capacity with specific energy consumption, allowing an objective comparison of vehicle energy and traction efficiencies. The results indicate that moderate acceleration up to about 40% pedal position is the most energy efficient. Further increases in power result in a significant increase in energy consumption with little dynamic acceleration. The electric vehicle's acceleration dynamics were compared to those of an internal combustion vehicle, which showed similarity in terms of the moderate acceleration area. The results show that moderate acceleration is the most energy-efficient, and the presented acceleration dynamics index allows for an objective comparison of the efficiency of different powertrains.

3

Application of a decision classifier tree to evaluate energy consumption of an electric vehicle under real traffic conditions

Deptuła Adam, Natorska Maria, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Mamala Jarosław, Urbanowicz Kamil

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

91--108

EN

The authors of the study undertook work on the development of a decision tree-based classifier for the evaluation of energy consumption by a vehicle traveling in real traffic conditions during normal daily operation over a period of one full year. Parameters affecting the speed profile in the form of power pedal position, averaged ambient temperature and averaged vehicle speed were used as classification parameters.Since the energy consumption of an electric vehicle while moving in traffic depends on many factors. These factors include: the driver's driving style, as well as the prevailing weather conditions and terrain. An element of the driver's direct influence on the shape of the speed profile is the set position of the power pedal. The value of the power pedal position depends on the instantaneous load on the vehicle resulting from the terrain and the driver's adopted speed value. As a result, a power consumption rate can be obtained for the vehicle's moving conditions, for which the ambient temperature also has an influence.

4

Structural and Material Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Pressure Control in an Internal Combustion Engine

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Tomczuk Bronisław, Waindok Andrzej

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2024

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R. 28, nr 1

5--13

EN

The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.

PL

W artykule opisano proces doboru parametrów konstrukcyjnych siłownika elektromagnetycznego, który posłużył do regulacji ciśnienia sprężania w cylindrze silnika spalinowego. Siłownik elektromagnetyczny został zamontowany w układzie rozrządu jednocylindrowego silnika spalinowego, co wymusiło jego podstawowe parametry konstrukcyjne w zakresie siły i częstotliwości pracy. Dla omawianego siłownika elektromagnetycznego przeprowadzono obliczenia porównawcze wariantów konstrukcyjnych liniowego siłownika elektromagnetycznego dla dwóch rodzajów materiałów. Do komputerowego wspomagania projektowania siłowników elektromagnetycznych zastosowano metodę elementów skończonych. Przeanalizowano wpływ obwodu magnetycznego i wymiarów uzwojeń na rozkład pola magnetycznego. Grubość i wysokość indukowanego pola magnetycznego oraz wymiary biegunów stojana zostały zmienione przy zachowaniu tych samych wymiarów zewnętrznych siłownika ze względów konstrukcyjnych. Wszystkie te prace miały na celu poprawę osiągów silnika spalinowego w szczególności poprawy sprawności w zakresie częściowego obciążenia silnika. W tym obszarze silnik spalinowy charakteryzuje się stosunkowo niską sprawnością, znacznie odbiegającą od maksymalnej, a jednocześnie w czasie normalnej eksploatacji pojazdów jest obszarem najczęściej eksploatowanym.

5

Analysis of energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration

Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian, Mamala Jarosław, Burdzik Rafał, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2023

|

Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 17

EN

In this work, the authors focused on analyzing the energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration, featuring investigation of acceleration dynamics under various acceleration intensities. The tests were performed in the speed range between 45 km/h and 120 km/h, at a constant gear ratio. This enabled obtaining variable dynamic parameters of the acceleration process, ranging from about 0.1 to 1.4 m/s2, and recording variation in fuel consumption from 6.28 to 27.03 dm3/100km. The study focused on determining the relation between fuel consumption, energy efficiency and vehicle acceleration depending on the available drivetrain power. The relation between fuel consumption and vehicle acceleration was described by using the dynamic index. The proposed dynamic index takes into account the energy (from burned fuel) and vehicle acceleration intensity to obtain an objective metric for characterizing the acceleration process. The aforementioned index takes the form of the passenger car movement energy quality index and can be related to widely known physical properties, thus ensuring its universality. The index expresses the energy expenditure within the time needed to accelerate a vehicle weighing 1kg by a 1m distance. As opposed to other criteria that are applied to the assessment of passenger cars dynamics, the index shows a high determination coefficient R2 in excess of 0.99, and can be used as a universal metric to test other vehicle types.

6

Analysis of speed limit and energy consumption in electric vehicles

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Mitrovic Jovan, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Stasiak Patrick

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 4

83--89

EN

This paper presents an analysis of the mileage energy consumption for an electric passenger vehicle in terms of introducing numerous speed limits. Regulations concerning the limiting of vehicle speed to30 km/h in cities or residential areas are particularly common. This restriction is intended to increase traffic safety, but at the same time introduces increased mileage fuel or energy consumption in electric drivetrain. Regardless of the energy carrier, any increase in energy causes negative effects for the environment. The analysis was focused on the mileage energy consumption of electric passenger cars for a constant speed under real traffic conditions. During the tests, the tested vehicles’ speed on a specially designated road section was changed gradually by 10 km/h, simultaneously recording the car’s traction parameters and mileage energy consumption. An analysis of the mileage energy consumption was then carried out for the assumed fleet of cars travelling one after another (in a so-called traffic jam), while maintaining a safe distance. This allowed for the calculation of the environment’s energy burden caused by a fleet of vehicles travelling on a given road section, indicating that a reduction in vehicle speed causes an increase in the vehicles’ energy consumption. Both total and mileage energy consumption of electric vehicles were analysed during the tests.

7

Analysis of passenger car powertrain system measurements in road conditions

Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Augustynowicz Andrzej, Szczepanek Michał

Combustion Engines

|

2023

|

R. 62, nr 4

144--151

EN

The paper is focused on presenting a methodology for measuring power and torque based on diagnostic equipment available in most diagnostic workshops, such as OBD interfaces or the CAN Bus on-board data transmission network, under real-world road conditions. The publication presents an algorithm for calculating the powertrain’s torque and power based on measurements of changes in vehicle speed or acceleration recording during a two-phase road test. The results presented, based on the method described, apply to both the internal combustion and electric vehicle. Common powertrain operating parameters, such as maximum power, maximum torque and the powertrain’s flexibility parameters described in the literature, are proposed for the final evaluation of the vehicle’s traction system.

8

Evaluation of energy consumption in the acceleration process of a passenger car

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian, Kołodziej Szymon, Mazurek Bartosz, Sproch Maciej

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 3

35--44

EN

The analysis of the vehicle acceleration process is a current topic based on the aspects related to the general characteristics of the car, its parameters, design, drive unit performance, and the influence of external factors. However, the ability to accelerate is essential from the point of view of the active safety of the car. Often the dynamic parameters are determined on the basis of the car acceleration test carried out on a level road with good surface in terms of the acceleration time is not reliable and the credibility of such results depends on many factors. Therefore in the article, the authors assessed the dynamic and energy parameters of the car motion, in which the intensity of acceleration of the car with different intensities was examined. The acceleration intensity test was carried out from the set initial speed of the car of 45 km/h to the final speed of 120 km/h at a constant gear ratio, and the set intensity of the acceleration process resulted from the constant throttle with a constant deflection of the accelerator pedal. Acceleration was carried out in two variants, the first for a normal internal combustion engine and the second for the same engine but additionally equipped with a short-term boost system. In this way, it influences the increase in power and energy in the car drive system, changing its acceleration intensity. Variable car acceleration intensity was obtained in the range from 0.12 to 1.37 m/s2, and energy consumption at the level of 0.4 to 1.2 MJ in the distance of 1/4 mile. The article proposes a combination of energy parameters and engine power in order to assess the acceleration dynamics, for this purpose, the specific energy consumption of the car was determined, ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 J/(kg∙m), which was related to the engine power, denoting it with the dynamics index. The study focuses on the assessment of the relationship between the specific energy consumption and acceleration of passenger cars in the available powertrain system using a new dynamics index. The proposed dynamics index combines the energy and dynamic parameters of the car to be able to objectively quantify the acceleration process.

9

Energy consumption of a passenger car with a hybrid powertrain in real traffic conditions

Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian

Combustion Engines

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2022

|

R. 61, nr 4

15--22

EN

The analysis of energy consumption in a hybrid drive system of a passenger car in real road conditions is an important factor determining its operational indicators. The article presents energy consumption analysis of a car equipped with an advanced Plug-in Hybrid Electric Drive (PHEV), driving in real road conditions on a test section of about 51 km covered in various environmental conditions and seasons. Particular attention was paid to the energy consumption resulting from the cooperation of two independent drive units, analyzed in terms of the total energy expenditure. The energy consumption obtained from fuel and energy collected from the car’s batteries for each run over the total distance of 12 500 km was summarized. The instantaneous values of energy consumption for the hybrid drive per kilometer of distance traveled in car’s real operating conditions range from 0.6 to 1.4 MJ/km, with lower values relating to the vehicle operation only with electric drive. The upper range applies to the internal combustion engine, which increases not only the energy expenditure in the TTW (Tank-to-Wheel) system, but also CO2 emissions to the environment. Based on the experimental data, the curves of total energy consumption per kilometer of the road section traveled were determined, showing a close correlation with the actual operating conditions. Obtained values were compared with homologation data from the WLTP test of the tested passenger car, where the average value of energy demand is 1.1 MJ/km and the CO2 emission is 23 g/km.

10

Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Augustynowicz Andrzej, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2021

|

Vol. 23, no. 4

636--645

EN

The paper presents an analysis of energy consumption in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) used in actual road conditions. Therefore, the paper features a comparison of the consumption of energy obtained from fuel and from energy taken from the vehicle’s batteries for each travel with a total distance of 5000 km. The instantaneous energy consumption per travelling kilometre in actual operating conditions for a combustion engine mode are within the range of 233 to 1170 Wh/km and for an electric motor mode are within the range of 135 to 420 Wh/km. The average values amount to 894 Wh/km for the combustion engine and 208 Wh/km for the electric motor. The experimental data was used to develop curves for the total energy consumption per 100km of road section travelled divided into particular engine types (combustion/electric), demonstrating a close correlation to actual operating conditions. These values were referred to the tested passenger vehicle’s approval data in a WLTP test, with the average values of 303 Wh/km and CO2 emission of 23 g/km.

11

Identification and classification of selected internal combustion engine inefficiency based on vehicle structure vibrations

Prażnowski Krzysztof, Mamala Jarosław, Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz

Vibrations in Physical Systems

|

2020

|

Vol. 31, nr 1

art. no. 2020110

EN

The combustion engine generates forced vibrations, caused by periodically acting external forces resulting from the combustion of the fuel-air mixture. Any changes in this process cause an increase in the value of vibration amplitude and a change in the distribution of harmonics dominating in the frequency domain. In order to identify selected malfunctions of the internal combustion engine of the Polaris off-road vehicle tested, its current parameters were correlated with the vibrations transmitted to the vehicle's structural elements. An integrated sensor for measuring acceleration using the direct method, made in MEMS technology, was used for the tests. The recorded signals of the acceleration components were subjected to analysis in the frequency domain, thus identifying the characteristic harmonic components in the analyzed spectrum. For the classification of incompleteness based on registered signals, a diagnostic inference matrix based on our own algorithm of conduct was used.

12

Slip at vehicle transmission system with hydrokinetic converter in the urban test cycle

Bieniek Andrzej, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Graba Mariusz

Journal of KONES

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2019

|

Vol. 26, No. 4

21--28

EN

The study concentrated on slip phenomenon occurring at hydrokinetic converter in passenger car transmission system. Optimization of modern automatic transmission systems aims, on the one hand, to further increase the comfort of use, and on the other hand to improve the efficiency and reliability operation of individual components, in such a way as to ultimately result in lowering fuel consumption and also harmful emissions. One of the important factors affecting the mentioned transmissions properties as a whole system is the slip phenomenon occurring between the pump and the hydrokinetic converter turbine. The study presents the results of research on ZF 4HP20 and Fuji Hyper M6 gearboxes operating in vehicle transmission systems. The tests were carried out using the MAHA MSR 500 chassis dynamometer during driving at chosen test cycles. The research covered the transmission systems operating according to selected control algorithms affecting not only the gear shifting strategy but also the operation of the lock up clutch causing the transmissions slip values. As shown by the conducted research, the algorithm controlling the operation of the torque converter can have a significant influence on their operating indexes. The conducted analyses indicate the possibilities of improving the transmission operating indexes, especially in urban driving cycles.

13

Self-learning control algorithms used to manage the operating of an internal combustion engine

Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Bieniek Andrzej

Journal of KONES

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2019

|

Vol. 26, No. 4

75--82

EN

The article presents the possibility of using self-learning control algorithms to manage subassemblies of an internal combustion engine in order to reduce exhaust emissions to the natural environment. In compression ignition (CI) engines, the issue of emissions mainly concerns two components: particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The work focuses mainly on the possibility of reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides. It is assumed that the particularly problematic points when it comes to excessive emission of harmful substances are the dynamic states in which combustion engines operate constantly. In dynamically changing operating points, it is very difficult to choose the right setting of actuators such as the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve to ensure the correct operation of the unit and the minimum emission of these substances. In the light of the above, an attempt was made to develop a selflearning mathematical model, which can predict estimated emission levels of selected substance basing on current measurement signals (e.g. air, pressure, crankshaft rotational speed, etc.). The article presents the results of the estimation of nitrogen oxides by the trained neural network in comparison to the values measured with the use of a sensor installed in the exhaust system. The presented levels of estimated and measured results are very similar to each other and shifted over time in favour of neural networks, where the information about the emission level appears much earlier. On the basis of the estimated level, it shall be possible to make an appropriate decision about specific settings of recirculation system components, such as the EGR valve. It is estimated that by using the chosen control method it is possible significantly to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the natural environment while maintaining dynamic properties of the engine.

14

Identification of the internal combustion engine malfunctions based on the vibrations of the vehicle body

Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Graba Mariusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

176--181

EN

Selected parameters of an IC engine were correlated with vibrations transferred to the vehicle body with the aim of identifying engine malfunctions. Registered acceleration component signals were analyzed in the aspect of frequency. A reasoning model based on devised identification matrix was used to classify obtained data. This allowed the authors to estimate the possibility of research object damage/malfunctions with an assumed degree of probability.

15

Application of biogas to supply the high compression ratio engine

Bieniek Andrzej, Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Śmieja Michał, Wereszczyński Dariusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

40--46

EN

The study concerns the use of biogas as a fuel for supplying a modified self-ignition engine. As a result of the modifications made, the compression ratio was reduced and the engine was equipped with an ignition system and an electronically activated engine throttle. The changes have made it possible to burn biogas in a high compression ratio engine. The paper presents the results of research conducted on a low power cogeneration system with engine that drives an electrical machine cooperating with a 380/400 V network. The analysis includes, among other things, the possibility of producing electricity using biogas. The paper presents the influence of regulatory parameters such as the volume and composition of the supplied gas mixture and the degree of throttle opening on the obtained engine operation indicators and the driven electric machine. The tests were carried out in relation to the obtained ecological indicators depending on the concentration in the exhaust of such substances as: HC, CO, NOx.

16

Analysis of charge exchange in a single-cylinder of spark ignition engine

Drabik Dawid, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

274--279

EN

The article presents the results of tests carried out on a single-cylinder of spark-ignition engine. The charge exchange process in the combustion chamber is very important to determine the possibility of improving the overall efficiency of the engine. Describes of impact modifications engine on open indicator diagrams. Open indicator diagrams show that the higher compression ratio is assumed, the higher the pressure in the system is. First parts of the research describes analysis of charge exchange on not working engine. Results of research presents different open indicators diagrams. Then the pressure results were obtained on the working engine. The possibilities of improving the overall efficiency of the engine by reducing the pumping loss, associated with the replacement of the air fuel mixture, were presented. The article describes the modification of a spark-ignition engine that affects the pressure change in the combustion chamber. The use of innovative methods of regulating the compression pressure gives a lot of positive effects.