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1
Content available Noise in the cockpit of the AT-3 R100 training aircraft in steady flight – measurements, acoustic mapping and hearing protection recommendations
Wieszała Robert, Sikora Konrad, Fellner Radosław, Fellner Andrzej
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
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2026
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Nr 97 (tom 2)
101--114
EN
This paper reports results of an in-flight noise measurement campaign in the cockpit of the Aero AT3 R100 (VLA) training aircraft under steadystate cruise conditions. The aim was to assess the pilot/ instructor noise exposure using LAeq,T sound exposure level LAE (SEL) and daily exposure level LEX,8h (LEP,d) at three cabin locations (floor, seat, and head region) at 85 kt (≈44 m/s), 3500 ft AMSL (≈1067 m) and 4200–4350 rpm. Mean LAeq values of 96.88 dB (floor), 91.59 dB (seat) and 92.81 dB (head region) indicate a substantial risk of exceeding occupational action values and exposure limits. Acoustic maps of the cockpit were developed, showing SEL maxima of up to 124.1 dB and local LAeq,T of about 99.5 dB near the firewall. Implications for radio communication and cognitive workload during pilot training are discussed and practical hearing protection measures are recommended, including mandatory aviation headsets (~20 dB attenuation), selected passive treatments and future work (thirdoctave analysis, measurements in key flight phases and a multisensor network).
2
Content available Selected Operational Problems and Challenges for the Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Fellner Andrzej, Fellner Radosław
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2025
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Vol. 19 No. 2
569--575
EN
Scientific and technological developments mean that Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) play a key role in industry, business, science and education and rescue. This is due to ongoing research, the implementation of the results of deployment projects, and the plans and forecasts of international organisations. In the literature, there are three main groups of factors determining the development of technology in the aviation sector: user/user expectations, technical capabilities, legal basis. The cooperation of actors integrates the aviation environment and creates an interdisciplinary jigsaw of systems: navigation, air traffic management, safety, communication, flexibility and efficiency and airspace capacity, surveillance and radiolocation. As a result of experiments and the operational use of unmanned systems, e.g. during rescue and firefighting operations in the Biebrza National Park in 2020, it was found that the prerequisite for the safe and precise performance of a task by an UAS is the initial and direct navigational preparation. The experience gained and conclusions made it possible to develop a concept of navigational preparation for UAS. The above issues integrating the approach of security studies and safety engineering disciplines are presented in the article.
3
Content available Navigator preparation during spraying by UAVs
Janosz Piotr, Fellner Andrzej, Fellner Radosław, Kułakowski Marek
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
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2024
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Nr 89 (tom 2)
247--266
EN
The article presents the results of research on the implementation of navigator preparation during agricultural spraying, conditioning the safe and precise performance of the task. This assumption was confirmed during spraying with unmanned aerial vehicles carried out in 2021–2023. The experience gained and conclusions enabled the development of a concept of initial and direct navigational preparation for unmanned aircraft systems performing spraying. It is also possible to use this algorithm to perform deactivation by drones. The results obtained from the conducted aerial tests (within two scenarios: agricultural spraying and decontamination) have also shown that the risk analysis methodology recommended by EASA (SORA) entails a number of limitations and cannot be applied during spraying as it causes gaps in safety management. Therefore, a proprietary EPEP risk analysis method has been developed specifically for spraying, which allows the pilot, the operator of an unmanned aircraft, to perform a risk analysis and manage it accordingly immediately before performing the task, compensating or minimizing the hazards that should be at an acceptable level before spraying.
4
Content available Integrated interchanges for people with special needs
Chruzik Katarzyna, Krzyżewska Iwona, Fellner Andrzej, Fellner Radosław, Uchroński Piotr, Żmigrodzka Małgorzata
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
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2024
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Nr 92 (tom 2)
83--105
EN
Improving the level of accessibility of integrated interchanges and providing free movement for people with special needs is one of the currently most important transport issues raised by a numer of centres. Over the last two decades, several attempts have been made to develop solutions to enhance mobility, e.g. more links between destinations, opening national borders in the European Union, pursuing an open skies policy etc. However, a universal safety management system for people with special needs at integrated interchanges is still not in place. The aim of this article is to enhance elements of a safety system for people with special needs at integrated interchanges consisting of lists (directories) of people with special needs. The article uses theoretical methods such as analysis and synthesis and presents an outline of barriers to create a catalogue of barriers and amenities found at integrated interchanges, taking into account people with special needs. Also noteworthy is a catalogue of people with special needs, which includes a broad group of public transport users. The paper presents a matrix of barriers and amenities based on groups of people with special needs. Identified elements of transport infrastructure at integrated interchanges, such as revolving doors or contrasting elements, have been classified both as barriers and amenities for different user groups.
5
Content available Wildfires in terms of unmanned systems. Current methods and solution review
Fellner Andrzej, Zawistowski Maciej
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport
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2022
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z. 134
35--51
EN
The analysis of the literature shows that numerous factors, such as Climate change, more and more frequent and long-lasting droughts, and the growing trend of using forests for recreational purposes, cause a constant increase in the risk of forest fires. Poland, despite having numerous and vast forest areas in the form of national or landscape parks, is classified as having an average risk of fire compared to other European countries. Currently, our country is characterized by the emergence of a large number of forest fires within a small area. In 2019, there were almost 9,200 such events, which put Poland in third place in Europe (behind Spain and Portugal). It should be noted, however, that large-scale forest fires with an area of several hundred hectares have occurred and are still a threat in Poland. Therefore, it has been proposed to use a proactive method to limit or compensate for the effects of hazards caused by large-scale fires, which are of key safety, environmental and economic importance. In the article, the authors focused on the presentation of the currently used solutions and compensation for the effects of these threats and presented possible prospective solutions based on the conducted and planned scientific research on monitoring large-scale fires and the possibility of forecasting them during operational activities, based on unmanned systems and techniques and satellite technologies.
PL
Z analizy literatury wynika, że liczne czynniki jak m.in. zmiana klimatu, coraz częściej występujące i długotrwałe susze czy rosnący trend wykorzystywania lasów do celów rekreacyjnych powodują ciągłe zwiększanie się ryzyka występowania ich pożarów. Polska, pomimo posiadania licznych i rozległych obszarów leśnych w postaci parków narodowych czy krajobrazowych jest na tle państw Europejskich klasyfikowana do obszarów częściowo o średnim i wysokim zagrożeniu pożarowym lasów. Obecnie dla naszego kraju cechą charakterystyczną jest powstawanie dużej liczby pożarów lasów o małej powierzchni. W 2019 r. takich zdarzeń odnotowano prawie 9 200, co stawiało Polskę na trzecim miejscu w Europie (za Hiszpanią i Portugalią). Należy jednak zaznaczyć, że wielkoobszarowe pożary lasów o powierzchni kilkuset hektarów, występowały i nadal stanowią zagrożenie w Polsce. W związku z tym zaproponowano zastosowanie metody proaktywnej w celu ograniczenia lub kompensowania skutków zagrożeń spowodowanych pożarami wielkoobszarowymi, które mają kluczowe znaczenie w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, ochrony środowiska i ekonomii. W artykule autorzy skupili się na przedstawieniu obecnie stosowanych rozwiązań oraz kompensacji skutków wynikających z tych zagrożeń oraz zaprezentowali możliwe perspektywiczne rozwiązania, w oparciu o przeprowadzone i planowane badania naukowe dotyczące monitorowania pożarów wielkoobszarowych i możliwości ich prognozowania podczas działań operacyjnych, w oparciu o systemy bezzałogowe i techniki i technologie satelitarne.
6
Content available Przygotowanie nawigacyjne bezzałogowych statków powietrznych do operacyjnych działań straży pożarnej
Fellner Andrzej, Feltynowski Mariusz, Fellner Radosław
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
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2021
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Nr 79 (tom 3)
51--82
PL
Warunkiem bezpiecznego i precyzyjnego wykonania zadania przez bezzałogowy aparat latający jest wstępne i bezpośrednie przygotowanie nawigacyjne. Potwierdzono to założenie podczas przeprowadzonych w kwietniu 2020 r. działań ratowniczo- -gaśniczych w Biebrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Oprócz 79 zastępów jednostek ochrony przeciwpożarowej i 380 strażaków, dwóch śmigłowców, sześciu samolotów dodatkowo działania operacyjne wspierały cztery bezzałogowe systemy latające. Zdobyte doświadczenia i wnioski umożliwiły opracowanie koncepcji przygotowania nawigacyjnego dla bezzałogowych systemów latających.
EN
The prerequisite for the safe and precise execution of the task by an unmanned flying system is preliminary and direct navigational preparation. This was confirmed by the establishment of fire-fighting operations carried out in April 2020 in Biebrza National Park. In addition to 79 Fire Protection Units and 380 firefighters, 2 helicopters, 6 aircraft and four unmanned aircraft systems were additionally supported by operational operations. Experience gained and lessons learned have enabled the development of a navigational preparation concept for unmanned aircraft systems.
7
Content available Divagations on the appropriate satellite system from GNSS for aviation
Fellner Andrzej, Konieczka Robert
Transactions on Aerospace Research
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2021
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Nr 1 (262)
75--92
EN
American military satellite GPS system is an element of the global GNSS. It emits two codes: the precise and civil one. As late as in 2000, intentional interference that decreased precision of localization was introduced, allowing navigation accuracy of 20 m. GPS was made available to civil users, however, at their own responsibility. So, if we use GPS for our own goals, we must consider the errors that occur and their consequences. Nonetheless, commercial and operational needs determine the necessity of permanent access to satellite signal with appropriate consistency, accessibility, reliability and precision. Hence, natural and intentional errors are compensated for, using appropriate methods, based on a given activity.
PL
Amerykański, militarny system satelitarny GPS stanowi element globalnego GNSS. Emituje dwa kody: precyzyjny i cywilny. Dopiero w 2000 r. wyłączono celowe zakłócanie zmniejszające precyzję wyznaczania pozycji, pozwalające uzyskać dokładność nawigacji do 20 m. GPS został udostępniony użytkownikom cywilnym, ale na ich własną odpowiedzialność. Toteż o ile stosujemy GPS dla swoich potrzeb to musimy liczyć się z powstałymi błędami i wynikającymi z nich konsekwencjami. Jednak potrzeby komercyjne, operacyjne determinują konieczność permanentnego dostępu do sygnału satelitarnego, charakteryzującego się odpowiednią: ciągłością, dostępnością, wiarygodnością, dokładnością. W związku z tym naturalne i celowe błędy kompensuje się stosując odpowiednie metody, w zależności od prowadzonej działalności.
8
Content available Rotorcraft in the performance based navigation international civil aviation organization implementation
Fellner Andrzej, Konieczka Robert
Transactions on Aerospace Research
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2019
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Nr 1 (254)
53--64
EN
European Commision adopted in July new regulations about laying down airspace usage requirements and operating procedures concerning performance based navigation. It is next step in realization of the the global program PBN ICAO. At the 36th General Assembly of ICAO held in 2007, the Republic of Poland agreed to ICAO resolution A36-23 which urges all States to implement PBN. In future aviation concepts the use of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) is considered to be a major Air Traffic Management (ATM) concept element. ICAO has drafted standards and implementation guidance for PBN in the ICAO Doc 9613 “PBN Manual”. The Based Performance Navigation Concept represents and shift from sensor-based to performance based navigation connected with criteria for navigation: accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity and functionality depending on the phase of the flight. Through PBN and changes in the communication, surveillance and ATM domain, many advanced navigation applications are possible to improve airspace efficiency, improve airport sustainability, reduce the environmental impact of air transport in terms of noise and emission, increase safety and improve flight efficiency.
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