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PL
W artykule przedstawiono szczegółowy przegląd konstrukcji wybranej amunicji odłamkowo-burzącej do dział czołgów z uwzględnieniem stosowanych rodzajów materiałów wybuchowych oraz sposobu działania. Przeprowadzono także analizę skuteczności tej amunicji, biorąc pod uwagę jej zdolność do fragmentacji i generowania fal uderzeniowych, które są kluczowe w kontekście oddziaływania na siłę żywą. W pracy opisano nie tylko techniczne aspekty amunicji, ale także przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń teoretycznych pozwalających oszacować strefy zagrożenia wynikające z zastosowania poszczególnych głowic bojowych. Pozwala to zrozumieć, w jaki sposób można optymalnie wykorzystać różne rodzaje amunicji w zależności od charakterystyki celu i warunków na polu bitwy. Podsumowując, celem pracy było pogłębienie wiedzy na temat amunicji współczesnych wozów bojowych, jej możliwości bojowych i zastosowań w kontekście aktualnych doktryn wojskowych. Wnioski z przeprowadzonych analiz mogą stanowić podstawę do dalszych badań nad optymalizacją amunicji i zwiększeniem jej skuteczności w działaniach bojowych.
EN
The paper presents a detailed review of designs of chosen HE ammunition for battle tank guns, taking into account used types of explosives and principle of operation. An analysis of the effectiveness of the ammunition was also carried out, taking into account their ability to fragmentation and production of blast waves, which are crucial in the context of impacting the living force. The work describes not only the technical aspects of ammunition, but presents the results of theoretical calculations, as well, allowing for estimation of danger zones resulting from the use of particular warheads. This makes it possible to understand how different types of ammunition can be optimally used depending on target characteristics and battlefield conditions. Summing it up, the work was aimed to deepen knowledge about modern combat vehicle ammunition, its combat capabilities and applications in the context of current military doctrines. Conclusions from the conducted analyzes can be a basis for further researches on optimization of ammunition and increasing its effectiveness in combat operations.
EN
This study aimed to evaluate rock fragmentation risk indexes and develop a predictive model for the median size of fragment (X50) using the Rock Engineering System (RES). The methodology includes the analysis of 15 significant parameters of rock properties and blast design, which are considered to be important to rock fragmentation from 30 selected blast sites. These parameters include rock type, hardness, blast-hole diameter, charge weight, blast pattern, and others that control fragmentation results. Statistical analysis was performed to validate the RES-based model developed from these parameters. The model exhibited a strong predictive capacity, evidenced by a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.922) with a low associated p-value (1.27E-13). In comparison, error analysis methods were used to evaluate the performance of the RES model against other models, including statistical, Kuz-Ram and modified KuzRam. The outcomes showed that the RES model achieved the best accuracy, and the VAF, RMSE, MAPE, and MAE were 93.57%, 1.46 cm, 3.112% and 1.73 cm, respectively. This re-emphasises the model's reliability and effectiveness with regard to predicting the fragmentation result. The RES-based model has a good prospect as a tool for assisting in blast design and optimisation of fragmentation and, consequently, the efficiency of mining and construction.
EN
The current study aims to quantify the relationship between hydrological richness in river and riparian wetland habitats and fragmentation analysis. Eight relevant parameters, such as the frequency of water presence, hydro-period, and proximity to the river, have been incorporated into four models—two statistical models (Shannon entropy and Logistic Regression) and two machine learning models (artificial neural network and random forest)—in order to investigate wetland hydrological richness. The models are evaluated using statistical techniques such as ROC curves, and field-based validation is also performed. The information about the best-performing models (random forest for machine learning and logistic regression for statistical models) is valuable for understanding the predictive capabilities of the models applied. RF model identified 168.43 km2, 110.91 km2, 70.13 km2, and 39.15 km2 areas as having very rich and rich water richness zones in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. The percentage of poor and very poor areas has rapidly increased from 29.7% in 1990 to 55.35% in 2020. Additionally, the relationship between wetland fragmentation and hydrological richness is assessed. Wetland fragmentation and shrinking core areas due to anthropogenic intrusion significantly impact the hydrological richness of wetlands. This study will provide important insights into the changing state of wetlands over time, especially concerning the impact of anthropogenic activities on hydrological richness. The findings of this study would have significant implications for wetland management and precautions on manmade hydrological modification.
PL
Celem badawczym w pracy było określenie wpływu obróbki termicznej i plastycznej na fragmentację 120 mm pocisków do moździerza samobieżnego Rak na podstawie wyników badań dynamicznych fragmentacji skorup pocisków i pomiaru ilości odłamków w poszczególnych grupach masowych. Głównymi zagadnieniami w pracy, które zostały poruszone to wymagania taktyczno-techniczne jakie muszą spełniać naboje moździerzowe typu HE (high explosive), skupiając się na właściwościach wpływających na zachodzenie procesu fragmentacji pocisków tj. zastosowany materiał na skorupę oraz materiał wybuchowy. W celu uzyskania odpowiednich danych umożliwiających przeprowadzenie analizy wynikającej z tematu pracy konieczne było przeprowadzenie badań na przygotowanych obiektach badawczych. Część badawcza obejmuje przeprowadzone badanie balistyczne fragmentacji skorup pocisków typu HE, które wykonano z trzech rodzajów materiałów oraz poddane zostały zróżnicowanym parametrom obróbki cieplnej w czasie trwania procesu ich wytwarzania. Otrzymane wyniki badań balistycznych fragmentacji pocisków moździerzowych posłu żyły do analizy i umożliwiły porównanie charakterystyk fragmentacji między pociskami wykonanymi z różnych materiałów i poddanymi procesom obróbki cieplnej. W części II przedstawiono badania balistyczne fragmentacji skorup pocisków moździerzowych i analizę uzyskanych wyników.
EN
The research goal of the work was to determine the influence of thermal and mechanical processing on the fragmentation of 120 mm projectiles for the Rak self-propelled mortar based on the results of dynamic tests on the fragmentation of projectile shells and measuring the number of fragments in individual mass groups. The main issues raised in the work are the tactical and technical requirements that must be met by HE (high explosive) mortar rounds, focusing on the properties influencing on the fragmentation process of the projectiles, i.e. the material of the shell and the explosives. In order to obtain appropriate data to be studied in the work, it was necessary to test prepared research objects. Testing part includes a ballistic examination of the fragmentation of HE projectile shells, which were made of three types of materials and were subjected to various heat treatment parameters during the production process. The obtained results of ballistic fragmentation tests of mortar shells were used for analysis and enabled comparison of fragmentation characteristics between shells made of different materials and subjected to heat treatment processes. Part II presents ballistics tests on the fragmentation of mortar shells and the analysis of the obtained results.
PL
Celem badawczym w pracy było określenie wpływu obróbki termicznej i plastycznej na fragmentację 120 mm pocisków do moździerza samobieżnego Rak na podstawie wyników badań dynamicznych fragmentacji skorup pocisków i pomiaru ilości odłamków w poszczególnych grupach masowych. Głównymi zagadnieniami w pracy, które zostały poruszone to wymagania taktyczno-techniczne jakie muszą spełniać naboje moździerzowe typu HE (high explosive), skupiając się na właściwościach wpływających na zachodzenie procesu fragmentacji pocisków tj. zastosowany materiał na skorupę oraz materiał wybuchowy. Celem uzyskania odpowiednich danych umożliwiających przeprowadzenie analizy wynikającej z tematu pracy konieczne było przeprowadzenie badań na przygotowanych obiektach badawczych. Część badawcza obejmuje przeprowadzone badanie balistyczne fragmentacji skorup pocisków typu HE, które wykonane zostały z trzech rodzajów materiałów oraz poddane zostały zróżnicowanym parametrom obróbki cieplnej w czasie trwania procesu ich wytwarzania. Otrzymane wyniki badań balistycznych fragmentacji pocisków moździerzowych posłużyły do analizy i umożliwiły porównanie charakterystyk fragmentacji między pociskami wykonanymi z różnych materiałów i pod-danymi procesom obróbki cieplnej. W części I przedstawiono przegląd wybranych 120 mm na-bojów moździerzowych z pociskami odłamkowo-burzącymi typu HE.
EN
The research goal of the work was to determine the influence of thermal and mechanical processing on the fragmentation of 120 mm projectiles for Rak self-propelled mortar based on results of dynamic tests over the fragmentation of projectile shells and measurements of number of fragments in individual mass groups. The main issues raised in the work are the tactical and technical requirements that must be met by HE (high ex-plosive) mortar rounds, focusing on the properties that influence the fragmentation process of the projectiles, i.e. the material used for the shell and the explosive material. In order to obtain appropriate data to analyse the topic of the work, it was necessary to investigate pre-pared samples. The research part includes a ballistic examination of the fragmentation of HE projectile shells made of three types of materials and subjected to various parameters of heat treatment during the production process. The obtained results of ballistic fragmentation tests of mortar shells were used for analysis and enabled comparison of fragmentation characteristics between shells made of different materials and subjected to heat treatment processes. The conducted ballistic test analysis provides data that will contribute to further optimization of the projectile shell structure in order to obtain the desired fragmentation effects. Part I presents an overview of selected 120 mm mortar car-tridges with high-explosive (HE) shells.
EN
The size distribution and fragmentation level of the blasted rock mass are crucial factors in enhancing the efficiency of loading, transportation, crushing, and milling processes. This article provides a comparative analysis of grain size distribution curves derived from image analysis using various methods. The first method compares representative fragments of the muck pile through manual analysis, commercial software, and an Open-Source Algorithm. The second method evaluates the grain size distribution curves of the entire muck pile, utilizing both commercial software and an open-source algorithm.
EN
Airdeck blasting is a promising technique for improved blast efficiency, reducing explosive consumption, and enhancing fragmentation. Nevertheless, it lacks widespread adoption due to design guideline gaps and differing opinions on air deck placement. This study offers technical guidance based on field experiments to optimise air deck blasting. Full-scale blast experiments were conducted at four distinct limestone benches to evaluate the efficacy of air deck implementation. At Bench-1, experiments were performed using conventional blasting (with full-column charge) and air decks at three strategic air deck positions (i.e., top, mid, and bottom) within blast holes at a selected quarry site. For Benches 2 and 3, comparative fragmentation analyses were conducted between conventional blasts and those utilising air decks positioned in the middle of the explosive column. Furthermore, the impact of multiple mid-air decks within explosive columns was also evaluated at Bench-4. A comparison of blast fragmentation results revealed that fragments obtained through the air decking technique surpassed those from the full-column charge, regardless of air deck placement. Among the tested air deck positions, the single air deck positioned at the middle of the explosive column yielded superior fragmentation results than other locations. In addition, this technique showed a reduction in explosive charge, back break, and toe-related issues.
EN
This paper presents the results of a study investigating the problem of safety in dry milling magnesium alloy AZ91D. Selected indicators of safe machining were analyzed, including time to ignition, ignition temperature, chip mass and morphology. Experiments were performed using carbide end mills with a variable edge helix angle. It was observed that magnesium alloys could be dry milled without the risk of chip ignition. The milling process conducted with the axial depth of cut ap set to 6 mm was found to be optimum (a great amount of leading fraction A was produced). Unfortunately, however, some machining conditions proved to be inductive to the formation of chip powder known as magnesium dust. For most cases, chips obtained using the tool with λs 50° had higher unit mass than those obtained with λs 20°. Metallographic images of chips confirmed the safe range of the machining parameters employed (no partial melting or burn marks were observed). Determined on a specially designed test stand outside of the machine tool, time to ignition can be an effective parameter for performing simplified chip ignition simulations.
EN
A composite protective container is experimentally investigated to counter combined blast, fragmentation and thermal effects from either a 1.0 kg bare or 0.6 kg cased (pipe-bomb) TNT equivalent charge. Commercially available shaving foam was used as the internal filling material. The shaving foam quenched the initial fireball and afterburning reactions. The composite case contained the blast overpressure and prevented the escape of primary fragments. The novel combination of extended polystyrene (EPS) foam, bakelite and polyurethane (PU)-silica composite employed at the container base provided protection against in-contact explosive detonation. Maximum peak reflected overpressure of 86.87 kPa (12.6 psi) was measured at 1.0 m distance for 1.0 kg TNT equivalent charge detonation inside the container. The protective container provided 97% peak overpressure reduction compared to the equivalent surface burst detonation. The fragmentation and their impact on container were simulated using a coupled SPH-ALE approach. Steel casing fragments weighing up to 8.0 g with velocities in the range of 1260-1550 m/s were produced and impacted the container. This investigation provides a basis in the design of a device to combat terrorist devices in public places, high profile meeting venues and transportation systems.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ rodzaju okonturowania, kąta sporządzania dokumentacji fotograficznej oraz typu rozkładu na ocenę fragmentacji urobku. Badania przeprowadzono dla trzech różnych prób, uzyskanych z odstrzelenia bloczków badawczych.. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych zauważono, że największy wpływ na analizę fotogrametryczną ma okonturowanie urobku. Delineacja automatyczna, pomimo że znacząco przyspieszała czas analizy, najczęściej wymagała wykonania przez użytkownika znaczących korekt, które w dużej ilości przypadków nie były możliwe do wprowadzenia. Kąt sporządzania dokumentacji zdjęciowej miał marginalne znaczenie dla wielkości kąta do 45°. Kąt 90° dokładnie obrazował płaszczyznę próby, przez co możliwa była lepsza identyfikacja rozmiaru analizowanych brył. Typ zastosowanego rozkładu miał marginalny wpływ na wynik analiz.
EN
The influence of the type of delineation, angle of photographs from which they were taken, and type of distribution based on which fragmentation assessment was made, were presented in this paper. Researched was made based the muck pile obtained from blasted three individual concrete blocks. On the basis of the obtained data, it was shown that the major influence on the assessment results, had a delineation process. Despite the fact that an automatic delineation, expedite time of the analysis, it most often requires from the user to perform a significant amount of corrections. Moreover in a large number of cases the corrections were not possible to apply. The angle range of 30¸45°, has not significantly influence the results of analysis. Only the angle of 90° showed different results. It was explained by the plane of the test, which made possible better identification of rock boundaries. The type of distribution had a small impact on the fragmentation result.
EN
The fracture and fragmentation of concrete under static and dynamic loads are studied. The uniaxial compressive strength test is employed to study the concrete behavior under static loads while the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used to study the dynamic behavior of the concrete under static loads. The theories for acquiring the stress, strain and strain rate of the concrete in the dynamic test by Hopkinson pressure bar has been introduced. The fracture patterns of the concrete in the uniaxial compressive test have been obtained and the static concrete compressive strengths have been calculated. The fracture patterns of the concrete in the uniaxial compressive test have been obtained and the static concrete compressive strengths have been calculated. The fracture and fragmentation of the specimen under dynamic loads have been acquired and the stress-strain curves of concrete under various impact loads are obtained. The stress-strain curve indicates a typical brittle material failure process which includes existing micro-fracture closure stage, linear-elastic stage, nonlinear-elastic stage, and post-failure stages. The influence of the loading rate for the compressive strength of the concrete has compared. Compared with the concrete under static loads, the dynamic loads can produce more fractures and fragments. The concrete strength is influenced by the strain rate and the strength increases almost linearly with the increase of the strain rate.
EN
Aflexible fractal-like aggregate modelwas used to study deformation and fragmentation of the structure of fractal-like aggregates via their impaction with rigid rough surface.Aggregateswere conveyed one at the time towards a surface under vacuum conditions. The number of primary particles remaining in each fragment, ratio of average fragment radius of gyration after impaction to the average fragment initial radius of gyration and ratio of average coordination number to the initial coordination number were monitored for each individual aggregate. Results demonstrate that depending on the impact velocity, the fractal dimension of the aggregate, the strength of bonds between primary particles, the stiffness of the aggregate structure and the diameter of primary particle composing an aggregate, restructuring or breakage of the aggregate occur. Moreover, in the analysis of the ratio of coordination number of aggregates after impaction to the initial coordination number, three regimes were distinguished: first no deformation at low impact velocities, second restructurisation regime and finally fragmentation regime where partial or total fragmentation of aggregates was observed.
EN
As the dynamic behavior of the concrete is different from that under static load, this research focuses on the study of dynamic responses of concrete by simulating the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. Finite element code LS-DYNA is used for modeling the dynamic behaviors of concrete. Three continuous models are reviewed and the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook model (HJC) is introduced in detail. The HJC model which has been implemented in LS-DYNA is used to represent the concrete properties. The SHPB test model is established and a few stress waves are applied to the incident bar to simulate the dynamic concrete behaviors. The stress-strain curves are obtained. The stress distributions are analyzed. The crack initiation and propagation process are described. It is concluded that: the HJC model can modeling the entire process of the fracture initiation and fragmentation; the compressive of the concrete is significantly influenced by the strain rates.
14
EN
Vehicle speeds have increased due to improved road condition. However, this increased speed can result in high energy collisions. Recently, a vehicle occupant in South Korea was killed by a fragment ejected from a concrete median barrier that was struck by a vehicle. The current design impact level of a concrete median barrier (CMB) is SB5-B (270 kJ). However, the impact level of the mentioned accident was estimated as over SB7 (2300 kJ). In the present work, a series of numerical analyses was conducted to reduce the fragmentations of CMB due to impact. Field test were utilized to verify the newly developed model of CMB in impact events. The wire-mesh reinforcements and increment of the cross section were considered as design modifications. In particular, a special device to absorb a significant collision energy has been developed without a dramatic increase in construction cost. This device consists of an empty space around the dowel bars which fix the barrier to the foundation. The empty space allows the dowel bars to deform to absorb collision energy. The performance of the new concrete median barrier equipped with the shock absorbing devices was verified by using carefully designed field test data.
PL
W niniejszym artykule omówiono wpływ rozdrobnienia granulowanego żużla wielkopiecowego na wytrzymałości cementów hutniczych. Do badań stosowano zmielony granulowany żużel wielkopiecowy o powierzchni właściwej 3800, 4500 i 6000 cm2/g według Blaine’a. Jako materiał odniesienia wykorzystano cement portlandzki CEM I 42,5R. Cementy do badań sporządzono poprzez zmieszanie cementu CEM I z dodatkiem 50–70% masy żużla. Sporządzone cementy badano przy różnym współczynniku wodno-cementowym w/c, obniżając go do wartości 0,4 i 0,3. W celu uzyskania wymaganej konsystencji zastosowano domieszkę upłynniającą nowej generacji. Analizowano wytrzymałość normową zapraw po 2, 7, 28 i 90 dniach twardnienia. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że wzrost rozdrobnienia żużla bardzo efektywnie kształtuje wytrzymałość cementów hutniczych.
EN
In this article the impact of granulated blast furnace slag on the strength of slag cements is analyze. The ground granulated blast furnace slag with a surface area of 3800, 4500 and 6000 cm2/g according to Blaine were study. The Portland cement CEM I 42.5R was used as the reference material. Cements for testing were prepared by mixing CEM I cement with an addition of 50 – 70% of the slag mass. Cements were tested with reduced water-cement ratios to 0.4 and 0.3. In order to obtain the required consistency, a new generation admixture was applied. The standard strengths of mortars after 2, 7, 28 and 90 days of hardening were tested. The test results confirmed that the increase of slag surface area very effectively shapes the strength of slag cements.
EN
One of the main purpose of accurate blasting in open pit mining is to achieve optimum rock fragmentation. The degree of rock fragmentation plays a significant role in order to control and minimise the overall production cost including loading, hauling and crushing. In the present paper, the application of a Number-Size (N-S) fractal model is intended to classify the blast fragmentation size in the Jalal-Abad iron mine, SW Iran, using GoldSize image analysis software for four blasting with the obtained result being compared with Kuz-Ram curves. To do this, the fractal dimensions via N-S log-log plots were generated based on the output of the GoldSize software. The results indicated that the fragmented rocks have a multifractal nature with four/five different fragmented populations in terms of size namely; the fine rocks with the size of less than 16 cm, Mean-fragment values between 16 and 45 cm, In-range between 45 and 70 cm and finally, oversize larger than 70 cm.
PL
Jednym z głównych celów prowadzenia prac strzałowych w kopalniach odkrywkowych jest uzyskanie fragmentów skał o optymalnych rozmiarach. Stopień rozkruszania skał jest kluczowym czynnikiem decydującym o całkowitych kosztach produkcji, obejmujących także koszty załadunku, odstawy urobku i rozdrobnienia. W pracy tej omówiono zastosowanie modelu fraktalnego N-S (Number-Size) do klasyfikacji fragmentów skał uzyskanych w wyniku prowadzenia prac strzałowych w kopalni rud żelaza Jalal-Abad, w południowo-zachodnich rejonach Iranu. W analizach wykorzystano oprogramowanie do analizy obrazów GoldSize, wyniki uzyskane po czterech seriach prac strzałowych porównano następnie z wykresami Kuz-Ram. W tym celu na podstawie danych wyjściowych uzyskanych przy pomocy pakietu GoldSize wygenerowano wymiary fraktalne w oparciu o wykresy N-S w pełnej skali logarytmicznej. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że uzyskane fragmenty skalne miały charakter multi-fraktalny, obejmując cztery lub pięć populacji odłamków różniących się w kategorii rozmiarów: skały drobne o wymiarach poniżej 16 cm, odłamki o średniej wielkości: pomiędzy 16 a 45 cm, odłamki o rozmiarach w zakresie 45-70 cm i odłamki duże, o wymiarach powyżej 70 cm.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie techniki fotogrametrycznej w ruchu rosyjskiego zakładu górniczego prowadzącego podziemną eksploatacje diamentów. Analizy z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania komputerowego Split Desktop 2.0. przeprowadzono dla dwóch różnych usypów urobku otrzymanych z ostatniej fazy wypuszczanej warstwy kompensacyjnej. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz zauważono, że stopniowemu odebraniu urobku towarzyszy zwiększony wychód brył nadgabarytowych oraz frakcji najdrobniejszej.
EN
This paper presents the indirect method of mock pile fragmentation evaluation. The photographic documentation was taken in one of the Russian diamond underground mines. The evaluation of fragmentation of two different mock piles obtained from the last phase of sublevel caving was performed in the Split Desktop 2.0 software. According to the analysis, it can be observed that the amount of oversize block and fines increases with a taken ore.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono pośredni sposób oceny fragmentacji urobku z wykorzystaniem metody fotogrametrycznej na podstawie sporządzonej dokumentacji fotograficznej, przy użyciu programu komputerowego Split desktop 2.0. Analizę wykonano w oparciu o dane dla dwóch rosyjskich kopalni rudnych prowadzących eksploatację z zastosowaniem systemu podpółkowego z czołowym wypuszczaniem urobku z zawałem stropu.
EN
The indirect method of the output’s fragmentation assesment is presented in the article. The fragmentation assessment was mad in the Split Desktop 2.0. software, based on the photographic documentation which was taken after the blasting works. The data were obtained from the sublevel caving mining method.
19
Content available remote Features of the process of obtaining nanosized carbon material
EN
In the conditions of an economic crisis, for the purpose of preservation of profitability of production energy saving technologies of processing of brown coal are developed. The main direction of use of brown coal is its fuel use on thermal power plants (TPP), small boiler rooms and the production enterprises and for the preparat ion coal-water fuel. For their preparation for combustion padding expenses, bound to drying and subdivision are required. The equipment for drying and subdivision of coal occupies the larger spaces, has high metal and power consumption. Unlike liquid and gaseous fuel natural coals have high ash content and humidity. Therefore there is a need of modernization of processes of preparation of fuel for combustion for the purpose of increase of overall performance of thermal power plants, to decrease in energy consumption, decrease of sulfur and nitrogen in brown coal.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie techniki fotogrametrycznej w ruchu rosyjskich zakładów górniczych prowadzących eksploatacje rud metali i diamentów. Analizy z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania komputerowego Split Desktop 2.0. przeprowadzono dla trzech różnych usypów urobku otrzymanych z ostatniej fazy wypuszczanej warstwy kompensacyjnej. Dodatkowo w artykule przedstawiono ocenę jednorodności usypu przy użyciu wskaźnika Hazena stosowanego w Rosji jako wskaźnika umożliwiającego dodatkową ocenę prowadzonych robót strzałowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań zauważono, że średnia ważona wielkość brył w odstrzelonym urobku znajduje się w zakresie wielkości przyjętych przez kopalnię. Otrzymany podczas analizy wskaźnik Hazen wskazuje zaś, że analizowane usypy są wielofrakcyjne co można tłumaczyć sposobem prowadzenia eksploatacji.
EN
The application of photogrammetry analysis in evaluation of the muck pile fragmentation of Russian diamond and nickel ore mines was presented in the article. The evaluation was per-formed in the Split Desktop 2.0 software based on the photographic documentation of three different muck piles obtained from the last phase of sublevel caving. Moreover calculation of the Hazen index which may be applied in Russia as an additional tool to evaluate blasting works was included. According to performed analysis it can be observe that the average grain diameters were in the optimum range. Furthermore the Hazen index shows that all analyzed muck piles should be evaluated as various grain size. This could be explained by the type of exploitation system which was used during ore extraction. In publications, there is a review of the knowledge related to salt flotation and it presents the results of the analysis of the efficiency of the flotation process for coal as a raw material. The qualitative parameters of the enrichment products were evaluated based on flotation tests that were carried out for variable pulp salinity conditions. The main aim was to determine the impact of technolo¬gical water quality on the course and effectiveness of the flotation process.
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