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1

Road safety challenges in mountainous regions: A case study of the Aures Mountains, Algeria

Hamzaoui Mohammed, Haddad Louiza Aouacheria, Zeraib Salah, Sallaye Miloud

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2025

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no. 1

59--75

EN

This research analyzes traffic accidents in the mountainous area of the Aurès range from 2017 to 2022, focusing on their spatial and temporal distribution and main causes using geographic information systems and exploratory factor analysis, given their significant social and economic impacts. Initially, we conducted a quantitative analysis of traffic accidents recorded by the relevant authorities, examining their distribution and their relationship with the ongoing dynamics of the national, provincial, and municipal road networks. In addition to that, we addressed the causes of traffic accidents through exploratory factor analysis of accidents in the area. The study’s results showed that the road network in the Aurès region witnessed a total of 930 traffic accidents between 2017 and 2022, which is an average of 1 accident every two days, or 6 accidents per 1,000 people. There is a direct relationship between traffic density and the rank and importance of the road, as national roads accounted for 58.27% of all accidents, provincial roads for 30.53%, and municipal roads for 11.18%. The study also confirmed that the main factors causing traffic accidents are primarily the driver, contributing 24.85% of the variance, followed by weather conditions at 18.64%, the road itself at 12.02%, and vehicle defects at 9.01%. These results confirmed the seriousness of this phenomenon and its negative social and economic impacts, which led us to present a set of suggestions to mitigate it.

PL

W niniejszym badaniu analizuje się wypadki drogowe w górzystym obszarze pasma Aurès w latach 2017–2022, skupiając się na ich rozkładzie przestrzennym i czasowym oraz głównych przyczynach, wykorzystując systemy informacji geograficznej i eksploracyjną analizę czynnikową, biorąc pod uwagę ich znaczący wpływ społeczny i ekonomiczny. Początkowo przeprowadziliśmy analizę ilościową wypadków drogowych zarejestrowanych przez właściwe organy, badając ich rozmieszczenie i ich związek z bieżącą dynamiką sieci dróg krajowych, wojewódzkich i gminnych. Ponadto zajęliśmy się przyczynami wypadków drogowych poprzez eksploracyjną analizę czynnikową wypadków na tym obszarze. Wyniki badania wykazały, że w sieci drogowej w regionie Aurès doszło łącznie do 930 wypadków drogowych w latach 2017–2022, co daje średnio 1 wypadek co dwa dni lub 6 wypadków na 1000 osób. Istnieje bezpośredni związek pomiędzy natężeniem ruchu a rangą i znaczeniem drogi, ponieważ drogi krajowe odpowiadają za 58,27% wszystkich wypadków, drogi wojewódzkie za 30,53%, a drogi gminne za 11,18%. Badanie potwierdziło również, że głównymi czynnikami powodującymi wypadki drogowe są przede wszystkim kierowcy, którzy odpowiadają za 24,85% wariancji, następnie warunki pogodowe (18,64%), sama droga (12,02%) i wady pojazdów (9,01%). Wyniki te potwierdziły powagę tego zjawiska i jego negatywne skutki społeczne i ekonomiczne, co skłoniło nas do przedstawienia zestawu sugestii mających na celu jego złagodzenie.

2

Behind the wheel: understanding the risks for truck drivers in the era of the internet of things and advancements in autonomous vehicles

Benallou Imane, Azmani Abdelah, Azmani Monir

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 124

25--36

EN

Freight transportation is a crucial part of the global economy, but it encounters several complex challenges, with truck drivers at the centre of these issues. These professionals, responsible for transporting goods over long distances, often work in challenging conditions, exposing them to a range of risks, including physical, psychological, and chemical hazards. These risks make the profession less appealing to younger drivers, leading to an ageing workforce and worsening the driver shortage crisis in the road transport sector. This article aims to identify the various risks faced by truck drivers and examine their negative impacts on several critical aspects, including company image, service quality, financial implications, and road safety. Additionally, the article explores the transformative impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous vehicles (AV) on the truck driving profession.

3

Pedestrian airbag system: medical and engineering perspectives on design, construction, and safety benefits

Rzepczyk Szymon, Jakubowski Michał, Majer Jakub, Obst Maciej, Żaba Czesław, Głowiński Sebastian

Transport Samochodowy

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2024

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T. 70, nr 2

39--45

EN

Minimizing the effects of traffic accidents is one of the key issues in increasing the safety of road users. The complex problem of traffic accidents perfectly correlates with the goals of sustainable development (SDGs implementation), where one of the tasks included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to halve the number of all injuries and fatalities in road accidents around the world. While looking into the safety of pedestrians, one will notice that due to the lack of protective elements during the accidents, pedestrians are a group that is particularly exposed to serious injuries, especially in the area of the head, which is a significant threat to life. Introduced in recent years, the Pedestrian Airbag System (PAS) is a system designed to protect pedestrians, particularly in urban conditions, during collisions that are lowspeed at the time of impact. The system consists of a se of airbags mounted under the bonnet of the vehicle that extends and inflates under pressure in the event of a crash, designed to protect the pedestrian’s head from hitting the bonnet, windshield and A-pillars. Initial simulations and studies have shown a significant reduction in the risk of serious injury and death from hitting a pedestrian. In addition, the combination with other passive or active pedestrian protection systems positively affects the effectiveness of the PAS. However, further research and tests are necessary to optimize and further improve the effectiveness of the system, as well as to determine the protective prospects for other road users.

PL

Minimalizowanie skutków wypadków drogowych jest jednym z kluczowych zagadnień zwiększania bezpieczeństwa użytkowników dróg. Złożona problematyka wypadków drogowych doskonale koreluje z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju (realizacja SDGs), gdzie jednym z zadań zapisanych w Agendzie na rzecz Zrównoważonego Rozwoju 2030 jest zmniejszenie o połowę liczby wszystkich rannych i ofiar śmiertelnych wypadków drogowych na całym świecie. Zastanawiając się nad bezpieczeństwem pieszych, można zauważyć, że ze względu na brak elementów ochronnych podczas wypadków piesi stanowią grupę szczególnie narażoną na poważne obrażenia, zwłaszcza w okolicy głowy, co stanowi istotne zagrożenie życia. Wprowadzony w ostatnich latach system poduszek powietrznych dla pieszych (PAS) to system zaprojektowany w celu ochrony pieszych, szczególnie w warunkach miejskich, podczas zderzeń, które w momencie uderzenia mają miejsce przy małej prędkości. System składa się z zestawu poduszek powietrznych montowanych pod maską pojazdu, które w przypadku zderzenia wysuwają się i napełniają pod ciśnieniem, a których zadaniem jest ochrona głowy pieszego przed uderzeniem w maskę, przednią szybę i słupki A. Wstępne symulacje i badania wykazały znaczne zmniejszenie ryzyka poważnych obrażeń i śmierci w wyniku uderzenia pieszego. Dodatkowo połączenie z innymi pasywnymi lub aktywnymi systemami ochrony pieszych pozytywnie wpływa na skuteczność PAS. Konieczne są jednak dalsze badania i testy, aby zoptymalizować i jeszcze bardziej poprawić skuteczność systemu, a także określić perspektywy ochronne dla innych użytkowników dróg.

4

Safety and operational assessment of cooperative driving systems on roundabouts

Tumminello Maria Luisa, Macioszek Elżbieta, Granà Anna, Giuffre Tullio

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

123--135

EN

This paper presents a simulation-driven method for assessing the safety and efficiency of traffic at roundabouts incorporating connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology. Utilizing the newly proposed CAV-based factors specified by the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provided a practical framework for analyzing capacity dynamics across various traffic scenarios. Using microscopic traffic simulation on a roundabout model replicating real-world geometry and traffic attributes facilitated the identification of crucial behavioral parameters. This simulation spanned from smooth traffic scenarios to operational saturation, aiding in the study of mixed traffic scenarios during the transition to increasing CAV presence. Additionally, the study assessed the safety and traffic impact of a dedicated CAV lane using surrogate safety metrics. Aimsun software aided in model parameter calibration, which, combined with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM), supported safety analysis. Despite observed enhancements in roundabout performance with CAV integration, the benefits of a designated CAV lane highlighted the potential to reduce conflicts among vehicles. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the overall performance enhancement achieved with CAVs at roundabouts while also providing insights for evaluating the potential of CAV technologies in future mobility management strategies.

5

Enhancing road safety for vulnerable road users - the role of autonomous emergency braking systems

Pełka Małgorzata, Ucińska Monika, Kruszewski Mikołaj

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

95--107

EN

Vulnerable road users are the largest group of road accident victims in the world. At the same time, it should be noted that most road accidents are caused by the motor vehicle driver. An opportunity to increase the level of road safety is emergency braking systems installed in vehicles. Their task is to detect the risk of a collision with another object, issue a warning to the driver and, in the absence of reaction, perform emergency braking. The publication presents the results of research conducted by the Motor Transport Institute as part of the PEDICRASH project. As part of the work, a series of tests of the autonomous emergency braking system were carried out to check unusual but probable cases of events in which it should work. The tests were carried out in a closed area using a few selected models of popular passenger car brands. An additional data acquisition system and dummies imitating vulnerable road users: pedestrians and cyclists were used. The constructions represent the silhouette of an adult person and meet the requirements of the Euro NCAP AEB Protocol. The time of the collision at the time of issuing a warning to the driver was analyzed. Assuming that the vehicle was moving uniformly, the distance from the obstacle was calculated at the time of issuing the warning and after the driver's reaction time (0.7 s and 1 s were assumed) from this signal. The deceleration necessary to brake the vehicle was calculated and it was determined whether the driver would have a chance to brake the vehicle before a pedestrian or a cyclist in a given situation. For cases in which the driver would not be able to brake in time, the speed of the vehicle with which it would hit the vulnerable road users was calculated. Possible injuries and accident costs were then estimated.

6

Choosing a safety seat for transporting a child - survey research

Frej Damian Paweł, Grabski Paweł

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2024

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Vol. 60, no.1

67--100

EN

The greatest threat to the safety and health of a child placed in a safety seat is still the incorrectly chosen and installed seat in the vehicle. Safety seats are considered the primary means of reducing the risk of injury in a road accident. However, most parents use improperly installed seats. Improperly chosen and installed safety seats can pose a risk of injury to children in the event of an accident. The aim of the article is to improve the safety of children transported in safety seats by identifying and determining the impact of various, often non-obvious factors on the choice of safety seat made by parents/legal guardians of the child. To achieve this, a survey was conducted among a group of 950 individuals to understand the behaviors of parents and legal guardians related to the purchase of safety seats. Respondents were tasked with answering questions related to travel time, seat attachment location, or their personal preferences related to place of residence or age. It is worth noting that as many as 357 respondents would definitely not repurchase their current safety seat. Additionally, the level of safety of the seat determined by crash test results is an important purchasing argument for 21.88% of surveyed women and 35.66% of surveyed men.

PL

Największym zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa życia i zdrowia dziecka umieszczonego w foteliku bezpieczeństwa jest w dalszym ciągu źle dobrany i zamontowany fotelik w pojeździe. Foteliki bezpieczeństwa są uważane za główny sposób na zmniejszenie ryzyka obrażeń podczas zdarzenia drogowego. Mimo to, większość rodziców używa nieprawidłowo zainstalowanych fotelików. Nieprawidłowo dobrane i zamontowane foteliki bezpieczeństwa mogą stwarzać ryzyko obrażeń u dzieci w razie wypadku. Celem artykułu jest poprawa bezpieczeństwa dzieci przewożonych w fotelikach przez identyfikację i określenie wpływu różnych, często nieoczywistych czynników na wybór fotelika bezpieczeństwa dokonywany przez rodziców/opiekunów prawnych dziecka. W tym celu przeprowadzono ankietę na grupie 950 osób, aby poznać zachowania rodziców i opiekunów prawnych związane z zakupem fotelika bezpieczeństwa. Ankietowani mieli za zadanie odpowiedzieć na pytania związane z czasem podróży, miejscem mocowania fotelika czy dotyczących ich osobistych preferencji związanych z miejscem zamieszkania czy wiekiem. Warto zaznaczyć, że aż 357 respondentów zdecydowanie nie kupiłoby ponownie posiadanego fotelika bezpieczeństwa. Ponadto poziom bezpieczeństwa fotelika określony wynikami z testów zderzeniowych jest ważnym argumentem zakupu dla 21,88% ankietowanych kobiet i 35,66% ankietowanych mężczyzn.

7

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the road safety system

Bolz Katarzyna, Nowacki Gabriel

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2024

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Vol. 23, no. 1

73--98

EN

The article presents the potential uses of drones in road safety systems, as predicted based on the ongoing evolution of the unmanned technologies. Requirements pertaining to users (operators) of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the context of road safety are presented. The research problem was formulated based on experience and research on UAVs operating above roads, intersection and in traffic collision/accident areas. An analysis of opportunities and threats of usage of UAVs in road safety was performed. An attempt was made to identify the means of shaping legal and criminal awareness of users, along with an analysis of remedial measures that had been introduced. A concept of safe flow of UAVs in the airspace was described. An attempt was made to evaluate the potential for support of the road safety system by using specialized UAVs. The performed research indicates that usage of drones in road safety systems will enable real-time identification of traffic with very high precision (high-resolution cameras), including identification of vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists, verification of vehicle speed, determination of queue lengths at intersections, determination of traffic volume, detection of traffic violations, identification of high-risk locations and warning drivers about potential threats.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono potencjalne możliwości zastosowania dronów w systemie bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego (BRD), przewidywane na podstawie ewolucji technologii bezzałogowej. Zaprezentowano wymagania stawiane użytkownikom (operatorom) technologii bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (BSP) w odniesieniu do BRD. Problem badawczy sformułowano na podstawie doświadczeń oraz badań nad BSP operującymi nad drogami, skrzyżowaniami oraz w środowisku kolizji i wypadków w ruchu drogowym. Dokonano bilansu szans i zagrożeń w odniesieniu do użycia BSP w BRD. Zbadano nastroje społeczne w odniesieniu do kwestii świadomości prawnej operatów dronów. Podjęto próbę wskazania możliwości kształtowania świadomości prawnej oraz odpowiedzialności karnej wraz z analizą zaimplementowanych dotychczas środków zaradczych. Wskazano koncepcję bezpiecznego przepływu ruchu statków bezzałogowych w przestrzeni powietrznej. Podjęto próbę oceny potencjału wsparcia systemu bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego przez użycie wyspecjalizowanych BSP. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że zastosowanie dronów w BRD umożliwi identyfikację ruchu drogowego w czasie rzeczywistym z bardzo dobrą dokładnością (kamery o wysokiej rozdzielczości), w tym identyfikację pojazdów, pieszych oraz rowerzystów, a także sprawdzanie prędkości pojazdów, określanie długości kolejek na skrzyżowaniach, pomiar natężenia ruchu, wykrywanie naruszeń przepisów ruchu drogowego oraz identyfikację miejsc niebezpiecznych czy ostrzeganie kierowców o potencjalnych zagrożeniach.

8

Using Machine Learning to Identify Clustering Patterns of Traffic Accidents

Passarella Rossi, Utami Putri Shobiroh, Ubaya Huda, Widyastuti Rifka

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2024

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z. 139

19--32

EN

Between 20 and 50 million people suffer non-fatal injuries from traffic accidents each year, while more than one million of these result in death. Road traffic accidents pose a significant threat not only to the economy but also to public health. The figures obtained are objective statistics and not based on personal opinions. This study aims to develop a clustering model using a machine learning approach based on the characteristics of the occurrence and number of victims of traffic accidents in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This research will analyze patterns that observe different relationships among crashes by using various clustering techniques such as K-means clustering, Gaussian mixture model (GMM), density-based (DBSCAN), hierarchical clustering, spectral clustering, and OPTICS (sorted points to identify clustering structure). Through the machine learning approach, this research attempts to bridge the knowledge gap between the factors involved in traffic accidents and the development of more effective prevention strategies. In addition, this research also provides further insight into the potential use of machine learning algorithms in analyzing and processing traffic accident data. The results show that an algorithm called spectral clustering outperforms the other algorithms with a low Davies-Bouldin score (0.3221), a high Calinski-Harabasz score (14789.9374), and a silhouette coefficient (0.7695). Spectral clustering was the best algorithm out of the six algorithms evaluated for this paper. By favoring spectral clustering as the best algorithm, this research provides a new outlook on the application of technology in the field of highway safety. The results also show that there are specific patterns of traffic accidents in Palembang City that can be identified through data analysis using clustering techniques. The implications of this research provide an important contribution to the development of strategies for traffic accident prevention and road safety improvement in the region. It is expected that the findings can assist the government and related agencies in taking more effective measures to reduce the number of traffic accidents and protect the public from the associated risks.

9

Wada konstrukcyjna przyczyną uszkodzenia EDR

Krzemiński Michał, Konczerewicz Kamil

Paragraf na Drodze

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2024

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Nr 3

57--69

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę oceny skuteczności rozwiązań stosowanych przez producentów w systemach uruchamiania poduszek gazowych na tle zdarzenia, w którym doszło do uszkodzenia instalacji elektrycznej pojazdu w czasie wypadku. Autorzy dokonali analizy przyczyn niepełnego zadziałania ochrony i wykazali, że leży ona po stronie niedostatecznego zabezpieczenia komponentów systemu przed stanami przejściowymi. Stany takie mogą pojawiać się w instalacji elektrycznej pojazdu w wyniku jej niszczenia w trakcie zderzenia.

EN

In the paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the effectiveness of solutions employed by supplemental restraint system manufacturers in the context of an accident during which the electrical wiring of the vehicle was damaged. The reasons of incomplete deployment of restraints were analyzed and conclusion was drawn that it was caused by inadequate protection of the system components from unwanted, transient voltage levels that may appear in the wiring during a crash sequence.

10

Safe Lighting Points polygon crash tests

Kamiński Tomasz, Kucharski Dawid, Karkowski Michał, Kamińska Ewa, Mitał Robert, Latała Dawid, Wachta Henryk, Ejsmont Mariusz

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 7

64--74

EN

Despite the downward trend, in 2022 there were 296 accidents involving hitting a pole or sign, in which 46 people died and 329 were injured. The implementation of "vision zero", which assumes the elimination of accidents resulting in fatalities and serious injuries, requires improving the safety of road infrastructure. This article describes the results of the so-called Safe Lighting Points crash tests, enabling appropriate dissipation of collision energy.

PL

Mimo tendencji spadkowej, w 2022 r. w Polsce doszło do 296 wypadków polegających na uderzeniu w słup lub znak, w których 46 osób zginęło, a 329 zostało rannych. Realizacja „wizji zero”, zakładającej wyeliminowanie wypadków, których skutkiem są ofiary śmiertelne i ciężko ranne, wymaga poprawy bezpieczeństwa infrastruktury drogowej. W artykule opisano wyniki testów zderzeniowych tzw. Bezpiecznych Punktów Oświetleniowych, umożliwiających odpowiednie rozpraszanie energii zderzenia.

11

Próg jako element BRD - czy tylko?

Cebulska Wioletta, Hadryś Damian

Magazyn Autostrady

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2024

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Nr 1-2

44--48

PL

Artykuł omawia różne aspekty związane z zastosowaniem progów zwalniających i podrzutowych jako elementów bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego. Przedstawiono w nim także przykłady nowych rozwiązań, takich jak progi aktywne z systemami zmniejszającymi wysokość progu w zależności od prędkości pojazdu, co przyczynia się do poprawy komfortu jazdy i redukcji emisji hałasu oraz gazów spalinowych.

EN

The article discusses various aspects related to the use of speed bumps and humps as road safety elements. Examples of new solutions are also presented, such as dynamic speed bumps with systems that lower the height of the bump depending on a vehicle speed, which contributes to improving driving comfort and reducing noise and exhaust gas emissions.

12

The effect of economic policies on urban transport patterns: A review of motorcycle usage for urban mobility in Nigeria

Kwaghgba Gbagir, Tyozenda Aondofa J.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2024

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Vol. 9, No. 2

32--42

EN

Purpose: This review examines the effects of Nigeria's economic policies, particularly the removal of fuel subsidies, on urban transport patterns, focusing on the increased use of motorcycles for daily commuting. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on motorcycle usage in urban areas of Nigeria and other developing countries and the impact of economic policies on transportation choices. Results: The study finds that removing fuel subsidies has significantly increased motorcycle usage in Nigerian cities, particularly among low-income earners. This shift has resulted in changes to traffic flow, increased road safety concerns, and environmental challenges due to motorcycle emissions. Theoretical contribution: The paper contributes to the understanding of how economic policies can rapidly transform urban mobility patterns in developing countries, highlighting the complex interplay between affordability, safety, and environmental sustainability in transportation choices. Practical implications: The review identifies several policy interventions, including enforcing safety regulations, creating dedicated motorcycle lanes, and improving traffic management systems. It also emphasizes the need for holistic transport policies that balance economic realities with safety and sustainability concerns.

13

Concept and prototype of the safety system for pedestrians and cyclists in the immediate vicinity of larger vehicles

Simiński Dawid, Burdzik Rafał, Rozmus Jacek, Nowak Bogusław, Misterek Damian

Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport

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2024

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Vol. 6, No. 2

45--59

EN

The article presents selected methods and technical solutions currently used to warn and inform road users about the possibility of a pedestrian-driver collision situation. The solutions available on the market do not provide solutions for the transmission of two-way information in the pedestrian-driver relationship for systems built on large-size vehicles. Possible detection devices are presented along with their evaluation, and additionally the research process confirming the validity of the adopted approach in relation to the created system is presented. A prototype of the System supporting the safety of vulnerable road users in the vicinity of large-size vehicles was also presented, meeting the assumptions regarding informing both drivers approaching large-size vehicles located in bus bays, sensitive places where pedestrians and cyclists are hit. The presented system stands out from among the generally available systems for increasing the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. The biggest innovation of the system is the introduction of the possibility of communication between users around large-size vehicles, the ability to transmit information to the outside to both drivers and pedestrians without having to engage the attention of the driver of the vehicle on which the system is built, which can significantly increase the chances that at the time of a potential dangerous situation, one of the parties will react correctly and thus no accident will occur. The article describes publicly available solutions as well as an innovative safety system for pedestrians and cyclists around large-size vehicles.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane metody i rozwiązania techniczne obecnie stosowane w celu ostrzegania, informowania użytkowników dróg o możliwości wystąpienia sytuacji kolizyjnej pieszy-kierowca. Rozwiązania dostępne na rynku nie przewidują rozwiązań przekazywania informacji dwukierunkowej w relacji pieszy-kierowca dla systemów zabudowanych na pojazdach wielkogabarytowych. Przedstawiono możliwe do wykorzystania urządzenia detekcyjne wraz z ich oceną, dodatkowo przedstawiono proces badawczy potwierdzający zasadność przyjętego podejścia w stosunku do tworzonego systemu. Przedstawiono również prototyp systemu wspierającego bezpieczeństwo niechronionych uczestników ruchu znajdujących się w okolicy pojazdów wielkogabarytowych, spełniających założenia dotyczące informowania zarówno kierowców zbliżających się do pojazdów wielkogabarytowych znajdujących się w zatokach autobusowych, czyli miejscach newralgicznych, gdzie dochodzi do potrąceń pieszych i rowerzystów, jak również niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego, takich jak piesi. Prezentowany system odróżnia się na tle dostępnych systemów zwiększających bezpieczeństwo pieszych i rowerzystów. Największa innowacja systemu to wprowadzenie możliwości komunikacji pomiędzy użytkownikami znajdującymisięwokółpojazdówwielkogabarytowych,możliwość przekazania informacji na zewnątrz zarówno do kierowców jak i pieszych bez konieczności angażowania uwagi kierowcy pojazdu, na którym system jest zabudowany. Może to znacząco zwiększyć szanse, że w momencie wystąpienia potencjalnej sytuacji niebezpiecznej, któraś ze stron zareaguje w sposób prawidłowy i tym samym nie dojdzie do wypadku. Artykuł opisuje rozwiązania ogólnodostępne jak również innowacyjny system bezpieczeństwa dla pieszych i rowerzystów w otoczeniu pojazdów wielkogabarytowych.

14

Analysis of the requirements for high speed preselection vehicle weigh-in-motion systems on the basis of completed public contracts

Twardosz Ewa, Karkowski Michał, Kamiński Tomasz

Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport

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2024

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Vol. 6, No. 4

9--16

EN

The paper summarises selected requirements from public contracts, relating to WIM preselection systems in Poland. The difference between WIM and HS-WIM requirements is presented, and the differing requirements based on both international documentation and the standardised requirements that new or refurbished stations must meet are described

PL

W artykule zestawiono wybrane wymagania pochodzące z zamówień publicznych, dotyczących systemów ważenia preselekcyjnych WIM w Polsce. Przedstawiono różnicę pomiędzy wymaganiami WIM i HS-WIM oraz opisano zróżnicowane wymaganiazarównonapodstawiedokumentacji międzynarodowej jak i ujednolicone wymagania jakie muszą spełniać nowe lub remontowane stanowiska.

15

The system of headlights operation recognition using the digital twin method

Dawid Aleksander, Buchwald Paweł

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 1

51--58

EN

Virtual digital representation of a physical object or system, created with precision through computer simulations, data analysis, and various digital technologies can be used as training set for real life situations. The principal aim behind creating a virtual representation is to furnish a dynamic, data-fueled, and digital doppelgänger of the physical asset. This digital counterpart serves multifaceted purposes, including the optimization of performance, the continuous monitoring of its well-being, and the augmentation of informed decision-making processes. Main advantage of employing a digital twin is its capacity to facilitate experimentation and assessment of diverse scenarios and conditions, all without impinging upon the actual physical entity. This capability translates into substantial cost savings and superior outcomes, as it allows for the early identification and mitigation of issues before they escalate into significant problems in the tangible world. Within our research endeavors, we've meticulously constructed a digital twin utilizing the Unity3D software. This digital replica faithfully mimics vehicles, complete with functioning headlamp toggles. Our lighting system employs polygons and normal vectors, strategically harnessed to generate an array of dispersed and reflected light effects. To ensure realism, we've meticulously prepared the scene to emulate authentic road conditions. For validation and testing, we integrated our model with the YOLO (You Only Look Once) neural network. A specifically trained compact YOLO model demonstrated impressive capabilities by accurately discerning the status of real vehicle headlamps. On average, it achieved an impressive recognition probability of 80%, affirming the robustness of our digital twin.

16

Standardy i wytyczne dla systemów automatycznego ważenia pojazdów w ruchu typu HS-WIM

Twardosz Ewa, Karkowski Michał, Kamiński Tomasz

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2024

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nr 3

35--44

PL

W artykule opisano wymagania dla systemów automatycznego ważenia pojazdów w ruchu. Systemy te można podzielić na dwa rodzaje – preselekcyjne WIM i dokładnego ważenia pojazdów HS-WIM, które nie wymagają ich zatrzymywania. Kluczowe dla skutecznego nakładania kar są wymagania metrologiczne, zakres gromadzonych danych w systemie ważenia pojazdów w ruchu i rozwiązania prawne stanowiące podstawę do nałożenia kary. W związku z tym w artykule opisano wymagania dla systemów WIM stosowane w zamówieniach realizowanych przez Generalną Dyrekcję Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, jak również określone w standardzie COST 323, a także wytyczne określone przez Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenia Ważenia Pojazdów w Ruchu – ISWIM (oparte na założeniach opracowanych przez International Organization of Legal Metrology, zawartych w rekomendacji OIML R 134-1) oraz określone w amerykańskim standardzie ASTM E1318-09. Opisano również przykładowy system HS-WIM działający na Węgrzech, podając założenia prawne, sposób działania systemu oraz zakres gromadzonych i przetwarzanych danych. W artykule sformułowano tezę, że do poprawnego działania systemu HS-WIM przyczyniają się przede wszystkim odpowiednio skonstruowane przepisy prawne, które są podstawą nakładania kar oraz określają zasady legalizacji systemów ważenia, a sposób zarządzania systemem i elastyczność w jego wprowadzaniu mogą mieć zasadniczy wpływ na to, czy system będzie na stałe wprowadzony w danym kraju.

EN

The article describes the requirements for automatic weighing systems for vehicles in motion. These systems can be divided into two types – preselective WIM and accurate weighing systems HS-WIM, which do not require vehicles to be stopped. The metrological requirements, the scope of data collected in a weigh-in-motion system, and the legal solutions that form the basis for imposing a penalty are key to the effective imposition of penalties. Accordingly, the article describes the requirements for WIM systems used in procurements carried out by the General Directorate of National Roads and Highways, as well as those specified in the COST 323 standard, set forth by the International Society for Weighing Vehicles in Motion – ISWIM (based on assumptions developed by the International Organization of Legal Metrology, contained in the OIML R 134-1 recommendation), and those set forth in the American ASTM E1318-09 standard. The authors describe an example of the HS-WIM system operating in Hungary, giving the legal basis, the way the system works and the scope of data collected and processed. The article formulates the thesis that the correct operation of the HS-WIM system is primarily due to appropriately designed legal provisions, which are the basis for imposing penalties and specifying the principles of legalization of weighing systems, and the method of managing the system and flexibility in its implementation can have a fundamental impact on whether the system will be permanently introduced in a given country.

17

Drivers' use of different types of multimedia devices while driving - a survey study

Haberka Katarzyna, Jurecki Rafał S.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2024

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Vol. 103, nr 1

5--20

EN

Accidents and collisions continue to be an ongoing problem in road safety. While driving, drivers are influenced by stimuli that can affect their behaviour in various ways. Nowadays, various types of multimedia devices have become popular, which, when used by drivers while driving, can influence driver attention. The literature undertakes studies of the impact of such devices on the driver's degree of distraction as measured, for example, by the driver's reaction time. A survey was conducted to identify sources of driver distraction. A total of 237 drivers aged between 18 and 78 years participated in the sample. Of the respondents, 64.6% use a mobile phone while driving, 20.3% use a smartwatch, 33.3% use a multimedia control system for vehicle functions. Respondents indicated that they had either witnessed (18.1%) or been involved (6.3%) in a collision/accident when the driver used various types of multimedia devices while driving. Of those surveyed, 2.1% had caused a collision or accident by using a multimedia device while driving. Respondents are aware of the risks of using different types of media devices while driving, but they still use them. The analyses of the survey data will be used in future research using a car simulator.

18

An example of how to improve safety at selected pedestrian crossings

Kowalski Sławomir

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2024

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Vol. 105, nr 3

44--64

EN

Road safety continues to be a critical issue, especially for vulnerable road users such as pedestrians walking across the road at a place designated for the purpose. The most effective method of safety improvement at pedestrian crossings is to install traffic lights to control traffic. Such a solution cannot be used anywhere, however, due to the risk of the lack of flow capacity, especially in the area of nearby junctions. Therefore, persons responsible for traffic safety look for alternatives to improve the situation at pedestrian crossings. To meet the expectations of those persons, this article proposes mechatronic systems which are worth installing at selected pedestrian crossings to improve safety and reduce the number of traffic incidents involving vulnerable people. Three pedestrian crossings, considered dangerous by the authors, and located in the town of Nowy Sącz, were taken for analysis. Among the safety features, the use of an active sign informing of a pedestrian crossing, reflective elements and LED lights embedded in asphalt, as well as active pedestrian crossing illumination, are suggested. The proposed solutions are distinguished by low operating costs, as energy needed to power those solutions is obtained from photovoltaic panels.

19

Proactive safety assessment of urban through-roads based on GPS data

Ambros Jiří, Elgner Jan, Valentova Veronika, Bąk Radosław, Kieć Mariusz

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

113--125

EN

Road safety is a worldwide issue, while urban roads account for a high share of serious road injuries, especially involving vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists. Specifically, the safety of major roads through built up areas (through-roads) is insufficient due to mixed traffic conditions including vulnerable road users, varying driving behaviour, and many disruptions, which are combined with excessive speed. In this context, various traffic calming measures have been implemented to improve road safety, such as gateways or pedestrian refuge islands. However, the specific safety impacts of traffic calming combined with specific characteristics of through-roads are often unknown, since most traditional evaluations have been limited by small sample sizes of crash data, as well as wide variations in physical and road characteristics. To overcome the limitations of crash-based evaluations, we used the GPS-based data from a sample of 21 Czech and 12 Polish through-roads to develop the Speed-Safety Index, which combines speed, speed variance, and traffic volume. Our study has three novelty features: (1) To assess safety, we used speed and speed variance simultaneously. (2) To complete the missing link between specific traffic calming measures and safety, we validated the statistical relationship between the developed Speed-Safety Index and crash history. (3) To prove the usefulness of the developed index, we also showed its practical interpretation by proving the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures on safety. The index proved to be well correlated to crash frequency and it also proved the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures: the longer spacing, the smaller speed-reducing effect. The paper concludes with a discussion on the limitations, which we plan to address in further research, by moving from the current macro-perspective (Speed-Safety Index on the level of through-roads) to the micro-perspective (focusing on individual directions, locations, and traffic calming measures). We also plan to investigate the method’s applicability in different contexts. If the approach proves feasible, with reliable and valid results, it may become an alternative for a proactive network-wide road assessment, as called for by the European Road Infrastructure Safety Management Directive.

20

Enhancing road safety with the infrastructure-adaptable NDBA 2.0 concrete median barrier: An Italian experience

Dinnella Nicola, Chiappone Sandro, Granà Anna

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 71, iss. 3

147--168

EN

Road safety is a crucial global concern because of the high number of fatalities and injuries resulting from road crashes each year. Median crossover collisions are among the most dangerous crashes that happen on highways, frequently leading to serious or fatal injuries. The main approach to decreasing the occurrence of these types of crashes is the installation of median barriers. When the need for such installations arises, road agencies must choose from various options, including concrete barriers, cable barriers, or metal-beam guardrails. This paper is dedicated to the New Dynamic Barrier for Highways (NDBA 2.0), an innovative technology for median barriers developed by the Italian National Road Agency (ANAS), emphasizing its pivotal role in enhancing road safety. It incorporates high tensile steel and advanced composites, offering robust protection while maintaining a lightweight profile. What dis tinguishes the NDBA 2.0 is its dynamic nature, featuring an intelligent system that seamlessly adapts to the road infrastructure. Its modular construction, with sections of only 200 cm, allows for easy installation and ensures com patibility across successive road segments. This adaptability reduces construction time while maintaining the highest standards of performance. From a road safety perspective, the NDBA 2.0 offers substantial advantages. Its design contributes to minimizing crash-related costs by reducing the severity of crashes, particularly in the transition zones. The barrier's design allows it to adapt to varying road conditions and traffic volumes, effectively addressing common installation challenges on existing roadways as well. Its ability to be directly supported on the road surface wear layer eliminates the need for costly foundation structures, facilitating quick installation and reducing maintenance expenses. The NDBA 2.0 barrier was designed to eliminate the need for future simulations in the design and verification of transitions between different barriers. For this reason, the NDBA 2.0 barrier has been tested in real-world conditions in class H4 and, consequently, is equipped with CE marking. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the NDBA 2.0 barrier, whose implementation may provide significant benefits for road safety. Continued research, collaboration, and widespread adoption of the NDBA 2.0 barrier can further enhance road safety on a global scale.