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1

Tribological Properties and Surface Roughness of Printed Ti-6Al-4v/PE-UHMW Friction Pair Elements

Musiał Janusz, Zasińska Katarzyna, Ligaj Bogdan, Kałaczyński Tomasz, Dykha Oleksandr

Tribologia

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2025

|

nr 1

29--36

EN

The article presents tribological research on the cooperation of a kinematic pair composed of metallic and polymer biomaterials. In the sample tests, a material widely used in orthopaedics and dentistry was used (the medical titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V obtained both by traditional manufacturing methods, i.e. casting, and the additive manufacturing method SLM/DLMS (3D printing)) and a counter sample (high-density polyethylene PE-UHMW). The friction pair selected in this way was subjected to tribological tests on a PT-3 tribometer under specific operating conditions. After the tribological tests, the change in tribological parameters, i.e. the coefficient of friction or abrasive wear on the surfaces of the tested biomaterials, was evaluated. The obtained results also enabled the assessment of the changes occurring in the geometric structure of the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V/ PE-UHMW friction pair for titanium samples obtained via drawn rod and 3D printing.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania tribologiczne dotyczące współpracy pary kinematycznej złożonej z biomateriałów metalicznych i polimerowych. W badaniach na próbki zastosowano materiał szeroko stosowany w ortopedii i stomatologii – medyczny stop tytanu Ti-6Al-4V otrzymany tradycyjną metodą wytwarzania, tj. odlewaniem oraz addytywną metodą wytwarzania SLM/DLMS (druku 3D), zaś na przeciwpróbkę – polietylen o wysokiej gęstości PE-UHMW. Tak dobraną parę cierną poddano badaniom tribologicznym na tribometrze PT-3 w określonych warunkach eksploatacyjnych. Po przeprowadzonych badaniach tribologicznych ocenie poddano zmianę parametrów tribologicznych, tj. współczynnik tarcia czy zużycia ściernego na powierzchniach badanych biomateriałów. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły również na ocenę zmian zachodzących w strukturze geometrycznej powierzchni pary ciernej Ti-6Al-4V/PE-UHMW dla próbek tytanowych otrzymanych w postaci pręta litego oraz druku 3D.

2

Insight into Abrasive Wear of X153CrMoV12 Tool Steel Microalloyed with Varied Niobium Content

Leśniewski Tadeusz, Lachowicz Marzena, Hawryluk Marek, Marzec Jan

Tribologia

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2025

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nr 1

17--28

EN

The article analyses the influence of the addition of niobium on the microstructure, hardness, and wear of X153CrMoV12 cold work tool steel. Steels containing 0.06 wt.% and 0.20 wt.% niobium are characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy methods, hardness measurements and tribological tests. To test the abrasion resistance of selected materials, the authors use the T-07 test stand. The behavior of steel under tribological influences is assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the abrasive particles have an obvious effect on the loss of steel abrasive mass, but the niobium content determines the relative wear resistance. Steel with a niobium content of 0.20 wt.% is characterized by higher hardness, which ultimately results in higher abrasion resistance. This effect is associated with the presence of niobium carbide precipitates in the steel.

PL

Oceniono wpływ dodatku niobu na mikrostrukturę, twardość i zużycie stali narzędziowej do pracy na zimno gatunku X153CrMoV12. Scharakteryzowano stale zawierające odpowiednio 0,06% wag. oraz 0,20% wag. niobu z wykorzystaniem metod mikroskopii świetlnej, elektronowej skaningowej, pomiarów twardości oraz badań tribologicznych. Badanie odporności na ścieranie wybranych materiałów prowadzono na stanowisku badawczym T-07. Zachowanie stali w warunkach oddziaływań tribologicznych oceniono z wykorzystaniem elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej. Wyniki pokazały, że cząstki ścierne miały oczywisty wpływ na utratę masy ściernej stali, ale zawartość niobu decydowała o względnej odporności na zużycie. Stal o zawartości niobu 0,20% wag. charakteryzowała się wyższą twardością, co przełożyło się ostatecznie na wyższą odporność na ścieranie. Efekt ten powiązano z obecnością w stali wydzieleń węglików niobu.

3

Influence of heat treatment conditions of Hardox 500 steel on its resistance to abrasive wear

Zemlik Martyna, Bialobrzeska Beata, Stachowicz Mateusz, Konat Łukasz

Materials Science Poland

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2025

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Vol. 43, No. 1

173--195

EN

The type, magnitude, and distribution of thermal stress arising during the hardening process of steel primarily depend – apart from the geometry of the treated component and the type of metallic material used – on the type of cooling medium employed. The difference in cooling rates between the core and the surface of the object affects the extent of deformation, particularly in large-scale components with complex shapes. Due to their high hardness, boron-alloyed steels are frequently used for components exposed to abrasive wear, and their heat treatment is typically performed on profiled structural elements such as plowshares or cultivator coulters. The critical cooling rate is primarily dependent on the chemical composition of the material and increases as its hardenability index decreases. Consequently, it is essential to investigate the feasibility of applying various heat treatment processes to medium-carbon steels, including the widely used martensitic steel Hardox 500. This study presents the results of abrasive wear tests conducted on the aforementioned steel, subjected to different heat treatment variants, which involved varying cooling rates following austenitization. For this purpose, the cooling media used included deoxygenated quenching water, mineral transformer oil, synthetic quenching oil, and air-blast cooling. For comparative purposes, equilibrium-cooled samples were also analyzed. The research findings demonstrated that the highest resistance to abrasive wear was achieved by samples quenched in water, whereas a gradual decrease in wear resistance was observed in samples cooled in media with lower cooling intensity coefficients. Furthermore, it was found that the traditionally employed roughness parameters are not suitable for evaluating the condition of surfaces subjected to abrasion. Therefore, for a comprehensive assessment of the tribological resistance of Hardox 500 steel, more advanced surface topography analysis methods must be employed.

4

Effect of Relative Humidity on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of PA6-Based Composites

Baráth Martin, Kotus Martin, Boszorádová Lucia, Baláži Juraj, Hrabovský Leopold, Pravda Štěpán

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2025

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nr 3 (33)

362--370

EN

The article examines how relative humidity affects the wear resistance and mechanical properties of PA6, PA6 GF30, and Onyx, processed by 3D printing. Findings show that mass loss rises with humidity across all materials, with Onyx exhibiting the lowest average mass loss despite larger percentage increases. At pressure value of 0.32 N·mm-2, mass loss increased due to their properties compared to metallic materials by 2.4% from 33% to 65% humidity, then by 10.5% from 65% to 97%. Notably, at high humidity, there were significant differences in wear loss between parallel and vertical orientations, with Onyx showing a 36% difference at 97% humidity. Tensile tests revealed a strong correlation between humidity and tensile strength in PA6 of 0.9331 correlation coefficient value, while PA6 GF30 showed inconsistent properties. For Onyx, higher humidity led to substantial drops in tensile strength (0.911 correlation coefficient value) and increases in elongation (0.603 correlation coefficient value). The contribution of this study lies in its ability to guide the selection of composite materials, for wet and abrasive conditions, optimizing wear resistance and extending component lifespan while reducing maintenance needs.

5

Influence of Protective Powder Coating Technology on Tribocorrosive Wear

Napiórkowski Jerzy, Lemecha Magdalena, Ligier Krzysztof, Kowalewski Marcin

Tribologia

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2024

|

nr 4

77--83

EN

Protective coatings are increasingly used in various branches of industry and agriculture due to their resistance to tribocorrosive wear. The coating application technology affects both the coefficient of friction and wear resistance. This study analyzes the wear process of paint coatings applied using different technologies. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using a T-20 tester in two variants: under dry friction conditions and with the use of a slurry. Additionally, under natural conditions, tribocorrosive wear was assessed in three types of soil. The results of the conducted research indicate that, among the tested coatings, the lowest wear intensity under dry friction conditions was observed in a single-layer coating obtained using the cataphoresis method. This was followed by a coating obtained using a combination of cataphoresis and spray application. The other two coatings were characterized by higher wear intensity. Different relationships were observed during the testing of coatings in the abrasive slurry. In this case, the lowest wear intensity was observed in the coating obtained through a combination of electrophores with spray applictaion.

PL

Powłoki ochronne znajdują coraz szersze zastosowanie w różnych gałęziach przemysłu oraz w rolnictwie ze względu na odporność na zużycie tribokorozyjne. Technologia nanoszenia powłok ma zarówno wpływ na współczynnik tarcia, jak również na odporność na zużycie. W pracy przedstawiono analizę procesu zużywania powłok malarskicha nakładanych różnymi technologiami. Eksperyment przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych z wykorzystaniem testera T-20 w dwóch wariantach, w warunkach tarcia suchego i z użyciem zawiesiny. Natomiast w warunkach naturalnych oceniono zużycie tribokorozyjne w trzech rodzajach gleb. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że najniższą intensywnością zużycia spośród badanych powłok w warunkach tarcia suchego charakteryzowała się pojedyncza powłoka uzyskana metodą kataforezy. Kolejną powłokę uzyskano metodą kataforezy i natryskowo. Pozostałe dwie powłoki charakteryzowały się wyższą intensywnością zużycia. Odmienne zależności uzyskano podczas badania powłok w zawiesinie ściernej. W tym przypadku najniższą intensywnością zużycia charakteryzowała się powłoka uzyskana poprzez elektroforezę i natryskiwanie.

6

Effect of Heat Treatment on Abrasion Wear Resistance of Steel with Micro-Additives of Boron and Vanadium

Białobrzeska Beata, Konat Łukasz

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 1

7--19

EN

This paper presents the results of own research regarding the role of microstructure and mechanical properties in the abrasive wear of metallic materials, demonstrated on the example of low-alloyed steel with microadditives of boron and vanadium. The first section discusses the current knowledge relating to the influence of microstructure and hardness on tribological conditions of materials. Further sections present the results of microstructure observations performed with light microscopy as well as with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This research has focused on the material both in the as-delivered condition (directly after casting) and after heat treatment, which involved quenching and tempering at three temperatures: 200, 400, and 600°C. The tribological tests were performed with the use of the T-07 tribometer, in the presence of loose #90 electro corundum abrasive particles. The test results have been discussed and an attempt has been made to correlate them with the microstructure and selected mechanical properties. In order to identify wear mechanisms, the surfaces were visually inspected after the abrasion process. The inspection results indicate that the main wear mechanisms were microcutting and microploughing.

PL

W pracy zreferowano wyniki badań własnych w zakresie roli mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych w zużywaniu ściernym materiałów metalicznych na przykładzie niskostopowego staliwa z mikrododatkami boru i wanadu. W początkowej części omówiono stan wiedzy dotyczący wpływu mikrostruktury i twardości na właściwości tribologiczne materiałów. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki obserwacji mikrostrukturalnych przeprowadzonych za pomocą mikroskopii świetlnej oraz elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej. W referowanych badaniach skupiono się na materiale w stanie dostarczenia (bezpośrednio po odlewaniu) oraz na stanie obrobionym cieplnie, obejmującym hartowanie i odpuszczanie w trzech temperaturach, tj. 200, 400 i 600°C. Badania tribologiczne zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą testera T-07 w obecności luźnego ścierniwa, które stanowił elektrokorund #90. Wyniki badań zostały dodatkowe poszerzone o dyskusję oraz próbę ich korelacji z mikrostrukturą i wybranymi własnościami mechanicznymi. W celu ustalenia mechanizmów zużywania, dokonano obserwacji powierzchni po ścieraniu. Na tej podstawie stwierdzono, że głównymi mechanizmami zużycia były mikroskrawanie i mikrobruzdowanie.

7

Analysis of Uncontrolled Wear in the Area of a Belleville Spring of a Friction Torsional Vibration Damper in a Motor Vehicle Clutch

Formela Michał Tomasz, Łubiński Jacek Igor

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 1

31--41

EN

The article describes the problem of excessive tribological wear of a torsional vibration damper built into a single-disc friction clutch of a truck vehicle. In contrast to the controlled, design-based wear of damper’s friction rings, i.e., wear whose kinetics are known and predictable, uncontrolled wear at Belleville spring contact surfaces effects in a premature decrease in the damper’s friction torque and, consequently, loss of durability. As a result of the analyses and experimental work, the causes of accelerated wear were identified. Sets of springs and friction rings from the 10 used vibration dampers that worked under similar operating conditions but with different operating periods were used as the basic research material. The influence of abrasive wear of Belleville springs on their load-deflection characteristic was identified. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the new spring and the used springs is also presented to illustrate changes in the axial load in the assemblies of the analyzed dampers.

PL

W artykule opisano problem nadmiernej intensywności zużycia ściernego tłumika drgań skrętnych, wbudowanego w jednotarczowe sprzęgło cierne pojazdu ciężarowego. W przeciwieństwie do kontrolowanego konstrukcyjnie przewidzianego zużywania się pierścieni ciernych tłumika, tj. zużycia, którego kinetyka jest znana i przewidywalna, niekontrolowane zużycie powierzchni oporowych talerzowej sprężyny dociskowej skutkuje przedwczesnym spadkiem momentu tarcia tłumika, a co za tym idzie, utratą jego trwałości. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz i prac doświadczalnych zidentyfikowano przyczyny przyspieszonego zużycia. Jako podstawowy materiał badawczy wykorzystano zestawy sprężyn oraz pierścieni pochodzących z 10 używanych tłumików drgań, które pracowały w podobnych warunkach eksploatacyjnych, ale różniących się okresem eksploatacji. Zidentyfikowano wpływ zużycia ściernego sprężyn dociskowych na charakterystyki siły w funkcji ugięcia. Przedstawiono również analizę porównawczą charakterystyki nowej sprężyny i sprężyn używanych w celu pokazania zmian wartości sił osiowych w złożeniach analizowanych tłumików.

8

Analiza badań dotyczących zużycia ściernego żeliwa wermikularnego

Jakubus Aneta

Journal of Engineering 360

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2024

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1/24

5--13

PL

W pracy przeanalizowano oraz omówiono ukierunkowania badaczy dotyczących zużycia ściernego żeliwa wermikularnego. Analiza związana była z kształtem występowania grafitu w żeliwie, ze zmianą osnowy oraz ze zmianą składu chemicznego oraz wpływu tych zmian na zużycie w warunkach tarcia suchego i na mokro. Żeliwo o graficie kompaktowym testowane jest do pracy w takich częściach maszyn i urządzeń jak cylindry i pierścienie tłokowe, tarcze czy wały i łożyska. Stwierdzono że na poprawę zużycia ściernego żeliwa wermikularnego wpływa między innymi kształt grafitu, dodatek stopowy w postaci cyny jak również zmiana osnowy w żeliwie robaczkowym na ausferrytyczną. Podsumowując wykonaną analizę badań szeregu autorów, należałoby kontynuować badania nad odpornością nad ścieranie tego tworzywa, przy czym celowe byłoby także uwzględnienie w nich zagadnień związanych z paczeniem się i odkształceniem próbek w wyniku nagrzewania się i studzenia żeliwa.

EN

The paper analyzes and discusses the orientations of researchers regarding the abrasive wear of vermicular cast iron. The analysis was related to the shape of graphite occurrence in cast iron, the change in the matrix and the change in chemical composition, and the impact of these changes on wear under dry and wet friction conditions. Compact graphite cast iron is tested for use in machine and device parts such as cylinders and piston rings, discs, shafts and bearings. It was found that the improvement of abrasive wear of vermicular cast iron is influenced, among others, by the shape of graphite, the alloy addition in the form of tin, as well as the change of the matrix in vermicular cast iron to an ausferritic one. Summarizing the analysis of research carried out by a number of authors, it would be necessary to continue research on the abrasion resistance of this material, and it would also be advisable to include issues related to the warping and deformation of samples as a result of heating and cooling of cast iron.

9

Application of the selected multicriterial programming method in the management of rail vehicle bogies in order to extend the service life of brake disco

Rilo Cañás Armando Miguel, Bartkowiak Agnieszka, Sawczuk Wojciech

Diagnostyka

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2024

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

art. no. 2024314

EN

The wheel set of a rail vehicle with a disc brake is the basic assembly of a rail vehicle exposed to abrasive wear. From the operational point of view, the wear process of the wheels and brake discs is uneven, which for the carrier involves switching off the vehicle, once when the maximum wear of the discs is reached and again when the wheels wear out. The process of both untying the wheel set from the bogie, dismantling the wheels and discs from the axle is a time-consuming and expensive process, which consequently affects the exclusion of the vehicle from planned traffic. In the article on the basis of brake disc wear results, 3 concepts of bogie management were proposed. The first concerns the bogie rotation, the second and third concepts concern the exchange of bogies with and without rotation. Using the MUZ multi-criteria programming method, the concepts were evaluated and the best one was selected taking into account the evaluation criteria. The aim of the article is to present concepts that reduce the wear of discs brake systems in a multi-unit traction unit using bogie migration under the vehicle.

10

Abrasive Wear Resistance of Nodular Cast Iron After Selected Surface Heat and Thermochemical Treatment Processes

Baron C., Stawarz M., Studnicki A., Jezierski Jan, Wróbel T., Dojka R., Lenert M., Piasecki K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 24, iss. 3

25--35

EN

The article presents the test results on the technology of surface hardening of castings from unalloyed and low-alloy nodular cast iron using the method of surface heat treatment, i.e., induction surface hardening and methods of thermochemical treatment, i.e. gas nitriding, nitrocarburizing, and nitrocarburizing with oxidation. The scope of research included macro- and microhardness measurements using Rockwell and Vickers methods, respectively, as well as metallographic microscopic examinations using a light microscope. Furthermore, abrasive wear resistance tests were performed using the pin-on-disk method in the friction pair of nodular cast iron – SiC abrasive paper and the reciprocating method in the friction pair of nodular cast iron – unalloyed steel. Analysis of the test results shows that the size and depth of surface layer hardening strongly depend on the chemical composition of the nodular cast iron, determining its hardenability and its ability to create diffusion layers. Medium induction surface hardening made it possible to strengthen the surface layer of the tested nodular cast irons to the level of 700 HV0.5 with a hardening depth of up to approximately 4000µm, while various variants of thermo chemical treatment provided surface hardness of up to 750 HV0.5 with a hardening depth of up to approximately 200µm. Furthermore, induction surface hardening increased the resistance to abrasive wear of nodular cast iron castings, depending on the test method, by an average of 70 and 45%, while thermochemical treatment on average by 15 and 60%.

11

Abrasion Resistance of Nickel- and Iron-base Hardfacings

Hejwowski Tadeusz, Łukasik Daniel

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 1

48--60

EN

The present study is directed to the problem of hardfacing and restoration of worn industrial equipment. Wear tests were carried out using especially built rig which reproduces working conditions of machinery applied in cement plants. The results of tribological tests on 20 Fe- and Ni-base hardfacings are presented. The effect of hardfacing hardness and chemical com-position was evaluated. It was found in SEM examinations that matrix was removed from the zone adjacent to carbides which made them liable to cracking and digging out. The mechanism of matrix removal depended on its hardness and include microcutting and low cycle fatigue. Ni-based hardfacings outperformed Fe-based coatings. The abrasion resistance of the best Ni-base coating, the Stelcar 6 was 38.7 times higher than that of S235JR steel. Eutectics in Ni-base coatings disturb motion of abrasive grains and force them to rotate in-stead of sliding over hardfacing surface. Ni-based coatings can be considered in hardfacing or reclamation of numerous industrial components applied in cement plants.

12

Abrasive wear resistance of Fe3Al and Satellite 6 coatings for the protection of valve seats surfaces

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Tarasiuk Wojciech, Cybulko Piotr, Węgrzyn Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2023

|

z. 118

219--228

EN

The development of a technology that increases the service life of valve seats in CNG/LNG-powered vehicles requires the appropriate selection of material and the technology of its application. Commercially used valve seat materials show accelerated wear under operating conditions, especially in natural gas vehicle engines. The authors developed a new material concept and a new technological concept for the protection of the valve seat in CNG/LNG-powered vehicles. This article aims to present the first stage of tribological research. Two materials were used in the research: Stellite 6 alloy and Fe3Al intermetal. A commonly used material for valve seats of combustion engines is Stellite 6. The Fe3Al is the new proposed material coating for the protection of the valve seats of internal combustion engines. This article compares the abrasive wear resistance of these materials. The abrasion tests were performed on a T-11 pin-on-disc tester, and the counter-sample was steel S235JR. The test conditions were similar to those prevailing during the operation of the valves in the head of the internal combustion engine, without the influence of temperature. The obtained results indicate that the Fe3Al intermetal is characterized by a lower coefficient of friction and lower wear intensity than Stellite 6. The results confirm that the Fe3Al phase is a prospective material to be used as a protective material on the valve seat of vehicles.

13

The effect of the austenitisation temperature for the two-stage heat treatment of high-manganese steels on its wear resistance under abrasive conditions

Dziubek Mateusz, Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata, Grygier Dominika

Tribologia

|

2023

|

nr 3

19--29

EN

Fine-grained high-manganese X120Mn12 grade steel was subjected to a two-stage heat treatment consisting of long-term isothermal annealing at 510°C, which was followed by resaturation in order to reduce the negative effect of the brittle carbide carbides of manganese cementite (Fe,Mn)3 C. The objective of the experiment was to elucidate the effects of distinct stages of heat treatment on the properties of high manganese steel with regard to its resistance to abrasive wear. Supersaturation was performed for eleven different variations of temperature values ranging from 600°C to 1100°C to verify its effect on the resistance to abrasion wearunder abrasion conditions. An increase in the supersaturation temperature results in the gradual coagulation and disintegration of the colonies of pearlite and needle-like carbides (Fe,Mn)3 C formed during isothermal annealing. At the same time, as a result of the PSN (particle stimulated nucleation) process, the microstructure of austenite undergoes partial refinement, which ultimately increases the resistance to abrasive wear. As a result of the final microstructural changes resulted in an increase in the resistance to abrasion of approximately 6% compared to the initial state.

PL

Drobnoziarnistą stal wysokomanganową gatunku X120Mn12 poddano dwustopniowej obróbce cieplnej złożonej z długoterminowego izotermicznego wygrzewania w temperaturze 510°C, a następnie ponownemu przesycaniu w celu zredukowania negatywnego wpływu kruchych wydzieleń węglików cementytu manganowego (Fe,Mn)3 C. Eksperyment miał na celu poznanie wpływu poszczególnych etapów obróbki cieplnej na właściwości stali wysokomanganowej w kontekście odporności na zużycie ścierne. Etap przesycania zrealizowano dla jedenastu różnych wariantów wartości temperatury z zakresu od 600°C do 1100°C w celu zweryfikowania jej wpływu na odporność na zużycie ścierne. Wzrost temperatury przesycania skutkuje stopniową koagulacją oraz rozpadem powstałych w trakcie wyżarzania izotermicznego kolonii perlitu oraz iglastych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C. Jednocześnie w wyniku procesu PSN (ang. particles stimulated nucleation) mikrostruktura austenitu ulega częściowemu rozdrobnieniu, co finalnie wpływa na wzrost odporności na zużycie ścierne. W wyniku końcowych zmian mikrostrukturalnych uzyskano wzrost odporności na ścieranie o około 6% w porównaniu do stanu wyjściowego dla wariantu obróbki cieplnej złożonego z etapu długoterminowego izotermicznego wyżarzania w temperaturze 510°C oraz następującego po nim przesycania w temperaturze 750°C. Wzrost odporności wywołany został wydzieleniem globularnych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C oraz powstaniem nowych ziaren austenitu.

14

Influence of Tempering Temperature on the Abrasive Wear of High-Strength, Martensitic Boron Steel Hardox Extreme

Zemlik Martyna, Konat Łukasz, Grygier Dominika

Tribologia

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2023

|

nr 1

99--108

EN

The article discusses the microstructural and wear aspects of high-strength, martensitic boron steel Hardox Extreme. It is characterised by a hardness well in excess of 600 HBW and a static tensile strength Rm over 2000 MPa, which provides high resistance under abrasive wear conditions. However, such high mechanical properties reduce the steel's ductility parameters, including impact strength, elongation and area reduction. Examples of components exposed to abrasive wear, including ploughshares, cultivator teeth, excavator buckets or chutes, also require satisfactory resistance to impact wear. Subjecting Hardox Extreme steel to tempering treatments can enhance its performance characteristics by increasing its plastic properties while maintaining satisfactory mechanical indices. Therefore, it was decided to study the tribological properties of Hardox Extreme steel after stress-relieving and low-temperature tempering treatments. In the course of the work carried out, it was shown that with a reduction in hardness from 644 HBW to 508 HBW, it is possible to achieve satisfactory wear indices. The value of the coefficient of relative abrasion resistance kb is equal to 1.36–1.12, respectively, for the as-delivered condition and after tempering treatments at 250°C.

PL

W artykule omówione zostały aspekty mikrostrukturalne i zużyciowe wysokowytrzymałej, martenzytycznej stali z borem Hardox Extreme. Charakteryzuje się ona twardością znacznie przekraczającą wartość 600 HBW i wytrzymałością na statyczne rozciąganie Rm powyżej 2000 MPa, co zapewnia wysoką odporność w warunkach zużycia ściernego. Jednakże tak wysokie własności mechaniczne powodują obniżenie parametrów plastycznych stali, uwzgledniających udarność, wydłużenie i przewężenie. Przykładowe elementy narażone na zużycie ścierne, w tym lemiesze pługa, zęby kultywatora, łyżki koparek czy zsuwnie kosza czerpakowego wymagają także zadowalającej odporności na ścieranie udarowe. Poddanie stali Hardox Extreme zabiegom odpuszczania może wpłynąć na zwiększenie jej cech użytkowych poprzez podwyższenie właściwości plastycznych przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu zadowalających wskaźników mechanicznych. W związku z powyższym zdecydowano się zbadać własności tribologiczne stali Hardox Extreme po przeprowadzeniu za biegów odprężania i niskiego odpuszczania. W toku przeprowadzonych prac wykazano, że przy obniżeniu twardości z 644 HBW do 508 HBW możliwe jest uzyskanie zadowalającej odporności na zużycie ścierne. Wartość współczynnika względnej odporności na zużycie kb wynosi 1,36–1,12, odpowiednio dla stanu dostarczenia i po przeprowadzeniu zabiegów odpuszczania w temperaturze 250°C.

15

Performance studies on hybrid nano-metal matrix composites for wear and surface quality

Kannan P. R., Thanigaivelan R., Thiraviam R., Pradeep Kumar K.

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 2

288--300

EN

Aluminium-based hybrid nano-metal matrix composites are right materials, finding application in the aerospace and automotive industry. The present research focused on the effects of sliding load, sliding velocity, and temperature on wear behaviour of a novel hybrid metal matrix nano-composite. Stir-squeeze casting setup is used to produce the composites. The base metal is scrap aluminium alloy wheel (SAAW) reinforced with 1, 2, wt.% and 5.5, 7 wt.% of micro-sized alumina (Al2O3)m and nano-sized alumina (Al2O3)n particle respectively. An orthogonal array L9 (OA) has been used for designing the experiments. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied to find the optimal condition for Coefficient of Friction (COF), wear, surface roughness. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results show that the reinforcement contributes 19.40% and most influencing factor is sliding load with 62.33%. The samples tested were examined and analyzed using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Additionally, a profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness of the worn-out specimen.

16

Comparison of Wear Resistance in Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline Iron

Liu Zhiming, Zhang Qiang, Liu Fangying, Zhang Hezhe

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

15--20

EN

In the present research, we used molecular dynamics simulation to determine the effect of cutting parameters on micro-grain boundary structures and Burgers vector distribution in single crystal iron and polycrystalline iron materials. The result showed that the destruction of the lattice in polycrystalline iron caused by the cutting tool was restricted to the contact surface area. In addition, in the precision machining process, a higher refining grain was observed on the iron surface. During the cutting process of single crystal iron, large-scale slip occurred along the <111> crystal direction on the {110} crystal plane. And the slip presented an annular shape.

17

Effect of Corrosion on Wear Resistance of the Composite Based on GX120Mn13 Cast Steel Zonally Reinforced with Particles (Al2O3+ZrO2)

Medyński Daniel

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

133--139

EN

The subject of the work are modern composite materials with increased wear resistance intended for elements of machines operating in difficult conditions in the construction and mining industries. The study determined the effect of zone reinforcement of GX120Mn13 cast steel with macroparticles (Al2O3+ZrO2) on the corrosion resistance and abrasion wear of the composite thus obtained. SEM studies have shown that at interface between two phases, and more precisely on the surface of particles (Al2O3+ZrO2) a durable diffusion layers are formed. During the corrosion tests, no significant differences were found between the obtained parameters defining the corrosion processes of GX120Mn13 cast steel and GX120Mn13 with particles (Al2O3+ZrO2) composite. No intergranular corrosion was observed in the matrix of the composite material, nor traces of pitting corrosion at both phases interface. This is very important in terms of tested material’s service life. Reinforcement of cast steel with particles (Al2O3+ZrO2) resulted in a very significant improvement in the abrasion resistance of the composite – by about 70%. After corrosion tests, both materials were subjected to further operational investigations. These examinations consisted in determining the impact of corrosion processes on the durability of the composite in terms of abrasion. The obtained results indicate that corrosion processes did not significantly deteriorate the wear resistance of both the cast steel and the composite.

18

Wear Processes of Abrasion-Resistant Materials in Soil Environments of Varying pH

Napiórkowski Jerzy, Ligier Krzysztof, Lemecha Magdalena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

269--279

EN

The paper evaluates the effect of the value of the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in solution, denoted as pH, on the wear of materials used for elements working in the soil mass. Three types of materials with different chemical composition and manufacturing technology were analyzed. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions using the "spinning bowl" method. Low-alloy martensitic steel, boron-containing wear-resistant steel, and Fe-Cr-Mn-containing surfacing applied to martensitic steel were tested. Soil pH was found to have a significant effect on the wear pattern of the materials tested. The greatest wear was found in acidic soils with a pH lower than 5, and it was 30-40% greater, depending on the type of material, with respect to soil with a pH above 6.8. The greatest destructive effect was found for low-alloy martensitic steel containing "promoters" of hydrogen penetration. The ways in which the surface is used depending on the pH of the treated soil are described. Hydrogen wear is revealed by decohesion due to weakening of the structural bond of the material. The stages of the process of destructive hydrogen action are defined.

19

Hardfacing of mild steel with wear-resistant Ni-based powders containing WC particles using PPTAW technology

Appiah Augustine, Bialas Oktawian, Jędrzejczyk Marcelina, Ciemała Natalia, Wantuch Łucja, Żuk Marcin, Czupryński Artur, Adamiak Marcin

Welding Technology Review

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2022

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R. 94

3--18

EN

This study explores the use of powder plasma transferred arc welding (PPTAW) as a surface layers deposition technology to form hardfaced coatings to improve upon the wear resistance of mild steel. Hardfaced layers/coatings were prepared using the PPTAW process with two different wear-resistant powders: PG 6503 (NiSiB+60% WC) and PE 8214 (NiCrSiB+45% WC). By varying the PPTAW process parameters of plasma gas flow rate (PGFR) and plasma arc current, hardfaced layers were prepared. Microscopic examinations were carried out to investigate the microstructure and surface characteristics of the prepared hardfaced layers. Penetration tests were performed to ascertain the number and depth of crack sites in the prepared samples by visual inspection. The hardness of the hardfaced layers were determined: hardfacings prepared with PG 6503 had hardness of 46.3 - 48.3 HRC, those prepared with PE 8214 had hardness of 52.7 - 58.3 HRC. The microhardness of the matrix material was in the range of 573.3 - 893.0 HV, and the carbides had microhardness in the range of 2128.7 - 2436.3 HV. Abrasive wear resistance tests were carried out on each prepared sample to determine their relative abrasive wear resistance relative to the reference material, abrasion resistant heat-treated steel, Hardox 400, having a nominal hardness of approximately 400 HV. Findings from the research showed that the wear resistance of the mild steel was improved after deposition of hardfaced layers; the hardness and wear resistance were increased upon addition of Cr as an alloying element; increasing the PGFR increased the hardness and wear resistance of the hardfacings, as well as increase in the number of cracks; increasing the PTA current resulted in hardfacings with less cracks, but relatively lowered the wear resistance. The wear mechanisms were discussed.

20

The Procedure of Selecting the Values of the Work Condition parameters of the Ball-Cratering Method for the Assessment of Resistance to Abrasive Wear

Osuch-Słomka Edyta, Słomka Zbigniew

Tribologia

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2022

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nr 4

51--60

EN

In the example of the CrN coating deposited by the cathodic arc evaporation (CAE) method on two differently prepared substrates, the procedure for selecting the values of the work condition parameters of the ballcratering method was presented. The procedure was developed thanks to applying an individual experiment design from Taguchi's approach and has not been used to determine the values of the parameters of the operating conditions of the test friction node for tribological tests. The procedure, according to Taguchi, allowed us to determine the values of the parameters for assessing the abrasion resistance of anti-wear coatings, with the use of a much smaller number of tests, compared to the methods used so far and a repetitive wear mechanism. The starting point of the presented procedure was selecting the area of the permissible values of the operating parameters, in the ball-cratering method, in which optimal values were searched for to minimise the relative error in determining the diameters of wear marks craters. After determining the area of limit values, an experiment plan was generated in which the variables were: load, rotational speed, minimum friction path, and maximum friction path. The results of abrasive wear tests performed with the ball-cratering method, in accordance with the developed test procedure for the CrN coating – were deposited on the substrate after heat treatment and the substrate after the nitriding process had been successfully verified.

PL

Na przykładzie powłoki CrN, osadzonej metodą katodowego odparowania łukiem (CAE) na dwóch różnie przygotowanych podłożach, przedstawiono procedurę doboru wartości parametrów pracy metody ball-cratering. Procedurę opracowano dzięki zastosowaniu indywidualnego planu eksperymentu wynikającego z podejścia Taguchiego dotychczas niestosowanego do wyznaczania wartości parametrów warunków pracy testowego węzła tarcia do badań tribologicznych. Sposób postępowania według Taguchiego pozwolił na wyznaczanie wartości parametrów oceny odporności na zużycie ścierne powłok przeciwzużyciowych, przy zastosowaniu zdecydowanie mniejszej liczby prób w stosunku do dotychczas stosowanych metod oraz powtarzalnym mechanizmie zużywania. Punktem wyjścia zaprezentowanej procedury był wybór obszaru dopuszczalnych wartości parametrów pracy, w metodzie ball-cratering, w której poszukiwano wartości optymalnych ze względu na minimalizację błędu względnego wyznaczania średnic kraterów śladów zużycia. Po ustaleniu obszaru wartości wielkości dopuszczalnych wygenerowano plan eksperymentu, w którym zmiennymi były: obciążenie, prędkość obrotowa, minimalna droga tarcia i maksymalna droga tarcia. Wyniki badań zużycia ściernego wykonanych metodą ball-cratering, zgodnie z opracowaną procedurą badawczą dla powłoki CrN – osadzonej na podłożu po obróbce cieplnej oraz na podłożu po procesie azotowania, zostały pomyślnie zweryfikowane.