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EN
This paper introduces the issue of supporting operation and diagnostic processes of technical facilities, as well as the possibility of using modern technologies that facilitate and increase the operational safety, on the basis of the procedural and diagnostic simulator of the anti-aircraft missile set. The paper presents the system’s construction, a training concept, and the most important technical issues in the simulator’s design using virtual and augmented reality. The simulator in the virtual technology creates new quality in the process of acquiring knowledge and experience by its users, reduces the training costs, and at the same time, it is a device that provides multilateral development opportunities in technological terms. The paper demonstrates a new approach to the use of modern graphics and simulation technologies, which focused on operational applications in the aviation training so far. An innovative approach through the preparation of training for technical personnel was offered. This new approach results in a very important aspect, which is a life cycle of such prepared training, because, thanks to the use of virtual technology, it is possible to very quickly adapt the simulator, and thus the training, for the real equipment after its modernisation. For this purpose, software (graphics and interactions) is modified in the simulator, and the training can be continued without the need of building a new simulator. The vulnerability of modern technologies for implementation in all areas of life, especially in the broadly understood education, was also emphasised.
PL
Artykuł przybliża problematykę wspomagania procesu obsługi i diagnostyki obiektów technicznych, jak również możliwości zastosowania nowoczesnych technologii ułatwiających i zwiększających bezpieczeństwo obsługi na przykładzie symulatora proceduralno-diagnostycznego przeciwlotniczego zestawu rakietowego. W artykule przedstawiono budowę systemu, koncepcję szkolenia oraz najważniejsze zagadnienia techniczne w projektowaniu symulatora wykorzystującego wirtualną i poszerzoną rzeczywistość. Symulator w technologii wirtualnej tworzy nową jakość w procesie nabywania wiedzy i doświadczenia przez jego użytkowników, redukuje koszty szkolenia, jednocześnie jest to urządzenie dające wielostronne możliwości rozwoju pod kątem technologicznym. W artykule zaprezentowano nowe podejście do wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii graficznych i symulacji, które do tej pory w szkoleniu lotniczym skupiało się na zastosowaniach operacyjnych. Zaproponowano nowatorskie podejście poprzez przygotowanie szkolenia dla personelu technicznego. To nowe podejście przekłada się na bardzo ważny aspekt, czyli cykl życia tak przygotowanego szkolenia, ponieważ dzięki zastosowaniu technologii wirtualnej jest możliwe bardzo szybkie dostosowanie symulatora, a tym samym szkolenia, do sprzętu realnego po jego modernizacji. W tym celu w symulatorze modyfikowane jest oprogramowanie (grafika i interakcje) i szkolenie może być kontynuowane bez potrzeby budowania nowego symulatora. Podkreślono również podatność nowoczesnych technologii do implementacji w każdej dziedzinie życia, a szczególnie w szeroko rozumianej edukacji.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję symulatora proceduralno-diagnostycznego, który w sposób wirtualny będzie obrazował przeciwlotniczy zestaw rakietowy, jego podstawowe elementy techniczne, występujące uszkodzenia i ich objawy, oraz umożliwi prowadzenie wybranych elementów z pracy bojowej przez obsługę w warunkach symulacji sytuacji powietrznej. Symulator w technologii wirtualnej tworzy nową jakość w procesie nabywania wiedzy i doświadczenia przez jego użytkowników, jednocześnie jest to narzędzie dające wielostronne możliwości rozwoju.
EN
The article presents the concept of a procedural and diagnostic simulator, which will image the NEWA SC air defense missile system, its basic technical elements, occurring faults and their symptoms in a virtual way and will enable conducting of elements selected from the combat mode by a personnel in conditions of air situation simulation. The virtual reality simulator creates new quality in the process of acquiring knowledge and experience by its users, and at the same time, it is a tool that provides multiple development possibilities.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia główne aspekty tworzenia wirtualnego środowiska trójwymiarowego na przykładzie prezentowanego symulatora. Opisano w nim podstawowe działania projektowe niezbędne do wykonania w procesie kreowania wirtualnej rzeczywistości oraz sposoby realizacji interakcji pomiędzy operatorem a obiektami będącymi elementami symulatora.
EN
The article presents major aspects of a three-dimensional virtual environment development by the presented simulator. Fundamentals of project's activities which were indispensable for carrying out in development process of virtual reality and also the way of achieving interaction between operator and subjects as being parts of simulator has been reported.
EN
The paper analyses the production and allocation of biomass in young, spontaneous silver birch afforestation occurring on post-agricultural lands in the Mazowsze region (central Poland). We investigated 114 sample plots of age varying from 1 to 19 years. During the first 15 years after their establishment on abandoned farmland, the naturally regenerated silver birch stands produced on average approximately 75 tons of dry biomass per hectare. The major (50–70%) part of this biomass was stored in the tree stems and this share increased with age. The fractions of biomass in the foliage and roots decreased over time, while the share of biomass in the branches remained rather constant. The significant age-dependency of the allometric relationships suggested the need to use age-sensitive biomass expansion factors to estimate the biomass from the stem volume.
EN
Research on the effect of birch regeneration on changes occurring in the environment on former farmlands included a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the biomass growing on the research plots. Five experimental plots were selected in the Mazovia region: two in Dobieszyn and the Kampinos National Park and one in Kozienice. The analysis performed on each plot was concerned with the amount and chemical composition of biomass in four patches of vegetation, characterised by the different ages of the birch trees growing there. The vegetation patches were classified according to age group, i.e. I: 1–4 years old, II: 5–8 years old, III: 9–12 years old and IV: over 12 years old. Biomass samples were collected in the field and determined in kg DM/ha using the following components: roots, stem, bark, branches, assimilation apparatus, litterfall and the total biomass of the other (except birch) plants. For all the above-mentioned groups, the content of the elements N, C, S, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd was determined. This allowed us to obtain both the values of the concentrations of particular substances and their allocation in both the organic matter and litterfall. The aim of the research was to discover whether the allocation of elements changes with the age of birch growing on former farmland.
8
Content available remote Climate influence on radial increment of oak (Quercus sp.) in central Poland
EN
The study investigates the influence of climate conditions on radial increment of oak, with special concern to the situations when analysed trees formed conspicuously wider or narrower tree-rings. The research material was collected in four locations in central Poland within natural range of pedunculate and sessile oaks. The elaborated residual chronologies were correlated with CRUTS 2.1 climate data. The analyses included thermal and pluvial conditions spanning from April of the year prior to ring formation to September of the current growth year. Special interest was paid to simple water ability index that combined both temperature and precipitation during the vegetation season. Additionally, pointer year analysis was carried out to determine situations when conspicuously small-er or larger increment was formed. Investigated chronologies cover the period of 1927-1992 (Łochów), 1845-1992 (Płońsk), 1868-1992 (Pułtusk), and 1796-1992 (Sokołów). The analysed oaks from sites in central Poland exhibit growth patterns comparable with those known form previous studies concerning that species, where influence of precipitation (higher and positive) and temperature (negative) have been observed. Extreme growth reactions expressed by negative and positive pointer years turned to present high dependence of ana-lysed oak’ growth on water availability during vegetation season.
10
Content available remote Wykorzystanie technologii naziemnego skaningu laserowego w inwentaryzacji lasu
EN
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is the technology of the last few years. Within wide areas of its application, a big potential has been found for scientific and operational use of this technique to register and measure various characteristic features of forest environment. In Poland, the technology has been applied, among others, within the framework of the research project entitled .Forest inventory based on integration of various different geomatics techniques., commissioned by the General Directorate of State Forests to be implemented in the years 2006.2008. The goal of the project is to select methods of remote data collection suitable for forestry uses and to elaborate a forest inventory method based on selected geomatic techniques, including TLS technology. FARO LS 880 scanner was selected for the project. The main research area consists of sample plots located in the Milicz forest district. Consecutive tests were performed in Sławno, Chojna, Zielonka and Grodzisk forest districts. Tests of various variants of data collection and processing were performed. The obtained results concerning measurement accuracy and the scope of collected data were compared with traditional forest inventory methods.
EN
Effects of increasing CO2 content in the atmosphere of Earth have been widely discussed for a long time and found their expression in a form of the .Kyoto Protocol.. The document shows various ways of reducing the CO2 content. Forest management is listed as one of such possibilities. Thus, the important issue arises to monitor carbon amount accumulated or released as a result of forest ecosystem management as well as to predict its changes depending on various scenarios. The importance of this problem persuaded the General Directorate of State Forests to fund a research project entitled .The Carbon balance in biomass of the major forest forming species in Poland.. The goal of the project is to elaborate and validate allometric equations and expansion factors for determining the biomass of forest stands. Methods to assess amount of carbon accumulated in forest ecosystems as well as methods of detecting changes in carbon accumulation and dynamics resulting from various ways of forest management were also to be elaborated. The first stage of the research, planned for years 2007.2010, is to be performed on about 300 sample plots representing different age classes and sites for 8 major forest tree species and 12 species of shrubs. Empirical equations and expansion factors for determining biomass of trees, shrubs, forest floor, and carbon sequestered in stands will be worked out based on direct and indirect measurements of various forest attributes. The valuable element of the project is a possibility of data integration and comparison of various research methods (satellite and airborne imagery, airborne and terrestrial laser scanning, hemispheric images). As a result of the project, also answers to the following questions are expected: What is the influence of LAI, determined with the use of various methods (hemispheric images, airborne and satellite imagery, and airborne and terrestrial laser scanning), on the accuracy of tree biomass and stand carbon balance assessment? What is the role of vegetation indices on tree biomass assessment accuracy? Does the terrestrial laser scanning significantly increase accuracy and precision, and shorten time of tree, stand and forest floor plants. measurements and their biomass assessment?
EN
In the last decade, among various remote sensing inventory methods based on the LIDAR technology, airborne laser scanning (ALS) gained much popularity. The advantages of this method (integration with high-resolution digital imagery and a possibility of performing an accurate inventory of various forest objects over large area) make it a valuable source of data for GIS systems in Polish State Forests. The quality and usefulness of these data is currently validated within the framework of a few research projects in forest districts (Milicz, Rogów, Chojna, .wieradów and Szklarska Poręba), and financed by the State Forests, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, and the European InterReg program. The goal of these studies is to elaborate a forest inventory method suitable for preparation of forest management plans. The method should be applicable not only for the assessment of current state of the forest, but also for predicting development of forest resources in the future.
PL
Przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania włókien światłowodowych do obserwowania i diagnozowania konstrukcji inżynierskich. Omówiono podstawowe rodzaje czujników światłowodowych i ich zastosowanie do dużych konstrukcji budowlanych. Konfiguracje systemów diagnostycznych pokazano na przykładzie torów bezstykowych, cięgien konstrukcji sprzężonych, zbiorników na paliwa płynne, konstrukcji żelbetowych.
EN
The article presents the possibilities of use of fiber optics and fiber optic sensors for monitoring and diagnosis of civil engineering structures. The authors provide information about standard fiber optic sensors and their applications in large scale structures. The configuration of diagnostic system was presented on following examples: railroad tracks, tanks for liquid petrol, concrete structures.
EN
In this paper the civil engineering applications of fiber optic sensors are presented. The experimental study conducted on concrete beam using modified Fabry-Perot sensors. The system for monitoring the performance of the steel tank under wind action and foundation settlement is based on the Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer. Although the use of continuous optic sensor in civil engineering structures seems to be promising, the extensive experimental studies and in situ tests must be conducted.
15
Content available remote Nowe kierunki pomiaru lasu z wykorzystaniem narzędzi teledetekcyjnych
EN
The paper discusses methodological aspects of a research project financed by the State Forests dealing with forest inventory with the use of modern geomatic technologies (terrestrial and airborne laser scanning, hemispherical photographs, LAI, Mobile Mapping System, very high resolution satellite images).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono na podstawie badań własnych i analizy literatury wpływ najważniejszych czynników na efektywność eksploatacji narzędzi skrawających przy obróbce nadstopów na bazie niklu. Opisano mechanizm zużywania się ostrzy narzędzi wykonanych z węglików spiekanych, ceramiki narzędziowej i regularnego azotku boru (CBN). Przedstawione wyniki badań mogą stanowić podstawę prawidłowego doboru narzędzi i warunków obróbki.
EN
This paper aims at presenting factors (from ours investigation and another presentation in a lot of papers) influence on effective exploitation of tools in deferent process of cutting of nickel-base super alloys.
PL
Artykuł omawia procedury oraz wyniki zastosowania algorytmu ewolucyjnego do optymalizacji harmonogramu pracy gniazda produkcyjnego. Przedstawiono model matematyczny zadania harmonogramowania. Omówiono zastosowane operacje genetyczne: selekcję, krzyżowanie i mutację. Wyniki obliczeń opracowanego programu komputerowego dotyczą optymalizacji kolejności 15 zadań produkcyjnych realizowanych w gnieździe produkcyjnym złożonym z 10 stanowisk.
EN
The paper discusses the procedures and the results application of evolutionary algorithm to the optimization of a workcell operation schedule. Presented is a mathematical model of a scheduling problem. Discussed are the genetic operations used: selection, crossing and mutation. The results of the computations of the computer program developed relate to the optimization of the sequence of 15 production tasks realized in a workcell composed of 10 workstands.
EN
The paper presents a methodology of parametric multiobjective optimization of multi-tool machining operations with simultaneously active tools. The optimum in Pareto sense is determined making use of minimum unit cost and time criteria. In order to provide the desired production profitability, a minimum unit price criterion is used for selecting one solutions in the second stage of the multiobjective optimization. This criterion is based on the unit time and cost criteria and the amount of the profit required. It is presented a potential for the use of genetic algorithms in selecting multiobjective optimum values of the cutting parameters. On an example of the operation of boring holes shown is the way of determining the optimum values of the cutting parameters in particular cuts, taking into account the feasible solution domain constraints.
PL
Przedstawiono metodykę polioptymalizacji parametrycznej wielonarzędziowych operacji obróbki wiórowej z jednoczesną pracą narzędzi. W celu określenia optimum w sensie Pareto wykorzystano kryteria minimalnego kosztu i czasu jednostkowego. Dla zapewnienia pożądanej rentowności produkcji zastosowano - do wyboru jednego rozwiązania w drugim etapie polioptymalizacji - kryterium minimalnej ceny jednostkowej, oparte na kryteriach czasu i kosztu jednostkowego oraz wielkości wymaganego zysku. Przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania algorytmów genetycznych do doboru polioptymalnych wartości parametrów skrawania. Na przykładzie operacji wytaczania otworów pokazano sposób wyznaczania optymalnych wartości parametrów skrawania w zabiegach, z uwzględnieniem ograniczeń obszaru rozwiązań dopuszczalnych.
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