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1

Fakultatywny obowiązek zmniejszenia prędkości przed przejściem dla pieszych w kontekście zakazu wchodzenia bezpośrednio przed jadący pojazd

Krzemień Piotr

Paragraf na Drodze

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2022

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Nr 1

21--42

PL

Opracowanie jest kontynuacją publikacji autora dotyczącej zmian ustawy Prawo o ruchu drogowym w zakresie pierwszeństwa pieszych 1. Tym razem autor skupił się na obowiązku zmniejszenia prędkości przed przejściem dla pieszych, w taki sposób, aby nie narazić na niebezpieczeństwo pieszego wchodzącego lub znajdującego się na tym przejściu. Autor dowodzi, że obowiązek ten jest fakultatywny, tj. zależny od spełnienia się kilku czynników związanych zarówno z pieszym, jak i z ruchem pojazdu oraz warunkami zewnętrznymi, takimi jak widoczność i stan jezdni. W publikacji zaproponowano również „korektę” brzmienia przedmiotowego przepisu, w taki sposób, aby był lepiej dostosowany do sytuacji występujących w ruchu drogowym. Na zakończenie autor podaje przykładowe bezpieczne odległości wejścia pieszego przed pojazd dla różnych prędkości i warunków przyczepności, tak aby nie uchybić zasadom ruchu drogowego wskazując, że zmniejszenie prędkości przed przejściem dla pieszych nie zawsze zapobiegnie nieprawidłowemu zachowaniu pieszego - o ile takie nastąpi.

EN

The paper is a follow-up of the article by the author on the amendments to the Act on Road Traffic concerning pedestrian priority. The author focuses on the driver’s obligation to reduce the speed ahead of a pedestrian crossing so as not to endanger the pedestrian entering or walking across the crossing. The author argues that this obligation is optional, i.e. it depends on the occurrence of several factors concerning both pedestrians and vehicle movement as well as external conditions such as visibility and state of the road. The author also proposes a “correction” of the said regulation to make it more closely adapted to actual traffic situations. Finally, the author provides examples of safe distances for a pedestrian to walk in front of a vehicle versus various speeds of vehicles and the adhesion conditions, while obeying road traffic rules. The author points out that speed reduction by the driver in front of a pedestrian crossing does not always prevent incorrect behaviour of the pedestrian should this take place.

2

The analysis of efficiency and performance of intrusion prevention systems

Szarek M., Nycz M., Nienajadło S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Elektrotechnika

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2017

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z. 36 [296], nr 1

53--65

EN

This article aims at presenting a comparative analysis of two intrusion detection and prevention systems, namely Snort and Suricata, run in the af-packet mode in the context of the efficiency of their protection against the denial of service attacks. The paper sets out, in statistical terms, the denial of service attacks and distributed denial-of-service attacks occurring around the world. In the further part of the research, penetration tests were conducted in order to assess comparatively analysis of the efficiency of IDS/IPS systems was carried out in the context of starting various numbers of network connected devices as well as in the case of sending packets with different sizes. This article is addressed to security systems administrators as well as to people involved in security systems implementation.

PL

Tematem artykułu jest analiza sprawności systemów wykrywania i zapobiegania włamaniom przed atakami odmowy usługi. W początkowej cześć artykuł w oparciu o wynik analiz, zaprezentowano skalę problemu omawianych zagrożeń. W kolejnych paragrafach przedstawiono metodykę badań określenia podatności na ataki odmowy usługi. Następnie przeprowadzono symulacje wydajności i skuteczności obrony przed atakami dwóch sieciowych systemów wykrywania włamań w segmencie open-source Snort i Suricata. Analizowano rozwiązania pracując w trybach nfqueue i af-packet, przy zestawie tych samych reguł. Przeprowadzone testy porównawcze z wykorzystaniem dwóch najpopularniejszy zagrożeń tj. Land i SYN Flood, wykazały przewagę rozwiązania Suricata w skuteczności wykrywania analizowanych ataków. Artykuł jest adresowany do osób zajmuj ących się wdrażaniem i administracją systemów zabezpieczeń.

3

On the buoyant sub-surface salinity maxima in the Gulf of Riga

Liblik T., Skudra M., Lips U.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (2)

113--128

EN

Thermohaline structure in the Gulf of Riga (GoR) was investigated by a multi-platform measurement campaign in summer 2015. Stratification of the water column was mainly controlled by the temperature while salinity had only a minor contribution. Buoyant salinity maxima with variable strength were observed in the intermediate layer of the Gulf of Riga. The salinity maxima were likely formed by a simultaneous upwelling–downwelling event at the two opposite sides of the Irbe strait. The inflowing salty water did not reach the deeper (> 35 m) parts of the gulf and, therefore, the near-bottom layer of the gulf remained isolated throughout the summer. Thus, the lateral water exchange regime in the near bottom layer of the Gulf of Riga is more complicated than it was thought previously. We suggest that the occurrence of this type of water exchange resulting in a buoyant inflow and lack of lateral transport into the near-bottom layers might contribute to the rapid seasonal oxygen decline in the Gulf of Riga.

4

Badanie sprawności systemów IDS/IPS przed atakami DOS i DDOS

Szarek M., Nycz M., Hajder P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Elektrotechnika

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2016

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z. 35 [294], nr 2

19--34

PL

Tematem artykułu jest analiza sprawności systemów wykrywania i zapobiegania włamaniom przed atakami odmowy usługi. W początkowej cześć artykuł w oparciu o wynik analiz, zaprezentowano skalę problemu omawianych zagrożeń. W kolejnych paragrafach przedstawiono metodykę badań określenia podatności na ataki odmowy usługi. Następnie przeprowadzono symulacje wydajności i skuteczności obrony przed atakami dwóch sieciowych systemów wykrywania włamań w segmencie open-source Snort i Suricata. Analizowano rozwiązania pracując w trybach nfqueue i af-packet, przy zestawie tych samych reguł. Przeprowadzone testy porównawcze z wykorzystaniem dwóch najpopularniejszy zagrożeń tj. Land i SYN Flood, wykazały przewagę rozwiązania Suricata w skuteczności wykrywania analizowanych ataków. Artykuł jest adresowany do osób zajmujących się wdrażaniem i administracją systemów zabezpieczeń.

EN

The theme of the article is to analyze the efficiency of detection systems and intrusion prevention against denial of service attacks. In the initial part of the article based on the analysis results, presented the scale of the problem of these threats. In the following paragraphs, the methodology of testing to determine susceptibility to denial of service attack. Then conducted simulations effectiveness and efficiency of defense against attacks by the two network intrusion detection systems in the segment of open-source Snort and Suricata. Analyzed solutions working modes nfqueue and af-packet, using the same set of rules. Comparative tests carried out using the two most common threats such Land and SYN Flood, showed superiority solutions Suricata the effectiveness of detection of the analyzed attacks. The article is addressed to people involved in the implementation and administration of security systems.

5

Manganese oxides from Zalas, Kraków area, southern Poland

Polak M., Gołębiowska B., Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

120--121

EN

The Zalas quarry is located in the southern, marginal part of the Silesian-Cracovian Monocline. Permian rhyodacite laccolith has been exploited here for over 70 years. The intrusion was formed about 260–280 Ma during the Early Permian transtensional, sinistral tectonic regime predominating in central Europe at that time (Nawrocki et al. 2005). Permian volcanic rocks are overlain by a Middle–Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequence, built from sands and sandstones, substituted with the passing of time by limestones and sandy limestones rich in fossils (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006). Quarrying operations carried out approximately 10 years ago uncovered a fault zone cutting the Middle Jurassic sandy limestones. Exposed breccias was locally encrusted by a hydrothermal mineralization forming thin veinlets cutting the limestone, or surrounding the breccia clasts. Primary mineralization contained small relics of pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, native bismuth and barite and was significantly replaced by supergene minerals e.g. Fe and Mn oxides, malachite, cuprite, Cu sulphates, iodargyrite, Bi oxychlorides and Na, K chlorides (Gołębiowska et al. 2006, 2010, 2015). The mineralization is most likely connected with rejuvenation of Early-Paleozoic fault zones during the Sava phase of the Alpine orogeny, and subsequent intensive weathering under semi-arid and arid climate in a period between the Oligocene and Middle Miocene (Gołębiowska et al. 2010). In the sandy limestone encrusted by the oxidized mineralization, very interesting Mn-oxides, enriched in numerous heavy metals were encountered. They filled small fractures and voids within the fault breccia. Among them, Tl-rich varieties have been recently reported. Extremely high thallium content, reaching 20.82 wt% Tl 2 O, makes the oxides unique on a world scale (Gołębiowska et al. 2015). In this paper we focused on the variable admixtures in Mn oxides from oxidation zone in Zalas; for this purpose, SEM-EDS and WDS analyses were carried out. Mn oxides in Zalas are accompanied by malachite, Fe oxides (goethite and hematite) and relics of primary mineralization (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2015). Mn and Fe oxides commonly form the yellowish to red-brownish or black tiny grains or cryptocrystalline aggregates with sizes up to a few millimetres across. Manganese oxides contain variable admixtures of Cu, Ca, Pb, Ba, Fe, Ni, Co and Tl. On the basis of chemical analyses, three major Mn oxide types have been distinguished: those enriched in (i) Ni and Co, (ii) Pb and (iii) Ba and Ca. Co-Ni-bearing Mn oxides, probably asbolane-type, contain 17.01–21.58 wt% CoO and 3.05–8.33 wt% NiO. These phases contain also admixtures of Cu (up to 10 wt% CuO) and Al (up to 7 wt% of Al 2 O 3 ), as well as traces of Fe, Ba, Zn, Mg and Tl (up to 0.5 wt%). Interestingly, in Mn oxides of this type, the admixtures of lead are absent. Pb-bearing Mn oxide, probably coronadite, contain up to 21.48 wt% PbO. In its composition various other elements were also noticed: up to 2 wt% CoO, 0.4 wt% NiO and very high concentrations of CuO up to 8 wt%, as well as up to 1 wt% BaO, FeO, CaO Tl 2 O, Al 2 O 3 and traces of Zn and Mg. Chemical mapping indicates that the Ba- or Ca-bearing Mn oxides occur only in marginal parts of zoned MnO 2 aggregates with almost pure MnO 2 in their cores. They contain 78–84 wt% MnO 2, 3–10 wt% BaO and 2.5–4.5 wt% CaO. High contents of Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Tl in Mn oxides from Zalas indicate a direct link with the primary ore assemblage. High concentration of cobalt and nickel might suggest some connection with Co and Ni mineralization known from nearby Karniowice Travertine (Czerny 1992). Mineral association, as well as crystal morphologies and sizes could indicate hydrothermal origin of at least part of the Mn oxides. However, identification of the particular minerals as well as concluding on the details of their origin is quite difficult on this stage of research.

6

Composition of Nb-Ta-Ti-Sn-W oxide minerals: indicators of magmatic to hydrothermal evolution of the Cínovec granite intrusion and Sn-W deposit (Czech Republic)

Chladek S., Breiter K., Uher P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

61--62

EN

The Cínovec (Zinnwald) Sn-W ore deposit is genetically linked to intrusion of late Variscan, highly fractionated granite which expresses the latest evolutionary stage of a volcano-plutonic system of the Teplice caldera. Whole intrusion is relatively highly fractionated and from bottom ( ~ 1500 m) to top part of cupola-shaped deposit is obviously following succession from biotite (annite) granodiorite-granite-zinnwaldite granite, with the partly greisenized uppermost part at 300–500 m depth (Štemprok 1965, 1971). In 1961−63 the Czechoslovakian Geological Survey (CGS) drilled a 1596 m deep borehole in the Sn-W-mineralized Cínovec granite cupola (Štemprok 1965, Štemprok & Šulcek 1969). All studied rock types include W- and Sn-bearing minerals (wolframite series, scheelite and cassiterite) and disseminated accessory Nb-Ta-Ti-W- Sn minerals (Štemprok & Šulcek 1969, Štemprok 1989, Johan and Johan 1994) which were obtained from the collection of CGS in Prague and studied by BSE and electron microprobe. They crystallized in following succession: rutile + columbite + cassiterite (biotite granodiorite) → rutile + columbite + W-rich ixiolite + cassiterite + scheelite in zinnwaldite granite. Textural relationships of these Nb- Ta-Ti-Sn-W minerals indicate predominantly their magmatic origin and part of them (e.g., cassiterite and columbite) show minor post-magmatic alteration phenomena like distinctly inhomogeneous mixtures of secondary pyrochlore-group minerals (“oxykenopyrochlore” and oxycalciopyrochlore). Nb/Ta and Fe/Mn fractionation trends led to characteristic Mn and Ta enrichment from bottom (biotite granite) to uppermost zinnwaldite granite, especially in columbite-group minerals. While Nb/ Ta fractionation is limitedly applied, effective Fe/ Mn fractionation led to significant Mn – enrichment of late-magmatic phases [columbite-(Mn) and W-rich ixiolite]. Post-magmatic to hydrothermal metasomatic fluids caused partial greisenization of the granites and this stage is represented by latest columbite + scheelite + cassiterite + wolframite assemblage. The last two minerals were objects of extensive mining in the past. Although the hydrothermal system was enriched in F and Li (presence of topaz and zinnwaldite), there are only relatively limited Nb/Ta and Fe/Mn fractionations in post-magmatic columbite. Similarly to primary fractionation, both Nb/Ta and Fe/Mn ones take place and overlap characteristic primary Mn-enrichment. Effective Mn-redistribution is predominantly controlled by crystallization of Mn-dominant wolframite like hübnerite in the hydrothermal stage. Scandium is typical rare element in primary (magmatic) and secondary (hydrothermal) mineral assemblage. While primary Sc-fractionation continues the ongoing Sc-enrichment mostly in columbite to uppermost parts of intrusion, the hydrothermal Sc-redistribution is controlled by crystallization of main ore mineral – wolframite, which consumed a major part of scandium. Main substitution mechanisms in rutile-cassiterite-wolframite-columbite assemblage include following heterovalent substitutions: (i) Ti 3 (Fe,Mn) 2+ −1 (Nb,Ta) −2 , (ii) Ti 2 Fe 3+ −1 (Nb,Ta) −1 , (iii) (Nb,Ta) 4 Fe 2+ −1 W −3 . Moreover, a part of minor cations can enter via: (iv) (Fe,Mn) 2+ 1 W 1 (Fe,Sc) 3+ −1 (Nb,Ta) −1 into wolframite lattice, (v) W 1 (Ti,Sn) 1 (Nb,Ta) −2 , (vi) (Sc,Fe) 3+ 3 (Fe,Mn) 2+ −2 (Nb,Ta) −1 , and (vii) W 2 Sc 3+ 1 (Nb,Ta) −3 into columbite lattice. Calculated Fe 3+ can be introduced into rutile lattice predominantly via mechanism (ii), while via (iv) into wolframite lattice and together with Sc 3+ via (vi) into columbite lattice. The last mechanism results in charge imbalance of A and B positions of columbite lattice entering R 3+ cations to. The distinctly varying calculated Fe 3+ values can refer to changing f O 2 during columbite, rutile, W-rich ixiolite and wolframite crystallization. Therefore, the textural and crystallo-chemical features of studied Nb-Ta-Ti-Sn-W oxide minerals in the Cínovec granite cupola reflect a complex geochemical development of this granite system and ore mineralization from primary magmatic stage, through late-magmatic to subsolidus conditions, and ending in distinct hydrothermally – metasomatic overprint of pre-existing phases.

7

Three-dimensional finite element simulation of intrusion of the maxillary central incisor

Ryniewicz W., Ryniewicz A. M., Bojko Ł., Pełka P., Filipek J., Williams S., Loster B. W.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 36, no. 2

385--390

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study is to generate a global digital model of treatment, analysis of stress distribution and displacements: in a construction of the bracket, in the incisor with bonded bracket, in tissues of the incisor, in a periodontal membrane and in an alveolus. Methods: An orthodontic therapy was provided with a three-dimensional model of a unique Cannon Ultra bracket. The placement of the bracket to the incisor was provided according to clinical standards. Composite material was placed between the rough surface of the bracket's base and labial incisor surface – which, in a digital model, resulted in contact without displacement. The bracket was loaded. An orthodontic arch wire was free to move in a wing slot of the bracket. For simplification, a force vector was parallel to the longitudinal axis of the incisor. A clamper was set on the surface of the cortical bone of the alveolus. The model was divided into a finite number of tetrahedral elements. To calculate the distribution of stress Ansys Workbench software was used. Results: The stress values indicate that there were no tissue overloaded areas. The stress distribution was regular in the periodontal ligament. Slight movements were observed with maximal values in the area of apex. Conclusions: This study simulation proves that tissues surrounding the tooth were influ-enced mechanically by the force loaded on the bracket. [...]

8

Recykling odpadowych poliolefin przez intruzję : wtłaczanie do formy

Pietruszka A., Krasuska A., Romanowski M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 12

2181-2184

PL

Przedstawiono podstawy procesu przetwórstwa odpadowych tworzyw sztucznych przez wtłaczanie do formy (intruzję) oraz dokonano przeglądu urządzeń stosowanych w tym procesie.

EN

Fundamentals and a brief review, with 19 refs., of uses and equipment for intrusion of plastic wastes.

9

Problematyka zasilania systemów sygnalizacji włamania i napadu

Siergiejczyk M., Rosiński A.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

9501--9505

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienia związane z problematyką określania podstawowego i rezerwowego źródła zasilania w Systemach Sygnalizacji Włamania i Napadu. Przedstawiono wymagania zawarte w normach „PN-EN 50131-1:2009: Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Wymagania systemowe” i „PN-EN 50131-6:2009:Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Część 6: Zasilanie”, które powinny być uwzględnione podczas projektowania systemów. Zwrócono też szczególną uwagę na kwestie związane z wyznaczaniem pojemności akumulatorów źródeł rezerwowych w systemach, w których zastosowano jednocześnie urządzenia przewodowe i bezprzewodowe.

EN

The article presents the issues related to the problems of determining the primary and reserve power sources for Intrusion and Hold-up Systems. There are presented requirements contained in the standards "PN-EN 50131-1:2009: Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1: System requirements" and "PN-EN 50131-6:2009: Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1: Power supplies", which should be taken into account during system designing. The special attention is paid to issues relating to the appointment of capacity of the sources of reserve batteries in systems, in which are used both wired and wireless devices.

10

Short-term changes in specific conductivity in Polish coastal lakes (Baltic Sea basin)

Cieśliński R.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (3)

639--661

EN

The paper discusses hourly changes in specific conductivity in two lakes and compares them to changes over longer time intervals. The short time intervals between measurements are designed to help assess the course of seawater intrusions. Two lakes on the Polish coast were selected for research purposes - Lakes Gardno and Łebsko. Specific conductivity was measured using an automatic YSI Sontek 6920V2 probe. It was shown that Lake /Lebsko has a permanently elevated specific conductivity, whereas Lake Gardno experiences episodes of fluvial influence. The specific conductivity was shown to change constantly in both lakes, as evidenced by multi-day, daily and hourly data.

11

Optical Properties of Plane and Convex Mirrors: Investigation of Mirror Use to Enhance Construction Flagger Safety

Stevens Jr E., Cohen M., Spielholz P.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2009

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Vol. 15, No. 1

89--100

EN

Legislation and product development in the USA has prompted an interest in mirror-use by traffic flaggers to improve awareness of vehicles approaching from behind. Helmet- and flagpole-mounted configurations were studied using a graphical approach with field verification studies by comparing fields of view, object magnifications, and human factors considerations. Plane and convex mirrors with different radii of curvature were investigated. Results found image formation on helmet-mounted convex mirrors occurs too close to the mirror. A 0.038 m helmet-mounted plane mirror performed similarly to a 0.076 m diameter, 0.508 m radius of curvature convex mirror. Fields of view and image information between helmet-mounted plane mirrors and flagpole-mounted convex mirrors were compared. Issues of image perception, practical use, and attention were identified; they pose serious issues for use as a primary safety device. Additional investigation is needed to determine the requirements and applicability of mirror-use for flagging in work zones.

12

Coastal lakes and marine intrusions on the southern Baltic coast

Drwal J., Cieśliński R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.2

61-75

EN

In particular branches of the Earth sciences the term estuary is used with various meanings. The term estuary is applied to objects that often differ from the original geographic meaning of the word. The phenomena that accompany them and processes that cause them are called also estuary phenomena and processes. The aim of the study is to describe, in a geographic context, the range in meaning of both the term and names of phenomena and processes derived from it. In the years 2002 – 2005, a survey of the distribution of chloride concentrations was conducted on five lakes characteristic of the southern Baltic coast: Jamno, Bukowo, Wicko, Kopań and Łebsko. It was observed that seawater intrusions into the coastal lakes only resembles those that occur in classic estuaries, though the results are similar to seawater intrusion processes. In the Polish section of the southern Baltic coast, coastal lakes are not the only places where these phenomena are observed. We suggest that all inland water bodies that are under the influence of marine intrusions should be called coastal waters, instead of the misleading term estuary.

13

Determination of limit pore size distributions of porous materials from mercury intrusion curves

Cieszko M., Kempiński M.

Engineering Transactions

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2006

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

143-158

EN

The application of the capillary and chain models of pore architecture are proposed in the paper for determination of limit pore size distributions of porous materials based on the mercury intrusion curves. They estimate the range of pore sizes in the investigated material. It is proved that for a given pore size distribution, the capillary model of pore architecture, commonly used in the mercury porosimetry, and its chain model, are two limit cases of the network model of pore architecture, considered in the paper as a proper model for most real porous materials. For both limit pore architectures, the expressions describing capillary potential curves have been derived that are the basis for the procedure of determination of two limit pore size distributions. This procedure has been illustrated by determining the limit distributions for porous materials made of sintered glass beads.

14

Reconstructing an eroded scoria cone : the Miocene Soonica Hill volcano (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)

Awdankiewicz M.

Geological Quarterly

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2005

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Vol. 49, No. 4

439--448

EN

The basaltic rocks of Sośnica Hill near Targowica (Fore-Sudetic Block) belong to the Cenozoic Central European Volcanic Province. The volcanic succession at Sośnica is over 40 m thick and comprises pyroclastic fall deposits (mainly tuff breccias), subvolcanic intrusions (plug, dykes and other intrusive sheets) and aa-type lavas. Field relationships and structural data enable a detailed reconstruction of the vent location, morphology and eruptive history of the original volcano. Initial Hawaiian to Strombolian-type explosive eruptions produced a pyroclastic cone. Subsequently subvolcanic intrusions and lavas were emplaced. The lavas were fed from the central vent of the volcano, breached the cone and flowed southwards. Later eruptions resumed at a new vent on the western slopes of themain cone. The final volcanic edifice-a breached Strombolian scoria cone with a lava flow and a parasitic cone-was 500-1000 m in diameter at the base and 90-180mhigh. The preserved SWsector of this volcano, where the pyroclastic deposits were protected from erosion by the surrounding plugs and lavas, corresponds to ca. 1/2 of the height and 1/8 of the volume of the original volcano. Compared with many other remnants of Cenozoic volcanic centres in Lower Silesia, this volcano is exceptionally well preserved and exposed.

15

Modelling freshwater inflows in a Shallow Lake

McCorquodale J. A., Georgiou I.

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2004

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Vol. 51, nr 1

75-84

EN

A three-dimensional primitive equation hydrodynamic model was used to investigate the impacts from freshwater introduction into a shallow brackish lake. The proposed effort is an attempt to reduce seasonal salinity intrusion from the Gulf of Mexico through tidal passes and navigation canals during periods of low tributary flows. The model is a modification of the Princeton Ocean Model.

16

Procesy ingresji i ascenzji wód na polskim wybrzeżu bałtyckim

Burzyński K., Kozerski B., Sadurski A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1999

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nr 388 Hydrogeologia

35-48

PL

Słone lub słonawe wody podziemne występują w wielu miejscach wzdłuż polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w następstwie ingresji wód morskich wywołanej nadmierną eksploatacją lub ascenzją solanek z warstw mezozoiku. Wyniki badań hydrogeochemicznych, geofizycznych i modelowania filtracji prowadzonych na przestrzeni ostatnich 10 lat pozwoliły wyjaśnić ich zróżnicowane pochodzenie oraz czas przebywania w warstwach wodonośnych wybrzeża. Zróżnicowanie gęstości wód, ciśnień piezometrycznych i zasilania warstw wodami infiltracyjnymi to główne czynniki powodujące przepływ wód słonych na wybrzeżu. Wyróżniono trzy typy jednostek hydrogeologicznych wybrzeża oraz opisano matematyczne modele równowagi wód słonych i słodkich (zwykłych). Główną zasadą w ochronie zasobów wód podziemnych wybrzeża jest ograniczenie wielkości poboru wód przez ujęcia do bezpiecznej, gwarantowanej wydajności, która sprowadza się do poprawnego wyznaczenia zasobów eksploatacyjnych.

EN

Brackish or salt groundwaters occur in many places along the Polish Baltic coast as a results of intrusion due to overexploitation or ascension from Mesozoic strata. The results of hydrogeochemical, geophysical and modelling investigations carried out during the last ten years reveal different origin and residence time of water in the coastal aquifers. Differences in density of waters, piezometric heads and recharge by meteoric water are the main factors of the salinization of the groundwater along the coast. Three types of coastal hydrogeological units were established and mathematical models of salt water transport are quoted. Limitation of groundwater exploitation of the water intakes in this region according to the safe yield of water is the master point of groundwater resources protection.