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PL
W artykule przedstawiono doświadczalną ocenę wpływu rozbiórki sąsiedniego budynku, a następnie dobudowy budynku żelbetowego do ściany szczytowej kamienicy znajdującej się w centrum Wrocławia. Przedstawiono wyniki monitoringu przemieszczeń pionowych fundamentów oraz uszkodzenia konstrukcji istniejącej kamienicy, powstałe w wyniku prowadzonych prac rozbiórkowych i budowlanych. Poddano ocenie poprawność zastosowanych zabezpieczeń istniejących fundamentów przed wpływem rozbiórki i dobudowy, ich zgodność z wytycznymi instrukcji Instytutu Techniki Budowlanej oraz skuteczność ww. wytycznych w odniesieniu do budynków o konstrukcji tradycyjnej.
EN
The article presents an experimental assessment of the impact of the demolition of a neighboring building and the subsequent addition of a reinforced concrete building to the gable wall of a tenement house located in the center of Wrocław. The results of monitoring vertical displacements of foundations and damage to the structure of the existing tenement house resulting from demolition and construction works were presented. The correctness of the applied protection of existing foundations against the impact of demolition and additions, their compliance with the guidelines of the instructions of the Building Research Institute and the effectiveness of the above-mentioned guidelines in relation to buildings with traditional construction were assessed.
EN
The presented study is devoted to determining the stability of the foundation of a seven-storey building located in Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine). A programme of surveying works was developed, taking into account its condition and configuration features. The project algorithm included laying deformation marks in the building foundation, performing geodetic observations using the method of high-precision geometric levelling, and processing and interpreting the results. The article provides an analysis of changes in the elevations of the building's deformation marks based on data from five series of observations carried out between 09/2019 and 06/2024. The results obtained indicate uneven subsidence of the foundation around the perimeter of the building, which led to the appearance of cracks.
EN
Large-scale management, protection, and restoration of wetlands require knowledge of their hydrology, i.e., the status and dynamics of the groundwater table, which determine the evolution of the wetland ecosystem, its conservation value, and possible economic use. Unfortunately, in many cases, hydrological monitoring data are unavailable, resulting in the search for a proxy for the average annual depth of the groundwater level (GWL). This study presents an approach to estimating the mean GWL in peatlands using a Bayesian belief network (BBN) model, leveraging long-term hydrological and remote sensing data in the Biebrza National Park in Poland. The remote sensing data employed includes the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter coefficient, peat subsidence, rate and distance to watercourses. The BBN model achieved a predictive accuracy of 83.3% and 73.1%, depending on the validation approach used. Among the remote sensing variables considered, the SAR backscatter coefficient was the most sensitive in predicting the GWL in the peatlands. However, the model presents multiple uncertainties resulting from limitations of the available remote sensing data, low variability of class combinations in the conditional probability table, and lack of upscaling to other regions performed. Despite these uncertainties, the developed BBN model remains a valuable next step in reaching the goal of efficient peatland monitoring and management.
4
Content available Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2023 r.
EN
In 2023, natural events and geohazards have gained particular importance. A natural earthquake in eastern Slovakia with a magnitude of 5.0, felt in southeastern Poland, and numerous sinkholes in the Trzebinia region have generated wide media and public interest, emphasizing the need for awareness and management of geological risk. The aim of this article is to present the main geohazards recorded in Poland in 2023 and to raise public awareness of this issue. Analyses and fieldwork in the Trzebinia region have shown the existence of at least 530 sinkholes in the area of the former Siersza Coal Mine, a significant part of which is related to shallow mining operations. In recent years, especially in the period 2019-2023, the dynamics of sinkhole formation has increased, which is related to the rising level of underground water. In 2023, the problem of sinkholes also affected other areas of Poland, causing damage to the terrain and material losses for local communities, including in the towns of Bolesław, Nowa Góra and Tarnowskie Góry. In 2023, 709 local seismic events were verified, most of which were induced, related to mining activities. The strongest phenomenon in Poland, with a magnitude of 4.2, occurred on July 6, 2023 in LGOM, while on October 9, 2023, a natural earthquake occurred in Slovakia, which was felt by residents of Poland -from Katowice to Rzeszów. In 2023, 16 landslide triggers were recorded, four of which were recognized as new forms. Damage to roads, infrastructure and buildings due to mass movement activity was recorded, among others, in Pruchnik, Kasina Wielka, in the commune of Bochnia, Biskupice and Wieliczka. In 2023, PGI-NRJ monitored 74 landslides, including 60 within the SOPO project. In the analyesd period, 31 of these landslides were active. The highest dynamics of displacements was recorded in Szymbark-Huciska, where displacements amounted to 328 mm. The year 2023 on the Baltic Sea coast did not stand out significantly in terms of geohazards, but there were incidents related to sea erosion, especially in the second half of December. Strong winds, reaching an average speed of 65 km/h and gusts of up to 115 km/h, led to storms that affected the condition of the coast, especially in Lębork, Wejherowo and Puck.
5
Content available Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2022 r.
EN
The article details the identification and monitoring of various geological processes and geohazards in Poland, as conducted by the Polish Geological Survey in 2022. In 2022, landslide activity in Poland was lower than average due to less than typical precipitation levels, with the year recording only 534.4 mm of rainfall, about 87.4% of the norm. Due to this overall dryness, the notable landslides, with 14 incidents reported, were significantly fewer than in previous years, Furthermore, the PGI-NRI seismological network (PSG_Sejs_NET), recorded 305 events, mainly induced by mining activities. The strongest event of the year was an M4.7 earthquake with an epicentre in the LGOM region, recorded on April 7, illustrating the improvement in locating such phenomena thanks to new seismic stations. In 2022, residents of western Małopolska, especially in Trzebinia and the surrounding area, experienced an intensification of the problem of post-mining sinkholes, mainly related to the rising groundwater level after the liquidation of mines such as‘‘Siersza” and “Olkusz-Pomorzany”. The most serious incidents included: sinkholes in the cemetery in Trzebinia and in the town of Hutki. In 2022, there was a notable increase in the use of new technologies for recording and monitoring geohazards, including InSAR, drones or high-resolution digital terrain models. These advancements significantly enhanced the precision and scope of geohazard assessment and monitoring. One of the examples is the open European Ground Monitoring Service (EGMS) implemented by European Environment Agency, which helped identification of significant deformations in Poland with a total area of 4.4 thousand km2, mainly related to mining exploitation. In addition, an excellent example of the comprehensive use of various data sources was presented during the stage, completed in 2022, of the project "4D Cartography in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea”, which allowed for the accurate identification of geohazards on the section of the coast from Ustka to Dąbki, showing numerous threats, such as landslides, flooding and coastal erosion. The article discusses in detail this occurrence of various geological threats in 2022.
PL
Praca dotyczy oceny stanu technicznego ponad stuletniej kamienicy zlokalizowanej w centrum Wrocławia, do której zaplanowana jest dobudowa budynku o 3 kondygnacjach podziemnych. Kamienica ma konstrukcję tradycyjną murowano-drewnianą bez żelbetowych elementów usztywniających i jest wrażliwa na nierównomierne osiadania. Opisano zagrożenia wynikające z planowanej dobudowy oraz sposób jej wznoszenia, pozwalający zminimalizować ryzyko powstania uszkodzeń. Podano również zakres niezbędnych wzmocnień istniejącego budynku, mający na celu zapobieganie negatywnemu oddziaływaniu wykopu zlokalizowanemu tuż przy jego ścianie szczytowej.
EN
The work concerns the assessment of the technical condition of an over 100-year-old tenement house located in the center of Wrocław, to which an extension of a building with 3 underground floors is planned. The tenement house has a traditional brick and wooden construction without reinforced concrete stiffening elements and is sensitive to uneven subsidence. Threats resulting from the planned extension and the method of its erection, allowing to minimize the risk of damage, were described. The scope of the necessary reinforcements of the existing building is also given, aimed at preventing the negative impact of the excavation located right next to its gable wall.
EN
Currently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques are widely used for monitoring displacement. This study provides an overview of current developments in the application of GNSS technology for determining displacement based on the findings of 52 research publications over the past fifteen years, from 2009 to August 2024. The obtained results indicated that RTK-GNSS and PPP-GNSS are effective methods to monitor deformation, subsidence, and landslides in open-pit, underground, abandoned mines, and waste dumps. Besides, some limitations and benefits of this technology have been mentioned in this paper. Finally, the prospects of developing of GNSS technique combined with AI technology in displacement monitoring of mining areas were also presented. This paper offers a technical reference for expanding the understanding and knowledge of GNSS applications in detecting displacement in mining areas.
PL
Obecnie do monitorowania przemieszczeń powszechnie stosuje się techniki Globalnego Systemu Nawigacji Satelitarnej (GNSS). Niniejsza praca stanowi przegląd aktualnego rozwoju zastosowań technologii GNSS do wyznaczania przemieszczeń na podstawie wniosków z 50 publikacji naukowych z ostatnich piętnastu lat, od 2009 r. do sierpnia 2024 r. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że RTK-GNSS i PPP-GNSS są skuteczne metody monitorowania deformacji, osiadań i osuwisk na terenach górniczych kopalni odkrywkowych, podziemnych, opuszczonych kopalniach i na składowiskach odpadów. Poza tym w artykule wspomniano o pewnych ograniczeniach i zaletach tej technologii. Na koniec przedstawiono także perspektywy rozwoju techniki GNSS w połączeniu z technologią AI w monitorowaniu przemieszczeń obszarów górniczych. W artykule przedstawiono odniesienia techniczne umożliwiające poszerzenie zrozumienia i wiedzy na temat zastosowań GNSS w wykrywaniu przemieszczeń na obszarach górniczych.
EN
Currently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques are widely used for monitoring displacement. This study provides an overview of current developments in the application of GNSS technology for determining displacement based on the findings of 52 research publications over the past fifteen years, from 2009 to August 2024. The obtained results indicated that RTK-GNSS and PPP-GNSS are effective methods to monitor deformation, subsidence, and landslides in open-pit, underground, abandoned mines, and waste dumps. Besides, some limitations and benefits of this technology have been mentioned in this paper. Finally, the prospects of developing of GNSS technique combined with AI technology in displacement monitoring of mining areas were also presented. This paper offers a technical reference for expanding the understanding and knowledge of GNSS applications in detecting displacement in mining areas.
PL
Obecnie do monitorowania przemieszczeń powszechnie stosuje się techniki Globalnego Systemu Nawigacji Satelitarnej (GNSS). Niniejsza praca stanowi przegląd aktualnego rozwoju zastosowań technologii GNSS do wyznaczania przemieszczeń na podstawie wniosków z 50 publikacji naukowych z ostatnich piętnastu lat, od 2009 r. do sierpnia 2024 r. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że RTK-GNSS i PPP-GNSS są skuteczne metody monitorowania deformacji, osiadań i osuwisk w kopalniach odkrywkowych, podziemnych, opuszczonych kopalniach i na składowiskach odpadów. Poza tym w artykule wspomniano o pewnych ograniczeniach i zaletach tej technologii. Na koniec przedstawiono także perspektywy rozwoju techniki GNSS w połączeniu z technologią AI w monitorowaniu przemieszczeń obszarów górniczych. W artykule przedstawiono odniesienia techniczne umożliwiające poszerzenie zrozumienia i wiedzy na temat zastosowań GNSS w wykrywaniu przemieszczeń na obszarach górniczych.
EN
Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Global Navigation Satellite System technologies are increasingly prevalent in geodetic mapping work, playing a significant role in mine surveying tasks such as drawing maps for volume calculation, monitoring displacement, and deformation of mine surfaces and structures above mine tunnels. Currently, there are many studies on the application of these technologies in various aspects of mine surveying work. This paper will synthesize these studies to evaluate the effectiveness of applying GNSS and TLS technologies in mining surveying. The authors has reviewed 44 papers/projects in recent years and found that these technologies are developing rapidly, with the accuracy of coordinate and altitude measurement increasingly improving to approximately millimeters in both horizontal and vertical directions.
PL
Technologie naziemnego skanowania laserowego (TLS) i globalnego systemu nawigacji satelitarnej (GNSS) są coraz bardziej powszechne w pracach związanych z kartowaniem geodezyjnym, odgrywając znaczącą rolę w zadaniach geodezyjnych w kopalniach, takich jak tworzenie map do obliczania objętości, monitorowanie przemieszczeń i deformacji powierzchni i konstrukcji nad wyrobiskami górniczymi. Obecnie prowadzonych jest wiele badań nad zastosowaniem tych technologii w różnych aspektach prac geodezyjnych w kopalniach. W artykule dokonana została synteza tych badań w celu oceny efektywności zastosowania technologii GNSS i TLS w górnictwie. Autorzy dokonali przeglądu 44 artykułów/projektów z ostatnich lat i stwierdzają, że technologie te bardzo szybko się rozwijają, a dokładność pomiaru współrzędnych i wysokości wzrasta do poziomu pojedynczych milimetrów zarówno w kierunku poziomym, jak i pionowym.
EN
The article presents a methodology for determining the value of the expansion coefficient of a reconsolidated caving zone in the context of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and consequent surface subsidence caused by the process of flooding the closed coal mines. The paper also provides a brief characterisation of analytical predictive models regarding surface subsidence during the process of flooding coal mines. In order to describe the vertical deformation of the reconsolidated porous rock mass in the caving zone, a linear-elastic medium of Biot was utilised. The conducted theoretical calculations demonstrate a high agreement with the results obtained through the identification of the expansion coefficient parameter based on the analysis of in-situ subsidence measurements in Dutch and German mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the forecasting of the impact of the flooding process on the underground workings of the German Ibbenbüren mine. The article constitutes a significant contribution to the field of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and surface subsidence during the process of flooding closed coal mines. The presented methodology and obtained results can be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers involved in the planning and management of mining areas.
11
Content available Katalog basenów sedymentacyjnych Polski
PL
Na obszarze Polski wyróżniono 48 basenów sedymentacyjnych obejmujących utwory od ediakaru po pliocen. Opierając się głównie na dostępnych opracowaniach publikowanych, w tym kartograficznych, określono granice basenów, stosując oprogramowanie ArcGIS, a także zestawiono krótkie opisy poszczególnych jednostek. W opisach zarysowano ich zasadnicze cechy: plan strukturalny, wiek wypełnienia osadowego i jego charakterystykę, powierzchnię wychodni, zasięg regionalny na tle elementów tektoniki i paleogeografii oraz genezę. Baseny zaliczono do czterech ogólnych kategorii regionalnych: epikontynentalne (24), włączone w górotwór (14), śródgórskie (4) i związane z terranami (6). Większość opisanych jednostek (32) należy do basenów wychodzących poza granice Polski. Powierzchnia wychodni basenów (w granicach kraju) mieści się w szerokim zakresie: od 11 km2 (basen zgorzelecki) do 284 761 km2 (mezozoiczny basen Niżu Polskiego), przy średnim obszarze 27 290 km2. Nieliczne baseny (w zależności od interpretacji podłoża: 9–15) są rozwinięte bezpośrednio na fundamencie krystalicznym, znaczna większość została nałożona na jednostki powstałe wcześniej, nierzadko w wyniku reaktywacji dawniejszych ram tektonicznych. Głównie na podstawie prac publikowanych przedstawiono zarys genezy poszczególnych basenów, a także wstępnie zaliczono je do ośmiu kategorii genetycznych: obrzeże pasywne, pasmo fałdowo-nasuwcze, basen: przedgórski, przedłukowy, pull-apart, śródkratoniczny, ryftowy i załukowy. Baseny poligenetyczne, o wieloetapowej historii rozwoju, zaliczono do kategorii odnoszącej się do etapu inicjacji basenu. Luki w rozpoznaniu niektórych opisanych basenów sprawiają, że w miarę dopływu nowych materiałów badawczych może ulec zmianie ich definicja, ewentualnie nastąpi ich wewnętrzny podział regionalny lub stratygraficzny, czy też połączenie z sąsiednimi jednostkami.
EN
The catalogue provides description of 48 sedimentary basins from the territory of Poland, comprising deposits from Ediacaran to Pliocene. Basin boundaries in the Arc GIS format, as well as short descriptions of particular units, have been based mainly on published data, including cartographic materials. Descriptions include essential characteristics such as: structural plan, age and general features of a sedimentary fill, regional extent against tectonic and paleogeographic boundaries, and brief genetic considerations. The basins were ascribed to four general regional categories: epicontinental (24 units), incorporated in an orogen (14), intramontane (4), and associated with allochthonous terranes (6). The basin area, defined here as the present area of outcrops or subcrops, ranges from 11 km2 (Zgorzelec Basin) to 284,761 km2 (Mesozoic Basin of the Polish Lowlands), with a mean of 27,290 km2. Most of the described units (32) extend beyond the Polish territory into surrounding countries. Some basins (depending on the basement interpretation: 9-15) are developed directly on a crystalline basement. Majority of basins onlap earlier units, commonly due to reactivation of the pre-existing tectonic framework. A brief review of mechanisms that led to basin formation allowed the authors to ascribe the units to eight genetic categories: passive margin, fold-and-thrust belt, foreland, fore-arc, pull-apart, intracratonic, rift, and back-arc basins. In several instances of polygenetic (polyhistory) basins they were included to a category corresponding to the initial stage of basin development. The present study pinpoints some gaps in our knowledge of particular basins. Once filled, they may lead to changes in basin concepts and definitions, and also to their further subdivision or, conversely, unification.
12
Content available Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2021 roku
EN
Geological hazards caused by landslides, earthquakes, erosion, land surface deformation and collapse in 2021 in Poland were among the average compared to recent years. They did, however, affect material losses. The Polish Geological Survey (PGS) recorded 41 events related to sudden landslide activations, which damaged or destroyed 17 road sections. Through ongoing monitoring of 72 landslides, 33 were shown to be active. In 2021, more than 5,200 landslides were identified and inventoried in Poland. Geodynamic monitoring performed by PGS recorded 611 seismic events in Poland, whose magnitudes reached M4.2. In addition, using satellite radar interferometry, continuation of land surface deformations was found mainly in mining areas. In 2021, there was a number of collapses of various origins. The paper is a brief report on the ongoing tasks of the Polish Geological Survey in the field of geological hazards and presents events that took place in Poland in 2021.
PL
Ze względu na bezpieczeństwo robót zarówno obowiązujące przepisy i normy, jak i doświadczenia inżynierskie opisywane w literaturze wskazują na korzyści z prowadzenia monitoringu i obserwacji zachowania podłoża gruntowego. Jest to szczególnie ważne, gdy rozpoznano w głębszych warstwach słabe podłoże gruntowe, a obciążenie w trakcie realizacji robót jest zmienne. W niniejszym artykule opisano sposób realizacji monitoringu osiadań oraz przemieszczeń poziomych nasypu przeciążającego zlokalizowanego w pobliżu gazociągu wysokiego ciśnienia, realizowanego podczas budowy drogi ekspresowej. Opisano elementy systemu geomonitoringu, sposób jego montażu, a także zalety i ograniczenia.
EN
Due to the safety of works, both the applicable regulations and standards as well as engineering experience described in the literature show the benefits of monitoring and observation of the behavior of the subsoil. It is especially important when weak subsoil is identified in the deeper layers and the load is variable during the execution of works. This article describes the method of monitoring subsidence and horizontal displacements of the overload embankment located in the vicinity of the high-pressure gas pipeline, during the construction of the expressway. The elements of the geomonitoring system, the method of its assembly, as well as advantages and limitations are described.
EN
Given the complex links to the major economic activities and climate variability, water is becoming the most fiercely contested resource, challenging human survival and food security especially in arid hot dry regions, such as in the Middle East and North Africa areas (MENA). In the Kebili and Tozeur regions in southern Tunisia, groundwater resources undergo abusive exploitation mostly for agricultural activities. The lack of efficient management and adequate conservation strategies to ensure sustainable exploitation has resulted in gradual irreversible ecological and geological effects. Thus, this review paper provides a useful background synthesis for the critical assessment of the recursive dynamic substantial increase in freshwater in these regions, using a general equilibrium model of hydrodynamic and chemical changes of aquifers based on several water scarcity indices and economic-ecological factors. The collected data highlight the good correlation between the reviewed studies and the observed and (or) measured disturbance of the natural functioning of the deep confined aquifers, manifested by the gradual severity of the resulted environmental issues, the permanent irreversible depression of the water table, aquifer decompression, land subsidence in the Douz area, and contamination by petroleum flows, with 4 g/L of asphalt and 12 to 90 µg/L of cadmium in northern Kebili. Based on the assembled evidence, water scarcity has heavily influenced the equilibrium of these resources, and the adopted conservation plans have been insufficient to ensure economic incentives for environmental natural resources conservation (the annual average loss of fertile land is 1.25 ha). A detailed equilibrium analysis, relying on evaluating the water productivity-water exploitation ratio, is undoubtedly necessary for improving the integration among different decision makers. Moreover, a re-examination of the resulting impacts of the previously implemented strategies for reliable database development is the key to the successful handling of this transitory fragile situation.
EN
Linear Discontinuous Ground Deformations are defined as fissures and steps, as well as structural forms composed of them. They occur on the surface as a result of underground mining. Knowledge of LDGDs has been acquired through field observations which are subsequently described in the scientific publication. Records of LDGDs are made by using the classic surveying method. The paper reviews the created LDGDs in the years 2015-2019 in one of the mines of the USCB. The analysis covers the velocity of subsidence as a result of underground mining and the values of horizontal strains determined according to the Knothe-Budryk theory. The InSAR satellite technique was used to measure the subsidence. The subsidence was determined using the small baseline method - SBAS. The combination of the theoretical Knothe-Budryk model with the large-scale capabilities of InSAR may provide valuable material for a better understanding of the genesis of LDGD creation and their prediction.
EN
Land surface displacement in the area of geothermal fields observed by Satellite Radar Interferometry
17
Content available Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2020 roku
EN
The paper describes geohazard events that took place in 2020 on the territory of Poland. The PGI is responsible for geohazard monitoring in four areas of interest :landslides and mass movements within the Landslide Counteracting System (LCS, SOPO in Polish), earthquakes within the Geodynamical Monitoring of Poland and ground motions within the Interferometric Terrain Deformations Monitoring of Poland, and coastal monitoring carried out by the Marine Geology Branch within a framework of the 4D Cartography. In 2020, there were no spectacular geohazard events; however, there were some permanently active phenomena, mostly landslides, which caused significant damages to the infrastructure.
EN
The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages - permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
PL
Starzejąca się struktura zabudowy miast w rejonach eksploatacji górniczej wpływa znacznie na zwiększenie kosztów naprawy uszkodzeń obiektów powierzchni. Prognozowanie zachowania się budynków pod wpływem deformacji podłoża w przypadku, gdy nie są one do tego przystosowane staje się bardzo istotne z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa tych konstrukcji. Stało się to przyczyną przedstawienia przykładu analizy numerycznej typowego budynku mieszkalnego obszaru Górnego Śląska, który powstał w początkach XX wieku i nie był przystosowany do przeniesienia górniczych deformacji terenu. W celu dokładnego odwzorowania zachowania się obiektu pod wpływem deformującego się podłoża przeprowadzono analizę układu budowla - podłoże, w tym przypadku górnicze. Autorzy, posiadając wiedzę kiedy oraz w jakim obszarze będą ujawniały się osiadania na skutek wyeksploatowanej ściany, zastabilizowali układ punktów pomiarowych w najbliższym sąsiedztwie budynku oraz na ścianach podłużnych budynku. Wyniki pomiarów poziomych i pionowych przemieszczeń posłużył do ich wprowadzenia w modelu obliczeniowym. Zgodnie z teoriami prognozowania górniczych deformacji terenu typu ciągłego największy wpływ na budynki mają poziome deformacje podłoża i krzywizna terenu K. Charakterystyki przebiegów tych zmiennych przyjęto wg teorii Knothego. Wpływy te należy rozważać jako dodatkowe obciążenia budynku, ale nie należy ich przykładać bezpośrednio do konstrukcji, lecz jako odkształcenia podłoża. Z tego powodu obliczenia numeryczne objęły budynek oraz bryłę podłoża aby uwzględnić efekt współpracy budowla-podłoże. Konstrukcja budynku była murowana z drewnianymi elementami stropów i dachu, które ze względu na znikomy wpływ sztywność pominięto w obliczeniach numerycznych. Bryła podłoża została tak dobrana, że obejmowała warstwę o grubości 3,0 m poniżej fundamentów oraz 3,0 m na zewnątrz rzutu budynku. Pionowe i poziome powierzchnie bryły gruntu zostały podparte przegubowo w kierunku prostopadłym do ich powierzchni. Analizę numeryczną wykonano przy użyciu pakietu programów Atena i dla każdego z materiałów układu wprowadzono odpowiedni model materiałowy - dla gruntu model Druckera-Pragera, a dla elementów murowych model sprężysto-plastyczny opisany w pakiecie jako ‘cemetitous’, który wykorzystuje powierzchnię graniczną przedstawioną przez Willama-Warnke. Obciążenia konstrukcji podzielono na kilka etapów. W pierwszym etapie przyłożono obciążenia stałe i użytkowe budynku (3 kroki obliczeniowe), a w drugim deformacje podłoża. Odwzorowano przejście wypukłej części krawędzi niecki górniczej, które podzielono na 10 kroków obciążeniowych. Powstania maksymalnej krzywizny wypukłej K+ i odkształcenia podłoża ε+ osiągnięto w 8 kroku obciążeniowym, a powrót do stanu początkowego w 13. Wyniki analiz przedstawiono w postaci barwnych map naprężeń. Najistotniejsze wyniki to wielkość głównych naprężeń rozciągających, w zależności od których mogą powstawać zarysowania konstrukcji po przekroczeniu wytrzymałości na rozciąganie. Na mapach wyraźne ich koncentracje pojawiają się w górnej części ścian konstrukcji oraz w narożach otworów okiennych i drzwiowych. Jest to zgodne z obserwacjami na obiektach, które zostały poddane takim deformacjom. Przedstawiony sposób może zostać wykorzystany w szczegółowym podejściu do analizy zagrożonych obiektów budowlanych.
EN
Subsidence and vertical movements in mines are a challenge in mining operations. To qualify as a controlled mine site, ground movements must be measured regularly during mining operations. Boleo Copper District mine was monitored and the movement during mining operations was measured from Oct. 31, 2018 to March 15, 2019. The evaluation of vertical and horizontal movement was determined in four locations in the mine areas M303, M303S, M303 C, and M305. The exploitation area, which measured approximately 80 £ 90 m2 with a height of 2.4 m, impacted the surface in the form of cracks. These cracks were observed on the topographic surveys and varied during the mining operations from the beginning to the end. The final results indicated that the points with the greatest displacement were those in the central zone of the mine excavation (points #3, 5, and 6) and the displacement trend of the ground was toward this zone. In theory, the subsidence is typically lesser than the thickness of the extracted ore. In this case, the maximum subsidence was 1.15 m and the ore seam thickness was 2.4 m. The maximum possible subsidence is typically 55-65% of the extracted seam thickness; however, because chain pillars are generally left in place, and provide some support, this maximum possible subsidence is rarely reached. In this case, the maximum subsidence was 52% of the seam thickness.
EN
The consequences of organic soil subsidence gained considerable importance in a wide range of scientific literature. Since most of the works focused mainly on the subsidence of the land surface, less attention was paid to the effects on hydraulic structures, either to their malfunctioning or to the proper management of the subirrigation systems. For the reasons mentioned above, the paper considers the selected technical parameters (underground pipelines covering thickness and soil subsidence behind inlet and outlet protections) of 37 culverts (communication structures) and 42 culvert-gates (communication and water damming). All the structures were located within the area of a subirrigation system on the previously drained organic soils (Solec system, Mazovian Voivodship, 30 km south of Warsaw). They underwent field measurements of the pipelines covering subsidence and land surface lowering behind their protections on the left and right side of the inlet and outlet section. The achieved results were confronted with the adopted limit and admissible values. Due to the progressing congestion and subsidence of organic soil, the covering thickness of pipelines did not exceed the limit value for 38.5% of the culverts and 36% of culvert-gates. From a long-term perspective (1971–2014) the average subsidence rates in the vicinity of the structures and surrounding peatland surface were found as comparable, ranging from 0.63 to 0.83 cm/year. Particular attention was paid to the influence of water damming that was evident for the inlet sections of culvertgates showing considerably lower subsidence and damage degree.
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