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1

Studying the optical and morphology properties of PMMA and BaTio₃/Sb₂O₃ PMMA hybrid nanoparticles coatings doped for application coatings solar cells and electronic screen

Rasheed Fatima, Salah Ali, Kazem Ammar

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2025

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

465--481

EN

This article primarily aims to define the parameters related to the optical and morphological properties of solvent-cast and spun-spun coatings for coatings that offer protection against environmental conditions. It also seeks to better understand how to control the morphology and properties of coated thin films used in high-performance polymer solar cells and electronic displays to meet the protection requirements of these coatings in the aforementioned applications. This composite nano coating promotes sustainability in various ways. It increases the energy efficiency of electronic displays and solar cells, thus reducing consumption and the carbon footprint. It also enhances the durability and stability of solar cells and electronics, extending their lifespan and directly reducing electronic waste. The hybrid coating layer improves light absorption, thereby increasing the efficiency of solar and electronic cell coatings while simultaneously providing environmental protection. With increased efficiency of the hybrid materials, the efficiency of solar cells can be further improved. Hybridizing poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) with barium titanate/antimony dioxide (BaTiO₃/Sb₂O₃) via solvent casting or spin coating enhances its properties, resulting in thin nanocomposites. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the materials used to improve coatings for solar cells and electronic displays. The energy gap between the BaTiO₃/Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles decreased (from 2.4 eV for pure PMMA nanoparticles to 2 eV for PMMA nanoparticles at a concentration of 2.7 wt.%), indicating improved infrared shielding. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed, allowing for load transfer and dispersion at low concentrations (0.9-2.7%), with some agglomeration occurring at 2.7%. Infrared spectroscopy revealed physical bonds (hydrogen bonds/dipole interactions) between the nanoparticles and the PMMA material, with no chemical bonds present. The unique structure and optical properties of the nanocomposites suggest their potential for developing protective coatings with enhanced properties. Anti-reflective treatment was achieved using a simple spin-coating method based on solvent casting, resulting in a significant increase in the reflectance coefficient and the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency to approximately 100 electrons in the visible spectrum. Our results demonstrate significant potential for developing high-efficiency hybrid solar cell coatings and electronic coatings, as well as hybrid nanoparticle structures, which are of considerable research interest.

2

Wpływ aktywacji powierzchni ekspandowanego polipropylenu na przyczepność powłoki lakierowej

Suchoń Katarzyna, Langer Ewa, Kozakiewicz Ewa, Zubielewicz Małgorzata

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2025

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nr 10

292--298

PL

Powierzchnia tworzyw polimerowych jest słabo zwilżalna, co sprawia, że jest ona trudna do malowania. Mała wartość swobodnej energii powierzchniowej tworzyw nie sprzyja dobrej przyczepności powłok lakierowych. Skuteczne metody zwiększenia przyczepności to doda tek do wyrobów lakierowych promotorów adhezji albo aktywacja powierzchni tworzywa metodą obróbki płomieniowej, chemicznej lub plazmowej. Opracowaną w Instytucie Materiałów Polimerowych farbę przeznaczoną do malowania ekspandowanego polipropylenu (EPP) przebadano pod względem przyczepności do podłoża w zależności od różnych parametrów plazmowej aktywacji powierzchni. Badano wpływ mocy generatora, liczby przejść głowicy, odległości głowicy od podłoża, a także czasu między aktywacją a pomalowaniem EPP. Na podstawie wyników badań ustalono optymalne warunki aktywacji.

EN

The surface of polymer materials is poorly wettable, making them dif f icult to paint. The low surface free energy of plastics hinders good ad hesion of coating materials. Effective methods for increasing adhesion include adding adhesion promoters to paints or activating the mate rial’s surface using flame, chemical, or plasma treatment. The paint developed at the Institute of Polymer Materials for painting expanded polypropylene (EPP) was tested for adhesion to the substrate depend ing on various parameters of plasma surface activation. The effects of generator power, the number of head passes, the head’s distance from the substrate, and the time between activation and painting were ex amined. Based on the test results, optimal activation conditions were determined.

3

Cyclic oxidation of 304L and 316L stainless steel coated and uncoated with Cr3C2–NiCr at elevated temperatures

Kumar Naveen, Alam Md Sarfaraz, Mishra Nagendra Kumar, Kumar Sujeet, Giri Jayant, Aly Ayman A., Gupta Gaurav Kumar

Materials Science Poland

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2025

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Vol. 43, No. 1

103--114

EN

Failure of the boiler, gas turbine, incinerator, and other power-producing machines is mainly caused by the metals’ oxidation and alloys at high temperature service environment. It is a common practice to apply thermal barrier coating to increase the resistance to oxidation of metal alloys when subjected to high temperatures. In the current research, an effort has been made to apply a coating of Cr3C2–NiCr using the detonation gun (D-gun) technique on stainless steel (SS) 304L and SS 316L. The characteristics of coatings have been studied at 750 and 850°C. A cyclic oxidation process was carried out in a muffle furnace for 50 cycles. For each cycle, 304L and 316L SS, both bare and coated, are heated for 1 h in a muffle furnace and cooled for 20 min in ambient air. Under the investigated conditions, the Cr3C2–NiCr coating sprayed with a D-gun exhibited outstanding adhesion to the substrate alloy. A weight change/area versus the number of cycles plot has been drawn to understand the kinetics of oxidation. SS 304L coating has shown approximately 26.54 and 21.93% improvement in oxidation resistance at 850 and 750°C, respectively. For SS, 316L coating has shown approximately 27.67 and 25.92% improvement in the oxidation resistance, respectively, at 850 and 750°C. The oxide-scale-generated Cr3C2 phase demonstrated notable resistance to oxidation throughout the 50 cycles of cyclic oxidation at 750 and 850°C. The weight change/area shows that 316L has much better oxidation resistance than 304L at both temperatures of 750 and 850°C. The application of such coatings at high temperatures may reduce the formation of oxide scale which attacks and corrodes exhaust valves, turbocharger nozzles, and blade.

4

Study on the Effect of Energetic Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer on the Thermal Decomposition Performance of 5-AT/NC Energetic System

Peng Jinyu, Zhang Bobo, Liu Xiang, Zhao Liangyou, An Chongwei, Liang Taixin

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2025

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Vol. 22, no. 4

511--539

EN

Nitrogen-rich-compounds have been widely used in pyrotechnic composition and gas generators due to their high gas yield, enthalpy of formation, and environmental friendliness. However, when various nitrogen-rich compounds are used in combination with other energetic materials, adverse phenomena such as reduced thermal stability occur in the mixture. Therefore, GAP-ETPE (GAP-based energetic thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer) is selected as the coating material to enhance the thermal stability of the incompatible energetic compounds, 5-AT (5-amino-tetrazole) and NC (nitrocellulose). A relatively complete ETPE coating layer was successfully formed on the surface of 5-AT particles by solvent evaporation method. The DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter) and VST (Vacuum stability test) test results show that when 5-AT@ETPE is mixed with NC, the variation in decomposition temperature is reduced by 4.4℃, and the net increase in gas release in the stability test is reduced by 35%. Compared with NC/5-AT, the initial activation energy of the mixed system NC/5-AT@ETPE is increased and the activation energy of the reaction process is more stable. The interaction between gas-phase products such as NO2 with NH2CN and HN3 weakens, the characteristic peak of the 5-AT side reaction product NH4 appears, and the decomposition synergy phenomenon between 5-AT and NC is weakened.

5

Reduction of epoxy resin VOCs using higher fatty acids from the agricultural industry : a review

Hunek Robert, Franus Wojciech

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

45--56

EN

A disadvantage of many commonly used impregnants and resins is their high toxicity, related to the presence of harmful aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their composition. VOCs account for a relatively large approx. 30% portion in the synthetic resins industry. One idea for reducing or eliminating VOCs from the production of resins, paints is the use of high-quality intermediates and biodegradable raw materials. A perspective on novel approaches to protecting concrete surfaces was presented, involving a concept of using two types of higher fatty acids for this purpose: stearic acid (STA) and methyl esters (ME). Recent technological advancements have centered on vegetable oil feedstocks for industrial applications. This is due to their suitability for industrial production of agents, as they substitute non-renewable hydrocarbons. The cited tests confirm the hydrophobic nature of coatings formed using STA and ME on various materials. From the analysis of the literature, it appears that the study of anticorrosion coatings with biodegradable admixtures, i.e. higher fatty acids, should be developed because of their promising results in efficiency, reduction of toxic substances (VOCs) and their impact on the environment.

PL

Wadą wielu powszechnie stosowanych impregnatów i żywic jest ich wysoka toksyczność, związana z obecnością szkodliwych węglowodorów aromatycznych i lotnych związków organicznych (LZO) w ich składzie. LZO stanowią stosunkowo dużą, ok. 30% część w przemyśle żywic syntetycznych. Jednym z pomysłów na redukcję lub wyeliminowanie LZO z produkcji żywic i farb jest stosowanie wysokiej jakości półproduktów i biodegradowalnych surowców. Przedstawiono perspektywę nowych podejść do ochrony powierzchni betonowych, obejmującą koncepcję wykorzystania w tym celu dwóch rodzajów wyższych kwasów tłuszczowych: kwasu stearynowego (STA) i estrów metylowych (ME). Ostatnie postępy technologiczne skupiają się na surowcach z olejów roślinnych do zastosowań przemysłowych. Wynika to z ich przydatności do przemysłowej produkcji środków, ponieważ zastępują one nieodnawialne węglowodory. Przytoczone badania potwierdzają hydrofobowy charakter powłok tworzonych przy użyciu STA i ME na różnych materiałach. Z analizy literatury wynika, że należy rozwijać badania nad powłokami antykorozyjnymi z domieszkami biodegradowalnymi, tj. wyższymi kwasami tłuszczowymi, ze względu na ich obiecujące wyniki w zakresie efektywności, redukcji substancji toksycznych (LZO) i ich wpływu na środowisko.

6

Analysis of the performance properties of coating systems for military applications

Radek Norbert, Michalski Marek, Kamiński Janusz, Szczepaniak Marcin, Kowalkowski Stanisław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 5

200--212

EN

The article contains an assessment of the physicochemical properties of two-layer masking coatings with the possibility of application in military technology. The fabricated double-layer camouflage coatings have features of innovation, in particular, a small thickness in relation to those currently offered by global armaments companies. Masking paint systems were tested for performance properties based on microstructure analysis and measurements of surface roughness, adhesion, hardness and corrosion and erosion resistance tests. Performance tests were conducted for paint systems manufactured with three options: coating system (SP1), coating system modified with carbon nanotubes (SP2), coating system modified with glass microspheres (SP3). The microstructure analysis showed that the above-mentioned paint systems are characterized by continuity and homogeneity and are free of pores and microcracks. In addition, the paint masking systems have low values of roughness parameters, good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. The developed and manufactured two-layer coatings can be successfully applied to armaments and military vehicles.

7

Influence of Protective Powder Coating Technology on Tribocorrosive Wear

Napiórkowski Jerzy, Lemecha Magdalena, Ligier Krzysztof, Kowalewski Marcin

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 4

77--83

EN

Protective coatings are increasingly used in various branches of industry and agriculture due to their resistance to tribocorrosive wear. The coating application technology affects both the coefficient of friction and wear resistance. This study analyzes the wear process of paint coatings applied using different technologies. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using a T-20 tester in two variants: under dry friction conditions and with the use of a slurry. Additionally, under natural conditions, tribocorrosive wear was assessed in three types of soil. The results of the conducted research indicate that, among the tested coatings, the lowest wear intensity under dry friction conditions was observed in a single-layer coating obtained using the cataphoresis method. This was followed by a coating obtained using a combination of cataphoresis and spray application. The other two coatings were characterized by higher wear intensity. Different relationships were observed during the testing of coatings in the abrasive slurry. In this case, the lowest wear intensity was observed in the coating obtained through a combination of electrophores with spray applictaion.

PL

Powłoki ochronne znajdują coraz szersze zastosowanie w różnych gałęziach przemysłu oraz w rolnictwie ze względu na odporność na zużycie tribokorozyjne. Technologia nanoszenia powłok ma zarówno wpływ na współczynnik tarcia, jak również na odporność na zużycie. W pracy przedstawiono analizę procesu zużywania powłok malarskicha nakładanych różnymi technologiami. Eksperyment przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych z wykorzystaniem testera T-20 w dwóch wariantach, w warunkach tarcia suchego i z użyciem zawiesiny. Natomiast w warunkach naturalnych oceniono zużycie tribokorozyjne w trzech rodzajach gleb. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że najniższą intensywnością zużycia spośród badanych powłok w warunkach tarcia suchego charakteryzowała się pojedyncza powłoka uzyskana metodą kataforezy. Kolejną powłokę uzyskano metodą kataforezy i natryskowo. Pozostałe dwie powłoki charakteryzowały się wyższą intensywnością zużycia. Odmienne zależności uzyskano podczas badania powłok w zawiesinie ściernej. W tym przypadku najniższą intensywnością zużycia charakteryzowała się powłoka uzyskana poprzez elektroforezę i natryskiwanie.

8

Nowy rodzaj powłoki podłogowej w kurnikach, zaprojektowany w celu optymalizacji wskaźników fizykochemicznych podczas chowu drobiu

Adamska Joanna, Pankiewicz Radosław

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 9

1025--1028

PL

Opracowano produkt powłokowy na bazie dyspersji alkidowej modyfikowanej uretanem z dodatkiem dyspersji siloksanowej, wzbogacony ekstraktami i olejkami roślinnymi, który nałożony na podłogę w kurniku, tworzy warstwę izolacyjną przeciwko patogenom. Powłoka korzystnie wpływa na wilgotność ściółki i zapylenie, a także parametry dobrostanu drobiu i wskaźniki zootechniczne hodowli wielkopowierzchniowej.

EN

A coating formulation based on com. urethane-modified alkyd and siloxane dispersions enriched with plant extracts and oils was developed and coated on a poultry house floor to create an insulating layer against pathogens. The coating had a beneficial effect on litter moisture and dust levels, as well as poultry welfare parameters and zootechnical indicators of large-scale breeding.

9

Wybrane aspekty nośności konstrukcji powłokowej podziemnego obiektu magazynowego

Partyka Jacek, Krysiak Piotr, Kokocińska-Pakiet Elżbieta, Przybyłko Grzegorz

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 3

39--43

PL

W pracy przedstawiono przebieg i wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nośności konstrukcji powłokowej modelu podziemnego obiektu magazynowego. W przeprowadzonych badaniach wytrzymałościowych określono nośność konstrukcji modelu w wyniku oddziaływania ustalonego obciążenia siłą skupioną, a także wskazano na wielkości odkształceń elementów konstrukcyjnych modelu i zasypu gruntowego pod wpływem tego obciążenia. Ponadto określono wartość maksymalnego obciążenia, w wyniku którego uwidoczniły się na wewnętrznej powierzchni powłoki modelu, uszkodzenia w postaci rys i pęknięć. Badania eksperymentalne miały na celu potwierdzenie deklarowanej przez Producenta nośności konstrukcji i posłużą do wypracowania wniosków, mających na celu optymalizację technologii wytwarzania innych wyrobów przez producenta – Piwniczki Sp. z o.o.

EN

The paper presents the course and results of experimental tests of the load-bearing capacity of the shell structure of a model of an underground warehouse facility. In the strength tests carried out, the load-bearing capacity of the model structure was determined as a result of the impact of a fixed concentrated force load, and the amounts of deformation of the model’s structural elements and the soil backfill under the influence of this load were also indicated. In addition, the value of the maximum load was determined, as a result of which damage in the form of scratches and cracks was visible on the inner surface of the model coating. The experimental tests were aimed at confirming the load-bearing capacity of the structure declared by the manufacturer and will be used to develop conclusions aimed at optimizing the technology of producing other products by the manufacturer – Piwniczki Sp. z o.o.

10

Analysis of the impact of post-process modifications on the properties of TiO2 thin films with high-temperature stable anatase phase deposited by the electron beam evaporation method

Obstarczyk Agata, Mańkowska Ewa, Weichbrodt Wiktoria, Kapuścik Paulina, Kijaszek Wojciech, Mazur Michał

Opto-Electronics Review

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2024

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Vol. 32, No. 4

art. no. e151991

EN

The paper describes the structural, optical, tribological, and mechanical properties of as‑prepared and annealed titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coatings. TiO₂ films were deposited by the electron beam evaporation (EBE) and additionally annealed at a temperature up to 800 °C using a tubular furnace. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the amorphous phase of coatings as-prepared and annealed at 200 °C. The phase transition to anatase occurred at 400 °C, while annealing at 600 °C and 800 °C did not induce a phase transition to the rutile phase. The crystallite size increased with an annealing up to 40.4 nm at 800 °C. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase in thin films annealed at 400 °C and above. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed surface morphology and grain structure changes after post-process high-temperature annealing. The optical transmission measurements showed a redshift in the fundamental absorption edge with increasing annealing temperature, accompanied by a decreased transparency level. The value of an optical band gap energy (Egopt) decreased to 2.77 eV for films annealed at 800 °C. Tribological tests revealed reduced scratch resistance with higher annealing temperatures, which was attributed to increased surface roughness and coating removal. Nanoindentation measurements showed a decrease in hardness with annealing temperature, attributed to changes in crystallite size and surface morphology. This comprehensive analysis of TiO₂ thin-film coatings showed that the post-process annealing should be carefully controlled for films used in optoelectronic applications.

11

Wpływ powłok Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti na właściwości tribologiczne stali X38CrMo16

Drabik Szymon, Madej Monika, Piotrowska Katarzyna, Radoń-Kobus Krystyna

Obróbka Metalu

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2024

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nr 1

40--47

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące wpływu powłok Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti na właściwości tribologiczne stali X38CrMo16 stosowanej, m.in. do wytwarzania form wtryskowych. Powłoki uzyskano techniką fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej PVD. Zwilżalność powierzchni określono za pomocą tensjometru optycznego przy użyciu metody kropli siedzącej. Testy tribologiczne przeprowadzono za pomocą tribometru TRB3 w skojarzeniu trącym kula-tarcza w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego. Przeciwpróbkę w badanych węzłach tarcia stanowiła kulka ze stali 100Cr6. Po testach tarciowo-zużyciowych próbki poddano obserwacjom mikroskopowym. Wartości kątów zwilżania wodą demineralizowaną wskazały, że wszystkie badane powierzchnie charakteryzują się dobrą zwilżalnością. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań tribologicznych stwierdzono, że powłoki charakteryzowały się mniejszymi oporami ruchu oraz zużyciem w porównaniu do stali X38CrMo16, przy czym najmniejsze wartości uzyskano dla powłoki Cr.

EN

In this paper the influence of Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti coatings on tribological properties of X38CrMo16 steel used, among others, for the production of injection molds were examined. The coatings were obtained by the PVD gas phase physical deposition technique. The wettability of the surface was determined by an optical strain gauge using the sedentary drop method. Tribological tests were performed with the TRB3 tribometer in reciprocating ball-disc friction combination under technically dry friction conditions . The counter-sample in the friction nodes tested was a 100Cr6 steel ball. After the friction and wear tests, the samples were subjected to microscopic observations. The values of the wetting angles with demineralized water indicated that all tested surfaces are characterized by good wettability. Based on the resuIts of tribological tests, it was found that the coatings were characterized by Iower resistance to movement and wear with respect to X38CrMo16 steel, with the lowest values obtained for the coating Cr.

12

Influence of high-speed arc metallization wire feed rate on tribological and corrosion properties of 30HGSA steel coatings

Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan, Shynarbek Aibek, Kakimzhanov Dauir, Muktanova Nazerke, Kusainov Rinat

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 3

171--180

EN

This study investigates the influence of wire feed rate on the porosity of coatings, elemental analysis, corrosion resistance, tribological properties, and microstructure of iron-based coatings deposited by high-speed arc metallization. The coatings were obtained using a SX-600 high-speed electric arc metallizer. The properties of Fe-based coatings depend on the arcsputtering parameters. Determination of the optimum arc spraying parameters helps to minimize the deterioration of coating properties. Increasing the wire feed speed leads to an increase in the current value, which generates more heat energy in the arc to melt the wire and consequently favours the formation of dense coatings with low porosity. At high temperatures, Fe-based coatings form oxide deposits that protect the coating from further oxidation and increase coating hardness. Tribological tests show that the friction coefficient of coatings decreases in the presence of FeO on the coating surface, activating its self-lubricating ability. Investigation of the porosity of the samples showed that adjusting the wire feed affected both the pore size and the number of pores.

13

Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of coatings arc-sprayed with EuTronic Arc flux-cored wires

Sowa Mateusz

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 3

art. no. 5

EN

The article compares the erosion resistance, roughness and hardness of coatings produced by arc spraying. The study was conducted to compare the properties of arc-sprayed coatings with EuTronic Arc 599 and EuTronic Arc 595 powder wires on ASTM A516 Gr. 55 unalloyed steel substrates. Tests showed that the EuTronic Arc coatings exhibited very high hardness, averaging 755 HV for the EuTronic Arc 595 coating and 821 HV for the Eutronic Arc 599 coating. Application of the coatings increased the hardness, relative to the parent material, by 360 % and 400 %, respectively. The EuTronic Arc 599 coating showed a significantly higher roughness averaging 16.12 μm, compared to 12.35 μm for the EuTronic Arc 595 coating, which was likely caused by greater plasticization of the material during spraying resulting from the absence of carbides.

PL

Artykuł zawiera porównanie odporności erozyjnej, chropowatości oraz twardości powłok wytwarzanych metodą natryskiwania łukowego. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu porównanie właściwości powłok natryskiwanych łukowo drutami proszkowymi EuTronic Arc 599 oraz EuTronic Arc 595 na podłoże ze stali niestopowej ASTM A516 Gr. 55. Badania potwierdziły, że powłoki EuTronic Arc wykazują bardzo wysoką twardość, wynoszącą średnio 755 HV dla powłoki EuTronic Arc 595 oraz 821 HV dla powłoki Eutronic Arc 599. Naniesienie powłok podwyższyło twardość, w stosunku do materiału rodzimego, odpowiednio o 360 % oraz 400 %. Powłoka EuTronic Arc 599 wykazała znacznie wyższą chropowatość, wynoszącą średnio 16,12 μm, w stosunku do 12,35 μm dla powłoki EuTronic Arc 595, co prawdopodobnie zostało spowodowane większym uplastycznieniem materiału podczas natryskiwania, wynikającym z braku obecności węglików.

14

Evaluation of colour changes of the blade surface after exposure to high temperature

Bogdan Mariusz

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 4

69--84

EN

The article presents the results of research on the effect of temperature, including temperatures outside the nominal operating range, on the condition of the protective layer (coating) of aircraft engine gas turbine blades. The experiment focused on the effect of temperature, omitting the influence of the chemical effect of the working medium (exhaust gas). Certain relationships were demonstrated between the recorded surface colours of the blades and changes in the chemical composition, coating thickness and roughness of the surface layer. An analysis of surface colours was carried out in the L*a*b* colour space. It allowed determining the colour relations (quantitative assessment) between the recorded surfaces. In addition, the chromatic components a* and b* were associated with the change in coating thickness. The obtained results indicate the great potential of this space in diagnosing the technical condition of blades based on the analysis of their colour.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu temperatury, w tym także temperatur wykraczających poza zakres nominalnej pracy, na stan warstwy ochronnej (powłoki) łopatek turbiny gazowej silników lotniczych. W eksperymencie skoncentrowano się na efekcie oddziaływania temperatury, pomijając wpływ chemicznego oddziaływania czynnika roboczego (spalin). Wykazano pewne zależności między zarejestrowaną kolorystyką powierzchni łopatek a zmianami składu chemicznego, grubości powłoki oraz chropowatości warstwy wierzchniej. Przeprowadzono analizę barw powierzchniowych w przestrzeni kolorów L*a*b*. Pozwoliła ona na określenie relacji kolorystycznych (ilościową ocenę) pomiędzy zarejestrowanymi powierzchniami. Ponadto składowe chromatyczne a* i b* powiązano ze zmianą grubości powłoki. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na duży potencjał tej przestrzeni w diagnostyce stanu technicznego łopatek na podstawie analizy ich barwy.

15

Impact of Freeze-thaw Cycles on Coatings Applied to the Surface of Alkali-activated Materials

Procházka Lukáš, Brázdová Adéla

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 2

art. no. 05

EN

This paper focuses on the possibility of applying selected types of coatings (synthetic and epoxy) on the surface of alkali-activated materials based on finely ground granulated blast furnace slag with an admixture of cement by-pass dust and silica fly ash. Admixtures represent 30% of the binder component (15% fly ash, 15% cement by-pass dust). The mixture is activated with anhydrous disodium metasilicate. The samples were categorized into two series samples stored in water and samples wrapped in foil. Following this, the surface of these two series was modified by two methods, namely brushing with a steel brush and roughening with a diamond wheel. The properties related to the adhesion of the coating to the surface were mainly investigated before and after 100 freeze-thaw cycles. The cross-cut method and pull-off test for adhesion determined the adhesion. The cross-cut test found that the synthetic coating was less susceptible to surface modification than the epoxy coating. The samples were exposed to 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Then, the cross-cut method was applied to the coated roughened surface and the results of this test were classified into category 3. During the determination of the adhesion of the coatings by the pull-off test on the roughened surface for both methods of sample storage, the character of breakage for the synthetic coating was of the cohesive type, thus it was the tensile strength of the materials, while for the epoxy coating, it was the adhesive breakage, thus it was the adhesion between the surface and the coating.

16

Polydopamine coating effectively prevents early-stage corrosion of pure magnesium in tissue culture medium

Kitada Kotomi, Yoshitomi Sayuki, Sugiyama Minori, Morishige Taiki, Kakinoki Sachiro

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

art. no. 05

EN

Pure magnesium, free from toxic elements, has been identified as a promising candidate for bioabsorbable orthopaedic devices. However, its rapid corrosion in physiological environments presents a significant challenge for practical applications. Chemical coatings, such as polydopamine (PDA), offer a potential solution to improve the corrosion resistance of pure magnesium. Nevertheless, the reaction conditions must be meticulously optimized, particularly in the presence of salts, as magnesium is highly sensitive to environmental factors. In this study, a PDA coating, widely investigated for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, was applied to pure magnesium, avoiding the conventional Tris-HCl buffer. Instead, a 0.01 mol/L NaOH aqueous solution was used successfully to coat PDA layer on the surface of pure magnesium. The corrosion behaviour of PDA-coated magnesium was evaluated using electrochemical measurements and magnesium ion elution profiles in a tissue culture medium containing 5 vol% of fetal bovine serum at 37ºC. The results demonstrated that the PDA coating effectively mitigated early-stage corrosion of the pure magnesium substrate. This method provides a straightforward approach to enhancing the corrosion resistance of pure magnesium, and the PDA layer can also function as an intermediate platform for further biofunctional surface modifications, potentially expanding its applications in biomedical fields.

17

Investigating the effect of electrospark alloying parameters on structure formation of modified nitrogen coatings

Haponova Oksana, Tarelnyk Viacheslav, Mościcki Tomasz, Tarelnyk Nataliia

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 5

art. no. e150802

EN

The quality parameters of surface layers synthesised using electrospark alloying (ESA) technology were analysed in this paper. The main focus was on the influence of equipment energy parameters on structure formation, specifically the effect of discharge energy and productivity. Microstructural analysis of the modified surface of C40 steel after nitriding by ESA using a paste containing nitrogen compounds injected into the interelectrode gap was conducted. The layer structure for all studied ESA parameters includes three areas: the upper “white layer”, the diffusion zone below it, and the substrate. The roughness of the surface is Ra ∼ 0.9 µm at low discharge energy Wp = 0.13 J and Ra ∼ 6 µm at Wp = 3.4 J. The microhardness, continuity, and surface roughness of the layers varied with Wp. The influence of ESA productivity on the structure was studied. The thickness of the hardened layer and the diffusion zone, as well as the microhardness and continuity, are affected by reduced productivity. For the same discharge energy, the thickness of the hardened layer increases by 10-18% with a decrease in productivity compared to the classical mode. Studies have shown that productivity loss has a positive effect on the quality characteristics of the coatings produced by the ESA process.

18

Wear and Corrosion Properties of Pure Mo Coating Layer Manufactured by Atmospheric Plasma Spray Process

Hwang Yu-Jin, Kim Yurian, Park Soon-Hong, Park Sung Cheol, Lee Kee-Ahn

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

81--85

EN

A pure molybdenum (Mo) coating layer was manufactured by using the atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process and its wear and corrosion characteristics were investigated in this study. A Mo coating layer was prepared to a thickness of approximately 480 μm, and it had sound physical properties with a porosity of 2.9% and hardness of 434 Hv. Room temperature dry wear characteristics were measured through a ball-on-disk test under load conditions of 5 N, 10 N and 15 N. Based on the coefficient of friction graph at 5 N and 10 N, the oxides formed during wear functioned as a wear lubricant, thereby confirming an increase in wear resistance. However, at 15 N, wear behavior changed, and wear occurred due to splat pulling out. A potentiodynamic polarization test was conducted under an artificial seawater atmosphere, and Ecorr and Icorr measured 0.717 V and 7.2E-5 A/cm2, respectively. Corrosion mainly occurred at the splat boundary and pores that were present in the initial state. Based on the findings above, the potential application of APS Mo coating material was also discussed.

19

Feasibility of Treated Sand Brick Waste with Silica Fume Based Geopolymer for Coarse Aggregate Application

Razak Rafiza Abd, Kiong Alvin Ngieng Dong, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Mydin Md Azree Othuman, Sandu Andrei Victor, Yahya Zarina, Abdullah Alida, Risdanareni Puput, Arifi Eva

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 2

739--745

EN

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) management should focus on reducing CDW or properly recycling the materials since this waste is now a global problem. Sand brick waste, a component of a building’s structure, is one type of CDW. To be used as recycled aggregate, these wastes are invariably categorised as low grade. Due of the improved qualities provided, geopolymer research has recently become more popular. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of recycled sand brick aggregate (RSB) treated with silica fume based geopolymer coating. Additionally, the effectiveness of the treated RSB will be applied in concrete as coarse aggregate. The sample was made using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8. At 2.5 and 10 M, alkaline activator is a constant variable. Testing of specific gravity, water absorption, and aggregate impact value were analysed. The treated RSB concrete will then be evaluated against normal concrete. In terms of density, water absorption, and compressive strength, natural concrete performs better than treated RSB concrete. In comparison to natural concrete, treated RSB concrete absorbs 5.8% more water. Treated RSB concrete has a density of 1815 kg/m3, compared to natural concrete’s 2080 kg/m3. The compressive strength of concrete made using treated RSB aggregate is 18.1 MPa after 7 days, and 27.1 MPa at 28 days. The testing revealed that the treated RSB aggregate concrete met the specifications. As a result, treated RSB aggregate concrete offers an advantage over natural OPC concrete while saving the environment.

20

Effect of Voltage on Properties of 30HGSA Steel Coatings by Supersonic Supersonic arc Metallization Method

Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan, Shynarbek Aibek, Kakimzhanov Dauir, Kusainov Rinat, Zhassulan Ainur, Ormanbekov Kuanysh

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 5

113--124

EN

This work is a study aimed at optimizing the process of superarc metallization, with a focus on the effect of stress on the properties of the spraying coatings. In this work, 30HGSA grade steel wire was used for the coating of 45 steel, widely used in mechanical engineering. The use of supersonic arc metallizer SX-600 allowed to obtain coatings at different voltages (32 V, 38 V and 44 V) and the same current strength. Various metallization process parameters such as material feed rate, voltage, current, distance and nozzle geometry are discussed in this paper. Using various analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction analysis, microscopy, microhardness and corrosion resistance tests, the qualities of the coatings were evaluated. Particular attention was paid to analyzing the phase composition of the coatings, porosity, substrate bond strength and tribological characteristics. It was found that the voltage during the electric arc metallization process has a significant effect on these characteristics. The selected optimum voltage allows to obtain dense and homogeneous coatings with improved performance properties. The results of the study revealed that the best physical and mechanical properties were exhibited by the sample processed at 38 V, which showed lower porosity and improved strength characteristics compared to the other samples. These findings can be used to improve manufacturing processes in industries such as automotive and mechanical engineering, where restoration and improved performance of worn parts is required.