Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Ząb świniowatego z miocenu Paratetydy południowej Polski

Brachaniec Tomasz, Kuśnierczyk Wojciech, Czader Bartosz, Krajewski Marcin, Salamon Mariusz A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 12

1131--1137

EN

Suidae have existedfor almost 20 million years in many regions of the world, inhabiting diverse terrestrial environments. In Poland, they have previously been recorded from Miocene terrestrial environments in Lower Silesia (southern Poland) and the Kleszczów Graben (central Poland). Currently, one preserved molar, assigned to Suidae, has been documented in the southern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains. It was found in a sand layer that formed in the marine zone of the northern Paratethys. The well-preserved tooth indicates that it did not undergo long-term transport within a high-energy marine environment. It is difficult to definitively answer the question of how the animal ended up in the marine environment: did it fell victim to a predator in the coastal zone, or perhaps perished there. It is also plausible that the animal, being an excellent swimmer, tried to get from one of the many islands in the Zygmuntów area to another, and then fell victim to a predator, e.g. Megalodon,whose remains are common in the study area.

2

Analiza sejsmostratygraficzna utworów miocenu i ich podłoża w obszarach rozwoju paleodolin

Łaba-Biel Anna, Urbaniec Andrzej, Kwietniak Anna

Nafta-Gaz

|

2025

|

R. 81, nr 3

155--169

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie możliwości zastosowania interpretacji sejsmostratygraficznej do szczegółowego odtworzenia wpływu procesów tektonicznych na rozwój sedymentacji utworów miocenu w strefach paleodolin w centralnej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego, jak również do odtworzenia szczegółów budowy strukturalnej podłoża mezo-paleozoicznego i neoproterozoicznego. System paleodolin głęboko wciętych w utwory mezo-paleozoiczne stanowi charakterystyczny element budowy strukturalnej zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Do badań wykorzystano zdjęcie sejsmiczne 3D z obszaru centralnej części zapadliska o powierzchni 350 km2 . Jako podstawowych narzędzi interpretacyjnych użyto sejsmicznej interpretacji obrazu chronostratygraficznego oraz diagramu Wheelera. Skomplikowany model facjalny utworów miocenu, charakteryzujący się często dynamicznymi zmianami facji oraz wyraźnym wpływem procesów tektonicznych na sedymentację i konfigurację basenu sedymentacyjnego, wymaga szczegółowego podejścia do interpretacji obrazu sejsmicznego. Wykonane badania sejsmostratygraficzne i tektonostratygraficzne okazały się kluczowe dla zrozumienia relacji paleośrodowiskowych oraz odtworzenia historii rozwoju tektonicznego analizowanego segmentu basenu sedymentacyjnego zapadliska przedkarpackiego w miocenie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych prac zidentyfikowano trzy serie różnowiekowych utworów (S1–S3) wypełniających paleodoliny. W SE części obszaru badań wyróżniono serię osadów mioceńskich (M1) zdeponowanych poza obszarami paleodolin, która w znacznym stopniu naśladuje układ strukturalny utworów podłoża paleozoicznego. Po etapie stosunkowo szybkiego wypełniania paleodolin oraz depozycji serii osadowej M1 w analizowanym segmencie basenu doszło do wyrównania paleoreliefu i rozpoczęła się depozycja miąższej serii osadowej M2. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła również na uzyskanie szczegółowych informacji na temat budowy strukturalnej i tektoniki utworów podłoża miocenu. W obrębie starszych pięter strukturalnych wyinterpretowano szereg dyslokacji i jednostek tektonicznych, wyraźnie różniących się charakterem i ograniczonych powierzchniami niezgodności kątowych. Metoda sejsmostratygraficzna oparta na interpretacji obrazów chronostratygraficznych pozwala na odtworzenie wielu szczegółów budowy geologicznej silnie zaburzonych tektonicznie utworów mezo-paleozoicznych oraz neoproterozoicznych, podczas gdy na standardowej wersji sejsmiki obraz w obrębie kompleksu neoproterozoicznego jest całkowicie nieczytelny.

EN

The primary objective of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying seismostratigraphic interpretation for a detailed reconstruction of the impact of tectonic processes on the sedimentation of Miocene formations in paleovalleys in the central part of the Carpathian Foredeep, as well as for a detailed reconstruction of the structural framework of the Meso-Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic basement. The system of paleovalleys, deeply incised into Meso-Palaeozoic formations, is a characteristic element of the structural framework of the Carpathian Foredeep. This study was based on a 350 km2 3D seismic survey from the central part of the Carpathian Foredeep. Seismic interpretation of the chronostratigraphic image and the Wheeler diagram were used as basic interpretation tools. The complex facies model of the Miocene sediments, often characterised by dynamic changes in facies and a clear influence of tectonic processes on sedimentation and basin configuration, requires a detailed approach to seismic image interpretation. The seismostratigraphic and tectonostratigraphic studies performed were crucial for understanding paleoenvironmental relations and reconstructing the tectonic evolution of the analysed segment of the Carpathian Foredeep sedimentary basin during the Miocene. Based on the work carried out, three series of different-age sediments (S1-S3) filling the paleovalleys were identified. In the SE part of the study area, a series of Miocene sediments (M1) deposited outside the paleovalleys was identified, which closely follows the configuration of the Palaeozoic basement formations. After a phase of relatively rapid filling of paleovalleys and deposition of the M1 sedimentary series in the analysed basin segment, the paleorelief was smoothed, and deposition of the thicker M2 sedimentary series began. The analysis also provided detailed information on the structural framework and tectonics of the Miocene basement formations. A series of faults and tectonic units, clearly different in character and bounded by disconformities, were interpreted within the older structural stages.

3

New data on the lower Badenian Scaphopoda from the southwestern part of the Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic)

Turek Tomáš, Hladilová Šárka

Geological Quarterly

|

2025

|

Vol. 69, No. 2

art., nr 22

EN

Scaphopods from the lower Badenian (Miocene) strata of the southwestern part of the Carpathian Foredeep in Moravia and its denudation relics on the Bohemian Massif are described, by means of fieldwork and re-examination of comparative material from the depositories of the Moravian Museum and the Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, MU Brno. In total, 8 species belonging to 6 genera were found. Occurrences of Entalina tetragona, Gadila ventricosa, Omniglypta jani, Fissidentalium badense, Antalis mutabilis, Antalis fossilis, and Paradentalium michelottii were confirmed and Omniglypta emersoni was newly recorded. Both the molluscs and lithofacies prove that the species inhabited two environments: infralittoral – Gadila ventricosa, Antalis fossilis, Omniglypta jani and Omniglypta emersoni; and circalittoral – Entalina tetragona and Antalis mutabilis. Fissidentalium badense was present in both circalittoral and infralittoral localities, so its greater depth range can be presumed. Paradentalium michelotii only occurred in the Borač locality, where circalittoral and infralittoral faunas were mixed; due to their slight abrasion, these shells were probably redeposited into the circalittoral environment from shallower (infralittoral) waters.

4

Fluid inclusions in celestine and their significance in the study of the formation of the native sulphur deposits in the Carpathian Foredeep

Parafiniuk Jan, Gąsiński Arkadiusz, Kozłowski Andrzej

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2025

|

Vol. 75, no. 2

art. no. e42

EN

Celestine is a rather common mineral in epigenetic native sulphur deposits and seems to be a very valuable indicator of some of the geological processes forming these deposits. This paper presents the results of investigation of fluid inclusions in celestine from the Tarnobrzeg native sulphur deposits (SE Poland). Several different morphological types of celestine were selected from Machów open-pit mine. Study of the fluid inclusions has been carried out using microscopic and microthermometic methods. The data show that two types of chloride fluids were responsible for the formation of celestine and native sulphur and further transformation of the native sulphur deposits. The first type of fluid, containing a relatively higher salt content and lower NaCl/CaCl2 ratio, also points to the role of hydrocarbons during the formation of native sulphur deposits. The second type of fluid contains a relatively lower amount of salt and a higher NaCl/CaCl2 proportion and reflects the subsequent evolution of the chemistry of the fluids forming the deposits. The results of the study of fluid inclusions in celestine are in good agreement with its stable isotope composition.

5

Middle Miocene (Badenian) brachiopods from the Borač area (Carpathian Foredeep, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Bitner Maria Aleksandra, Hladilová Šárka, Šamánek Jaroslav, Turek Tomáš

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2024

|

Vol. 94, No. 2

175--186

EN

Four brachiopod species, i.e., Terebratula cf. styriaca Dreger, Terebratulina retusa (Linnaeus), Megathiris detruncata (Gmelin) and Megerlia truncata (Linnaeus), have been recognised in the Middle Miocene (lower Badenian) deposits at the localities Borač and Borač-Podolí, Carpathian Foredeep, Moravia, Czech Republic. The species M. truncata predominates in the assemblage studied, while M. detruncata is very rare, found only at the locality Borač. Terebratula cf. styriaca and Terebratulina retusa are reported for the first time from the Moravian part of the Carpathian Foredeep. Two types of trace fossils have been observed on the brachiopod shells: drill holes penetrating the shell (ichnogenus Oichnus Bromley) and etching scars, produced by a brachiopod pedicle (ichnogenus Podichnus Bromley and Surlyk).

6

A multivariate approach to pebble morphometry : a case study of Witów section (southern Poland)

Mol Szymon, Ninard Krzysztof, Kuźma Agata, Deryk Anastasila, Łapcik Piotr

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2024

|

Vol. 94, No. 3

273--286

EN

Gravel-dominated Neogene – Early Pleistocene braided river deposits of the Witów Series occur in the Carpathian Foredeep, about 20 km north of the front of the Polish Outer Carpathians, between the Szreniawa and Vistula rivers. For the first time, these deposits were subjected to numerical analyses, based on the morphometry and mass of almost 1,500 pebbles sampled at 10 cm intervals along the 4.4-m-high section in the Witów Quarry. In contrast to the traditional approach to pebble morphometry, multivariate statistics was utilised. This enables the examination of various aspects of the dataset holistically and simultaneously. A multivariate method, called principal component analysis (PCA), is widely used in the life sciences, but the employment of PCA for pebble morphometry has not yet been described. Here, PCA was applied to reveal the interrelations between pebble size, mass, lithological composition and stratigraphic height. Most notably, some differences in the distribution of morphometric features between different pebble lithotypes are displayed. Even though the morphometric features and petrological composition of pebbles remain similar in the section as a whole, overall upward-decreasing trends of stream-bed velocity proxies were recognized with the aid of PCA results and were validated, using standard bivariate correlation methods. This approach to the multivariate analysis of large quantitative and qualitative datasets should be considered as a possible part of the integrated sedimentological research of coarsegrained deposits. The consistency between results among the multiple indicators studied reduces the uncertainty of the sedimentological interpretations, presented in this work.

7

Reconstruction of the Miocene depositional architecture of the Carpathian Foredeep basin based on geophysical data

Stefaniuk Michał, Florek Marzena, Maćkowski Tomasz, Hadro Piotr, Cygal Adam, Pieniądz Krzysztof, Łapinkiewicz Artur P., Wachowicz-Pyzik Anna

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2023

|

nr 1-2 (72-73)

68--69

EN

The Carpathian Foredeep in Poland is divided into two parts, eastern and western, with different tectonic frameworks and conditions of the Neogene sedimentary fill. The boundary is the so-called Krakow Ridge associated with the contact of two regional tectonic units: Upper Silesian and Malopolska blocks. The width of the Foredeep varies regionally and significantly differs in the western and eastern parts. It was developed within the epi-Variscan platform. Two zones can be distinguished in the Foredeep: the inner (older) zone and the outer zone. The subject of the presented work is the eastern part of the outer zone of Foredeep located in front of the head of the Carpathian thrust and filled mainly by autochthonous Miocene formations. The meridional width of this zone of the basin varies from about 10 km in the vicinity of Krakow to nearly 100 km in the central part. Its tectonic framework is defined from the south and south-west by marginal structures of the Carpathian overthrust and tectonic units of the folded Miocene. From the north-east and north-west, the border is marked by a system of faults in the foreground of Roztocze Upland and the Holy Cross Mountains. In the Sub-Cenozoic basement, a set of large faults of NW-SE length, with different times of formation and activity, is marked. These faults locally define horst structures and tectonic grabens. Some of the faults continue under the Carpathians, under which there is also a system of transversal faults in relation to the main axis of the orogeny. The influence of the tectonic structures of the basement is noticeable within the Miocene cover by faults disappearing towards the surface and continuous deformations of the adaptive type. The outer foreland basin is filled with marine molasse type deposits of the unfolded autochthonous Middle Miocene with a thickness of up to approx. 3.500 m. The complex of Miocene formations is formed, in the lower, south-western and central part, by strongly differentiated submarine fan deposits accompanied by basin plain formations and gravitational flow deposits, including turbidite deposits characteristic of flysch sedimentation. The outer part of the fans smoothly transitions into the zone of fine-clastic sedimentation of the basin plain. Above the complex of submarine fan sediments, there are thick complexes of sediments of deltaic origin, which are also intensively variable facies, creating a set of channel (coarse-grained) and extra-channel (finegrained) facies. The highest, relatively thin part of the sediments is formed by shallow coastal shelf formations. Submarine fans and river deltas developed mainly in the zone of the south-western and southern coasts of the Miocene reservoir, surrounded by river mouths providing an abundant supply of material from the rising and eroded Carpathians. In the north-eastern and locally even in the middle part of the basin, sediments may appear, for which the feeding area was located in the hinterland of the northern and north-eastern coast of the Miocene Sea. The limited scope of extraction of drill cores resulting from the exploratory and exploitation nature of drilling makes it necessary to use borehole and surface geophysical data to reconstruct the depositional architecture. Processing and interpretation of geophysical data for a complex of Miocene sediments with such characteristics are problematic and ambiguous. Numerous sources of sedimentary material supply in the form of river mouths and submarine channels cause a significant diversification of the depositional architecture of the Miocene basin, making it difficult to trace uniform stratigraphic and lithological and facies boundaries. Sedimentary conditions cause, on the one hand, a certain monotony of the sediments, dominated by clastic formations, enriched by evaporate sediments horizons, and on the other hand, great lateral and depth facies differentiation. Geophysical well-logging data allows to recognize the lithological and facies variability of sediments and to determine the sequence of changes along the borehole trajectory. Seismic reflection data was used to track lateral variability. For the seismic reflective method, the reflective boundaries, characterized by a significant, abrupt change in acoustic impedance, are of primary importance. Within the Miocene basin, numerous reflective boundaries with high lateral variability and non-obvious stratigraphic identification are observed. In a complex of siliciclastic deposits, seismic wave reflections are recorded from the boundaries separating fine-grained lithofacies and medium- and coarse-grained facies. Due to the dominance of deltaic sediments and submarine fans in the depositional architecture of the Miocene complex, the regional continuity of such boundaries is problematic, and their unambiguous stratigraphic identification is practically impossible. To sum up, intense lithological and facies variability of clastic deposits, both lateral and vertical, should be expected within the Miocene complex. The sediments of individual fragments of submarine fans and deltas overlap each other, and there may also be overlaps with the sediments of neighboring fans. Such characteristics of the complex translate into a variable seismic pattern with numerous reflective boundaries and intense lateral variability of the seismic signal characteristics

8

Przykład interpretacji sejsmostratygraficznej i tektonostratygraficznej utworów miocenu z obszaru centralnej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Łaba-Biel Anna, Urbaniec Andrzej, Filipowska-Jeziorek Kinga

Nafta-Gaz

|

2022

|

R. 78, nr 8

565--579

PL

Szczegółowe rozpoznanie paleośrodowiska sedymentacji utworów formacji z Machowa w późnym badenie i sarmacie jest nadal stosunkowo niewielkie pomimo regionalnego rozprzestrzenienia i rozpoznania profilu tej formacji w licznych otworach wiertnicznych. Nowe dane sejsmiczne o wysokiej rozdzielczości, uzyskane w ramach zdjęcia sejsmicznego 3D wykonanego w roku 2015, pozwoliły na niekonwencjonalne podejście do interpretacji, oparte na założeniach metodyki stratygrafii sekwencji w powiązaniu z interpretacją tektonostratygraficzną oraz analizą atrybutów sejsmicznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań możliwe było wyeksponowanie całego szeregu informacji, które przy użyciu standardowych metod interpretacyjnych były najczęściej niedostrzegalne lub pomijane. Zaprezentowany w niniejszym artykule przykład tego typu interpretacji obejmuje środkową część profilu formacji z Machowa w centralnej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego (rejon usytuowany pomiędzy Dąbrową Tarnowską a Dębicą). Na podstawie interpretacji sejsmostratygraficznej możliwe było wskazanie elementów architektury depozycyjnej typowych dla klastycznych basenów sedymentacyjnych, które genetycznie powiązane są z ciągami systemów depozycyjnych. Interpretacja diagramu Wheelera wykazała istnienie wielu luk stratygraficznych, które są wynikiem erozji osadów lub odpowiadają okresom braku sedymentacji. W obrębie analizowanego segmentu mioceńskiego basenu sedymentacyjnego udokumentowano zmienny w czasie, transgresywno-regresywny charakter sedymentacji, związany zarówno z eustatycznymi zmianami poziomu morza, jak i z lokalną aktywnością tektoniczną. Generalnie największą masę dostarczanego materiału stanowiły osady transportowane z kierunku południowego, jednak w profilu obecne są także sekwencje zbudowane z heterolitów, w obrębie których dostawa materiału następowała naprzemiennie z dwóch różnych kierunków (tj. od N lub NW oraz od S). Interpretacja zapisu atrybutów sejsmicznych pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie różnego typu elementów paleośrodowiska, takich jak delty warkoczowe, delty stożkowe, kanały i loby rozwinięte w strefach wypłaszczeń skłonu czy też stożki basenowe. W obrębie badanej części profilu utworów formacji z Machowa wyróżniono kilkanaście jednostek tektonostratygraficznych różniących się pod względem budowy strukturalnej i stylu tektonicznego. W morfologii utworów miocenu w tej strefie uwagę zwraca pozytywny element strukturalny, sąsiadujący od strony NW i SE ze strefami obniżonymi. W obrazie chronostratygraficznym tego elementu widoczne są asymetryczne struktury kształtem przypominające fałdy oraz szereg drobnych uskoków, świadczących o niestabilności tektonicznej tego elementu. Zaproponowana metodyka oparta na analizie obrazu chronostratygraficznego i diagramu Wheelera, w połączeniu z interpretacją tektonostratygraficzną, pozwoliła na szczegółową rekonstrukcję paleośrodowiska sedymentacji oraz odtworzenie historii depozycyjnej i tektonicznej analizowanego segmentu basenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego.

EN

Recognition of the paleoenvironment of sedimentation of the Machów Formation during the Late Baden and Sarmatian is still poorly understood, despite its regional spreading and recognition of the profile of this formation in numerous wells. New high-resolution 3D seismic data acquired in 2015 allowed for an unconventional approach to interpretation, based on the assumptions of the sequence stratigraphy methodology in combination with tectonostratigraphic interpretation and seismic attribute analysis. The research revealed a range of information that was most often overlooked by standard interpretative methods. An example of this type of interpretation covering a middle part of the Machów Formation profile in the central part of the Carpathian Foredeep (the area between Dąbrowa Tarnowska and Dębica cities) is presented in this paper. Based on seismostratigraphic interpretation it was possible to identify elements of depositional architecture typical of clastic sedimentary basins that are genetically related to depositional systems tracts. Interpretation of the Wheeler diagram showed the existence of many hiatuses that are the result of sediments erosion or correspond to periods of no sedimentation. Within the analyzed segment of the Miocene sedimentary basin, a time-varying, transgressive-regressive character of sedimentation was evidenced, related to both eustatic sea-level changes and local tectonic activity. In general, the largest portion of delivered material was transported from the south; however, sequences composed of heteroliths are also present in the profile, where material was delivered alternately from two different directions (i.e., from N or NW and from S). Seismic attributes interpretation enabled identification of different types of paleoenvironmental elements such as braided-deltas, fan-deltas, intraslope channels and lobes, and basin fans. In the analyzed part of the Machów Formation profile several tectonostratigraphic units were distinguished that differ in their structural framework and tectonic style. The morphology of the Miocene formations in the study area is marked by a positive structural element adjacent to the NW and SE with depressed zones. The chronostratigraphic image shows asymmetric fold-like structures and a series of minor faults indicating tectonic instability of this element. The proposed approach based on chronostratigraphic image and Wheeler diagram analysis in combination with tectonostratigraphic interpretation allowed for detailed recognition of sedimentary paleoenvironment as well as reconstruction of depositional and tectonic history of the analyzed segment of the Carpathian Foredeep basin.

9

Coal and dispersed organic matter in the Miocene sediments of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) – new data

Krzeszowska Ewa, Gonera Małgorzata

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

|

2022

|

T. 38, z. 3

121--136

EN

The paper presents new data on the Miocene development within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The Miocene succession of the study area is characterized by high thickness and highly variable lithology. In the Miocene sediments of the studied area, the presence of organic matter in the form of a coal layer, coal crumbs, and dispersed organic matter has been found. The research focused mainly on the analysis of organic matter in terms of its origin, degree of coalification, and depositional environment. The degree of coalification of organic matter was determined by the huminite/vitrinite reflectance. The hard brown coal layer with a thickness of about eight meters was identified within the Kłodnica Formation. Based on the textural properties and degree of coalification, brown coal was classified as dull brown coal and bright brown coal. Organic matter in the form of coal crumbs and dispersed organic matter were found within a package clastic sedimentary. On the basis of petrographic analysis, two types of allochthonous organic matter with different degrees of coalification were identified. The coal clasts are mainly of Carboniferous origin, while the Miocene redeposited brown coal grains dominate within the dispersed organic matter. Coal fragments and dispersed organic matter derived from the Miocene brown coal were also found within the black claystones. The study of organic matter of the Miocene sediments in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin showed both its autochthonous and allochthonous origins.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nowe dane dotyczące rozwoju miocenu w obrębie Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. Sukcesję mioceńską na obszarze badań charakteryzuje duża miąższość i bardzo zmienna litologia. W osadach miocenu badanego obszaru stwierdzono obecność materii organicznej w postaci warstwy węgla, okruchów oraz rozproszonej materii organicznej. Badania koncentrowały się głównie na analizie materii organicznej pod kątem jej pochodzenia, stopnia uwęglenia oraz środowiska depozycji. Stopień uwęglenia materii organicznej oznaczono na podstawie refleksyjności huminitu/witrynitu. W obrębie Formacji Kłodnickiej zidentyfikowano warstwę twardego węgla brunatnego o miąższości około ośmiu metrów. Na podstawie właściwości teksturalnych i stopnia uwęglenia węgiel brunatny zaklasyfikowano jako węgiel brunatny twardy matowy i węgiel brunatny twardy błyszczący. Substancja organiczna w postaci okruchów węgla i rozproszonej substancji organicznej zidentyfikowana została w obrębie pakietu klastycznych skał okruchowych. Na podstawie analizy petrograficznej zidentyfikowano dwa rodzaje allochtonicznej materii organicznej o różnym stopniu uwęglenia. Okruchy węgla są głównie pochodzenia karbońskiego, natomiast w rozproszonej materii organicznej dominują redeponowane ziarna mioceńskiego węgla brunatnego. Okruchy węgla i rozproszoną materię organiczną pochodzącą z mioceńskiego węgla brunatnego stwierdzono również w czarnych iłowcach. Badania materii organicznej osadów mioceńskich w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym wykazały zarówno jej autochtoniczne, jak i allochtoniczne pochodzenie.

10

Mineralogical characteristics of the heterolithic formations from the Carpathian Foredeep Miocene sediments, south-eastern Poland

Przelaskowska Anna, Zagórska Urszula, Urbaniec Andrzej, Łykowska Grażyna, Klaja Jolanta, Grela Jacek, Kędracka Katarzyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2022

|

Vol. 48, no. 3

219--242

EN

Heterolithic complexes from the Carpathian Foredeep are a subject of growing attention as many natural gas accumulations of industrial importance have been discovered in such formations during the last decades. The aim of the presented work was to determine lithotypes of different lithology and mineralogical composition in the heterolithic sequences. Individual lithotypes were distinguished of macroscopic observations of cores, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence method (XRF). Preliminary distinction between the lithotypes was based on macroscopic observations of the core samples. Correlation plots between the contents of particular minerals (XRD analyses) and corresponding elements (XRF analyses) were used for verification of the lithotypes distinguished based on macroscopic observations. Swelling properties of the investigated rocks were determined using the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. The following lithotypes were identified: medium- to fine-grained sandstones, fine- to very fine-grained sandstones, clayey sandstones, sand-dominated heteroliths, heteroliths with approx. equal proportions of sandstones and mudstones, mud-dominated heteroliths, mudstones, clayey shales. Such division provides a basis for precise petrophysical characterization of the analyzed profiles, that is assignment of particular petrophysical parameters values to individual lithotypes. More reliable petrophysical parameters in the geophysical interpretation of heterolithic sequences allow for a more precise determination of zones characterized by good reservoir parameters.

11

Source rock potential of the Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Carpathian Foredeep of the Czech Republic

Geršlová Eva, Medvecká Lujza, Jirman Petr, Nehyba Slavomír, Opletal Vladimir

Geological Quarterly

|

2022

|

Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 1

EN

We determine the organic matter content, its thermal maturity, genetic type, and source rock potential of the Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Czech Carpathian Foredeep. In the Czech Republic the Carpathian Foredeep represents a peripheral foreland basin formed due to the tectonic emplacement and loading of the Alpine-Carpathian Thrust Wedge onto the passive margin of the Bohemian Massif. Random vitrinite/huminite reflectance measurements and maceral analyses were performed on 25 samples from the Carpathian Foredeep succession. Additionally, results of 135 TOC content measurements, 141 Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses and 27 vitrinite reflectance measurements were used to evaluate the regional distribution and depth trends for the entire Carpathian Foredeep. The thermal maturity of organic matter is between the immature part and peak of the oil window (Tmax = 413–448°C). Beneath the Western Carpathian Thrust Belt, the thermal maturity reaches higher values (Rr = 0.43–0.58%, Tmax = 429–448°C). The hydrocarbon generation potential is poor or fair, even if the total organic carbon values indicate good or even very good source rock potential. This is mainly due to the prevailing gas-prone Type III kerogen. The best source rocks were observed in the Miocene strata of the southern and central segments of the area discussed.

12

The geotouristic potential of the scenic underground routes in the “Wieliczka” and “Bochnia” Salt Mines (Carpathian Foredeep)

Dzięgiel Maciej

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2021

|

nr 3-4 (66-67)

17--45

EN

In this article, five scenic underground routes of historical salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia towns were the subject of comparative research, considered as very essential examples of geotouristic potential. In the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine, there are Touristic and Miners’ Routes, and in the “Bochnia” mine, there is a Multimedia Touristic route, as well as two Miners’: Natural and Historical ones. The routes lead through the parts of old mines. These salt deposits are a part of the Miocene evaporitic formations, as a fragment of the Carpathian Foredeep. A comparative geotouristic potential evaluation of all these routes was made to meet tourists’, educators’ and investors’ expectations and needs to raise their geotouristic development level. The statistical data of the annual number of visitors for the last few years at the described routes were also discussed. In general, interest in these routes has been growing, as the popularity of the industrial heritage in the “Wieliczka” and “Bochnia” Salt Mines has been regularly developing. They have become very widely known in Poland and around the world.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie porównawczej potencjału geoturystycznego pięciu tras podziemnych zabytkowych kopalń soli w Wieliczce i Bochni. Dwie z nich (turystyczna i górnicza) znajdują się w Wieliczce, a trzy pozostałe (multimedialna turystyczna i dwie górnicze: historyczna i przyrodnicza) w Bochni. Prowadzą one fragmentami dawnych wyrobisk kopalnianych. Opisywane złoża solne mają postać ewaporatowej formacji powstałej w miocenie, wchodzącej w skład zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Ocena porównawcza potencjału geoturystycznego poszczególnych tras została dokonana z uwzględnieniem potrzeb turystów, nauczycieli i inwestorów. Wzięto pod uwagę także dane statystyczne dotyczące frekwencji turystów w omawianych obiektach dla kilku ostatnich lat. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, zainteresowanie opisywanymi trasami podziemnymi systematycznie wzrasta do chwili obecnej, co jest skutkiem zwiększającej się z biegiem czasu popularności dziedzictwa przemysłowego w Wieliczce i Bochni, zarówno w Polsce, jak i na całym świecie.

13

The youngest deposits infilling the Gdów “embayment” (Carpathian orogenic front, south Poland) are not older than late Sarmatian-Pannonian

Wójcik Antoni, Garecka Małgorzata Katarzyna, Malata Tomasz, Pilarz Monika

Geological Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 22

EN

The Gdów “embayment” is the most pronounced deflection along the northern boundary of the Carpathians. It is filled by the sandy clay deposits which used to be named the Skawina Formation or Chodenice beds or, locally, conglomerates (of Sypka Góra). Their stratigraphic position according to studies of foraminifers had been determined as Badenian. New results obtained from micropalaeontological material sampled at three exposures near Wiatowice, Jawczyce (Giewont) and Gdów (Sypka Góra), and based on boreholes, indicate a much younger age of for the deposits infilling the Gdów “embayment”. These studies show that the surface deposits are not older than Late Sarmatian/Pannonian (Serravalian/Tortonian). They also suggest a much later time for the last stages of the thrusting of the Carpathian Mountains over the Carpathian Foredeep.

14

A 3D model of the thermal field within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep (S Poland)

Kudrewicz Rafał

Geological Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 39

EN

Numerical 3D parametric models of temperature and thermal gradient distribution within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep are constructed for the interval between ground level and the 160°C isotherm. The model construction was preceded by detailed analysis of over 500 thermal logs from the area investigated and its closest vicinity. This analysis showed that the vertical changes in temperature and thermal gradient have a non-linear character with no regular pattern in the distribution of the parameters modelled, so a 3D modeling approach was chosen as the most appropriate method for their quantitative description. Furthermore, standardization of the thermal logs was recognized as mandatory so the influence of drilling process would be eliminated. Among a broad array of methods and their preconditions discussed, the Kukkonen-Szewczyk method was selected for the data collected in the study area. Modeling results show a close relationship between thermal gradient, lithology and petrophysical rock properties as well as a correlation between the distribution of positive thermal anomalies and yield of hydrocarbon accumulations within the Carpathian Foredeep. The accuracy of the model has been assessed as ~10%. The model was then used for discussion of hydrocarbon generation and prediction of formation temperature.

15

The application of volume texture extraction to three-dimensional seismic data – lithofacial structures exploration within the Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep

Łukaszewski Mariusz

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2020

|

Vol. 46, no. 4

301--313

EN

There are numerous conventional fields of natural gas in the Carpathian Foredeep, and there is also evidence to suggest that unconventional gas accumulations may occur in this region. The different seismic signatures of these geological forms, the small scale of amplitude variation, and the large amount of data make the process of geological interpretation extremely time consuming. Moreover, the dispersed nature of information in a large block of seismic data increasingly requires automatic, self-learning cognitive processes. Recent developments with Machine Learning have added new capabilities to seismic interpretation, especially to multi-attribute seismic analysis. Each case requires a proper selection of attributes. In this paper, the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix method is presented and its two texture attributes: Energy and Entropy. Haralick’s two texture parameters were applied to an advanced interpretation of the interval of Miocene deposits in order to discover the subtle geological features hidden between the seismic traces. As a result, a submarine-slope channel system was delineated leading to the discovery of unknown earlier relationships between gas boreholes and the geological environment. The Miocene deposits filling the Carpathian Foredeep, due to their lithological and facies diversity, provide excellent conditions for testing and implementing Machine Learning techniques. The presented texture attributes are the desired input components for self-learning systems for seismic facies classification.

16

Związek morfologii wybranych osuwisk z budową geologiczną Karpat i zapadliska przedkarpackiego w świetle analiz numerycznego modelu terenu

Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, nr 2

115--122

EN

This article presents the results of digital terrain model analysis and field observations related to occurrence of characteristic forms in landslide surface that may indicate the geological setting. Based on these observations, three characteristic structures were selected occurring on many landslides in the Carpathian Mountains and the Carpathian Foredeep. The former are the wrinkle structures visible on the digital terrain model associated with movement along the bedded surface. The other are the streak structures linked to the occurrence of gravels and sands on the clays. The third mogul type structures are related to cylindrical sliding surfaces formed in clay.

17

Paleokras w utworach górnej jury podłoża zapadliska przedkarpackiego i jego znaczenie złożowe

Miziołek Mariusz, Filar Bogdan

Nafta-Gaz

|

2019

|

R. 75, nr 6

330--343

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i analiz, jakie zrealizowano w N części zapadliska przedkarpackiego, których przedmiotem były przede wszystkim skały wapienne górnej jury. Badania miały charakter ściśle analityczny i dotyczyły reinterpretacji: opisów rdzeni wiertniczych z rejonu na północ od Tarnowa, dostępnych danych wiertniczych oraz obserwacji złożowych. W sumie przeprowadzono analizę kilkudziesięciu otworów i została ona wykonana pod kątem identyfikacji w badanych otworach paleokrasu, czyli pogrążonych dużych form krasu, takich jak: leje krasowe, studnie krasowe, jaskinie, korytarze itp. Identyfikacji form krasowych dokonano na podstawie kryteriów litologicznych, cech strukturalno-teksturalnych osadów, obserwacji wiertniczo-złożowych i kryteriów geofizycznych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły według autorów na identyfikację różnych form paleokrasu w 13 otworach. Rozpoznano szereg małych i średnich form o genezie tektoniczno-krasowej, jak np. szczeliny z różnorodnym wypełnieniem ilasto-piaskowcowym w kolorach: żółtym, rdzawym, czerwonym, zielonym, czarnym, ponadto małe kawerny i kanaliki wielkości od kilku do kilkunastu milimetrów oraz druzy i kawerny wielkości od kilku do kilkunastu centymetrów z wypełnieniem lub bez. Z dużych form krasowych zidentyfikowano struktury, które mogą reprezentować: leje krasowe, studnie krasowe, jaskinie, korytarze i jamy. Wobec lakonicznego opisu rdzeni, który całkowicie pomijał istnienie form krasowych, trudno było szczegółowo zaliczyć rozpoznane struktury do konkretnych form krasowych. W kilku przypadkach identyfikację wsparto pomiarami geofizycznymi i obserwacjami wiertniczymi, te ostatnie wykazały obecność pustek krasowych przewierconych przez odwiert. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań analitycznych potwierdziły występowanie form paleokrasowych zarówno w obrębie udokumentowanych złóż gazu i ropy, jak i poza nimi. Wobec tego została potwierdzona hipoteza, że część objętości porowej złóż występuje w postaci pustek krasowych. Obecność pustek krasowych tłumaczy niedoszacowanie pojemności porowej na wielu złożach oraz niezrozumiałe dotychczas, występujące w obrębie jednego złoża silne zróżnicowanie ciśnień złożowych. Kras w strefie złożowej może tworzyć jeden połączony system krasowy lub dwa albo więcej takich systemów niezależnych od siebie. Wielkość poszczególnych systemów krasowych może być różna. W rejonie Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej występuje wiele jaskiń i systemów krasowych, a objętość poszczególnych jaskiń wynosi od kilkudziesięciu metrów sześciennych do nawet 12 tys. m3 , a pojedynczych komór do 4,5 tys. m3 . Identyfikacja paleokrasu na złożach jurajskich będzie miała duże znaczenie dla właściwej oceny zasobów złóż, zarówno istniejących, jak i nowych, gdyż bez uwzględnienia pojemności form krasowych obliczone zasoby będą niepełne. Obecność struktur paleokrasu na złożu będzie też miała istotne znaczenie w procesie poszukiwań, wiercenia i eksploatacji złóż ropy i gazu. Przedstawiony problem jest zatem bardzo ważny i wymaga dalszych prac, badań i analiz.

EN

This article presents the results of research carried on Cenomanian sandstones and mainly the Upper Jurassic limestone rocks located in the north part of the Carpathian Foreland. The research was strictly analytical and focused on the reinterpretation of the drilling core descriptions and drilling data observations collected from the Tarnów area. In general, the analysis was carried out on several dozen wells and it was performed in order to identify paleokarst phenomena or deep karst formations, such as: karst, karstic wells, caves, corridors, etc. The identification of karst formations was based on lithological criteria, structural-textural sediments features, drilling observations, and geophysical criteria. The author identified the paleokarst phenomena on 13 wells. A number of small and medium-sized forms with tectonickarst genesis were identified, such as natural channels with various clay-sandstone fillings in the following colors: yellow, rusty, red, green, and black. Channels with a few to several millimeters apart and cavities from a few to several centimeters with or without filling were observed. Large karst formations, such as karstic wells, caves, corridors and cavities were also identified. Due to the laconic description of the cores, which completely disregarded the existence of karst forms, it was difficult to recognize karst form structures in detail; however, in several cases, identification supported by geophysical measurements and drilling observations showed the presence of karst voids in the drilled well. The results of the analytical tests confirmed the presence of paleokarst forms within the documented gas and oil fields and outside of them. Based on the analysis, the hypothesis that part of the pore volume of the oil and gas reserves is located in the karst forms was confirmed. The presence of karst voids explains the underestimation of the pore volume of many oil and gas fields and the strong variations of the well pressure during production. The karst in the deposit zone may form one combined karst system or more karst systems independent of each other. The size of individual karst systems can vary. In the area of the Krakow–Wielun Upland there are many caves and karst systems, and the volume of caves ranges from several to even 12.000 m3 , with the volume of the individual chambers attaining 4.5 thousand m3 . The significance of the karst forms identification for proper assessment of reserves and production resources is very important and requires further research.

18

Badanie wpływu zawartości minerałów ciężkich na naturalną promieniotwórczość skał miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Zagórska Urszula, Sikora Aleksandra, Łykowska Grażyna

Nafta-Gaz

|

2019

|

R. 75, nr 2

77--82

PL

W skałach miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego zauważono zjawisko zawyżania pomiarów promieniotwórczości naturalnej rejestrowanych w otworze wiertniczym dla mułowców. To zjawisko powoduje problemy w rozróżnianiu na podstawie profilowania naturalnej promieniotwórczości tych skał od iłowców, które charakteryzują się gorszymi parametrami petrofizycznymi. W niniejszej pracy badano kolejne możliwe źródło podwyższonej radioaktywności skał mułowcowych, to jest zawartość minerałów ciężkich, które wykazują tendencję do gromadzenia pierwiastków promieniotwórczych – uranu i toru. Minerały ciężkie, należące do grupy minerałów akcesorycznych, takie jak cyrkon, apatyt, monacyt, rutyl, granat i tytanit, charakteryzują się podwyższoną promieniotwórczością ze względu na podstawienia w sieci krystalicznej U i Th. Na testowych próbkach wykonano pomiar naturalnej promieniotwórczości metodą spektrometrii gamma, przy wykorzystaniu aparatu RT-50 firmy Georadis. Następnie z próbek skał wydzielono minerały ciężkie, przy użyciu cieczy ciężkiej, uprzednio rozdzielając próbki na frakcje ziarnowe, w celu ułatwienia separacji frakcji ciężkiej. Poszczególne frakcje ziarnowe pozbawione minerałów ciężkich złączono z powrotem i wykonano ponowny pomiar zawartości uranu, toru i potasu. Wykonano także obserwacje mikroskopowe w celu jakościowej analizy składu mineralogicznego wydzielonej frakcji ciężkiej. W badanych próbkach zidentyfikowano między innymi ziarna cyrkonu, turmalinu, granatu, rutylu, apatytu, chlorytu czy tytanitu. Przeprowadzone wyniki pomiarów naturalnej promieniotwórczości, przed i po wydzieleniu minerałów ciężkich, nie dają jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na postawiony problem zawyżonych wskazań sondy gamma. Konieczne jest zwiększenie ilości analizowanych próbek. Zaobserwowano trend spadku ilości U i Th w próbkach, z których wydzielono frakcję ciężką. Jednak zmiany promieniotwórczości są na tyle niewielkie, że nie pozwalają na wyciągnięcie ostatecznych wniosków. Dodatkowe analizy są potrzebne, aby ocenić wpływ pozostałych źródeł uranu i toru w badanych skałach, takie jak zawartość materii organicznej czy udział toru we frakcji ilastej.

EN

In the Miocene rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep, the occurrence of overestimating the measurements of natural radioactivity logs for mudstones was noticed. This phenomenon causes problems with recognition on the basis of natural radioactivity profiling of these rocks from claystones, characterized by inferior petrophysical parameters. In this study, another possible source of increased radioactivity of mudstone rocks, i.e. the content of heavy minerals that tend to accumulate radioactive elements - uranium and thorium - was investigated. Heavy minerals, belonging to the accessory minerals, such as zircon, apatite, monazite, rutile, garnet and titanite, are characterized by increased radioactivity due to substitutions of U and Th in the crystal lattice. Natural radioactivity of the test samples was measured using the gamma spectrometry method with the RT-50 device from the Georadis company. The heavy minerals were then removed from the rock samples using a heavy liquid, previously separating the samples into grain fractions to facilitate the separation of the heavy fraction. The individual grain fractions deprived of heavy minerals were put back together and the uranium, thorium (and potassium) content was remeasured. Microscopic observations were also made to qualitatively analyze the mineralogical structure of the separated heavy fraction. In the tested samples, among others: zircon, tourmaline, garnet, rutile, apatite, chlorite or titanite grains were identified. The results of the measurements of natural radioactivity, before and after the separation of heavy minerals, do not give a clear answer to the problem of excessive indications of the gamma logs. It is necessary to increase the number of analyzed samples. The trend of decreasing amounts of U and Th in the samples from which the heavy fraction was isolated was observed. However, changes in radioactivity are so small that they do not allow to draw final conclusions. Additional analyzes are needed to assess the impact of other sources of uranium and thorium in analyzed rocks, such as the content of organic matter or Th content in clays.

19

Results of the comprehensive interpretation of well logs in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks – similarities and differences in the case studies of selected formations

Waszkiewicz Sebastian, Alvarez Ronal Barcala, Jarzyna Jadwiga

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2019

|

Vol. 45, no. 3

163--182

EN

This paper was made using geological and well logging data from the Cuban oilfield area and the Polish Carpathian Foredeep gas deposit to compare the interpretation process and underline similarities and differences between data analysis from two reservoir rocks of different lithology. Data from conventional hydrocarbon deposits, i.e. the Mesozoic Cuban carbonate formation and Miocene shaly-sandy sediments were processed and interpreted using Techlog (Schlumberger Co.) software. Selected approaches were used to determine the step by step volume of shale, total and effective porosity, water/hydrocarbon saturation (Quanti) and for the comprehensive interpretation of well logs (Quanti Elan). Brief characteristics of the carbonate and siliciclastic formations were presented to indicate that the interpretation methodology oriented to the determination of petrophysical properties depends strongly on the type of reservoir. Cross-plots were presented for primary mineral composition recognition, determination of m exponent and resistivity of formation water in the Archie equation. Effective intervals for the carbonate reservoir were calculated according to the Cumulative Hydrocarbon Column methodology. Finally, the results of the interpretation of well logs were presented as continuous curves of mineral composition, including shaliness, porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. The conclusions included recommendations for the effective comprehensive interpretation of well logs in the carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs.

20

Verification of bright spots in the presence of thin beds by AVO and spectral analysis in Miocene sediments of Carpathian Foredeep

Cichostępski K., Kwietniak A., Dec J.

Acta Geophysica

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, no. 6

1731--1745

EN

Twin structural traps that lie within the Miocene strata of the Carpathian Foredeep that are localized above Cierpisz and Mrowla-Bratkowice highs exhibit identical bright-spot seismic anomalies, but only those associated with the Cierpisz high are profitable gas reservoirs. Bright spots can be a result of weak gas or water saturation, but also seismic interference known as tuning effect. For these reasons, it is crucial to differentiate between seismic anomalies. In this article, we present the possibilities of verification of seismic anomalies that occur within the siliciclastic Miocene sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep with the application of AVO analysis and spectral decomposition. AVO methodology enabled to limit the number of anomalies that are present in the post-stack seismic data. These anomalies, however, may also be a result of tuning which is common for the heterolithic sequences in the Miocene sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep. For classification of anomalies in the view of the above, spectral decomposition based on the Basis Pursuit algorithm was applied. Spectral decomposition enabled to divide AVO anomalies in those that are the result of gas saturation and the tuning effect. Gas-saturated zones are characterized by higher spectral amplitudes of the lower frequency range, whereas tuning effect yields higher spectral amplitudes for the higher frequency content. This relation is visible for the data set and enables qualitative differentiation for the set of seismic anomalies.