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1

Design and Implement an Automatic Smart Buoy System for a Bulgarian Safe Beach Areas – Part 1

Dimitrov Ivan, Iliev Iliyan, Hristov Daniel, Dinkov Dinko, Mavrodiev Tsetoslav

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

381--386

EN

Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths, accounting for 9% of all injury fatalities, with over 300,250 cases reported annually by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of affordable and accessible safety measures at local beaches. This paper presents an innovative, cost-effective automated system designed to improve beach safety through real-time environmental monitoring. The system consists of three primary subsystems: sensors, information processing, and action mechanisms. At its core are smart buoys, equipped with sensors and communication modules, which transmit data to an onshore station and a cloud-based platform. This platform processes, stores, and monitors the data against predefined thresholds, generating alerts when necessary. A web application provides real-time data access, enabling fault monitoring, system operation forecasting, and performance optimization.

2

Hałas lotniczy – podstawy modelowania

Witoś Mirosław, Wachłaczenko Michał, Wajda-Figur Honorata, Kozieł Mariusz Piotr

Journal of KONBiN

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2025

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Vol. 55, iss.1

29--60

EN

A sustainable approach to aircraft noise requires not only design changes to engines and aircraft, but also improved methods for modelling noise and its propagation through the air. The article continues the authors' holistic view of the problem of aircraft noise, also taking into account data from military aviation. First, the social and health problem of aircraft noise is recalled. Then the theoretical basis in acoustics and modern aviation noise modelling tools are presented, as well as selected research projects carried out in Sweden to assist in the reduction of aircraft noise. In the results of the study, an addendum to the mathematical description of airborne noise propagation and examples are presented. In conclusion, the authors' insights from their research are indicated.

PL

Zrównoważone podejście do hałasu lotniczego wymaga nie tylko zmian konstrukcyjnych silników i samolotów, ale również doskonalenia metod modelowania hałasu i jego propagacji w powietrzu. Artykuł kontynuuje prezentację holistycznego spojrzenia autorów na problem hałasu lotniczego, z uwzględnieniem danych również z lotnictwa wojskowego. Na początku przypomniano problem społeczny i zdrowotny hałasu lotniczego. Następnie przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne z akustyki i współczesne narzędzia modelowania hałasu lotniczego oraz wybrane projekty badawcze realizowane w Szwecji, mające na celu wspomaganie redukcji hałasu lotniczego. W wynikach badań przedstawiono uzupełnienie opisu matematycznego propagacji hałasu w powietrzu i przykłady. W podsumowaniu wskazano spostrzeżenia autorów z przeprowadzonych badań.

3

Emission analysis of liquefied natural gas and diesel heavy-duty trucks using on-board monitoring method

Sütheö Gergő, Jagicza Márton, Baráth Balázs

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

258--271

EN

Environmental protection and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are becoming top priorities in the mobility sector especially in heavy-duty truck (HDT) sector. In recent years, numerous regulations, targets, and initiatives have been introduced, all of which strongly promote the reduction of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions, the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives, and the use of renewable energy sources. The study compares CO2 emissions and fuel consumption between conventional diesel and liquefied natural gas (LNG) heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) from the same original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The research was conducted on multiple levels, with a primary focus on control based on test track measurements. This was preceded by a simulation phase and followed by public road measurement-based validation process. In this study, we used the onboard monitoring (OBM) emission analysis method, a cost-effective and accurate process where data was recorded from the fleet management system (FMS) using controller area network (CAN) messages. The results are presented in several stages from simulation to data validation. Our research represents a unique study in the field of HDVs, as the measurements were conducted on a test track, supported by simulations and public road tests. The results of the project clearly demonstrate that gas technology can contribute to reducing GHG emissions in HDVs, and LNG provides a reliable alternative for long-distance transportation.

4

Sztuczna inteligencja szansą czy zagrożeniem w zarządzaniu logistyką?

Szeląg Krzysztof

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2025

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nr 3

60--68

PL

Sztuczna inteligencja (Artificial Intelligence, AI) to zbiór metod i technologii pozwalających komputerom wykonywać zadania wymagające dotąd ludzkiej inteligencji: rozumienia i generowania języka, klasyfikacji i rozpoznawania obrazów, podejmowania decyzji, planowania i uczenia się ze wzorców. Współczesne podejście do AI opiera się głównie na: uczeniu maszynowym, uczeniu głębokim, modelach generatywnych i coraz częściej na hybrydowych podejściach neurosymbolicznych, łączących statystyczne uczenie z logiką i regułami. Sztuczna inteligencja w logistyce to potężne źródło przewagi konkurencyjnej – poprzez optymalizację tras, prognozy popytu, automatyzację magazynów i wzrost odporności łańcucha dostaw – a także zestaw realnych wyzwań: od jakości danych, przez koszty i kompetencje, po kwestie prawne, bezpieczeństwo i etykę. Sukces wdrożeniowy zależy od podejścia systemowego: danych, ludzi i odpowiedzialnej inżynierii algorytmów.

EN

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a set of methods and technologies that enable computers to perform tasks which previously required human intelligence, including understanding and generating language, classification and image recognition, decision-making, planning, and learning from patterns. Contemporary approaches to AI are based primarily on machine learning, deep learning, generative models, and increasingly on hybrid neuro-symbolic methods that combine statistical learning with logic and rule-based reasoning. In logistics management, AI represents a powerful source of competitive advantage – through route optimization, demand forecasting, warehouse automation, and enhanced resilience of supply chains – while also bringing significant practical challenges: from data quality issues, through costs and skills requirements, to legal, security, and ethical concerns. Successful implementation depends on a systemic approach that integrates high-quality data, human expertise, and responsible algorithm engineering.

5

An Integrated Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Approach for Partner Selection in Horizontal Cooperation

Tatarczuk Anna, Gola Arkadiusz

Archives of Transport

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2025

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Vol. 74, iss. 2

23--42

EN

Horizontal cooperation has emerged as a key strategic tool in modern transport and logistics, enabling firms operating at the same supply chain level to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and advance sustainability goals through shared resources and joint distribution. Despite its proven benefits, effective partner selection remains a complex challenge due to the multiple, often conflicting criteria involved and the lack of comprehensive frameworks that jointly address economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Existing approaches frequently overlook the inherent uncertainty and dynamic nature of transportation networks, creating a clear research gap in providing robust decision-support tools that integrate expert judgment under ambiguity. Addressing this gap, this paper proposes an integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework for partner selection in horizontal cooperation. The framework combines the Fuzzy Extent Analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy EW-AHP) to deter-mine the relative importance of criteria and applies the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS) to rank potential partners. By leveraging fuzzy logic, the model effectively translates subjective expert assessments into quantitative evaluations, overcoming the limitations of traditional crisp approaches. The framework is validated through computational experiments simulating a fourth-party logistics scenario, supported by sensitivity analyses that confirm its stability under varying weight scenarios. The findings demonstrate the frame-work’s ability to enhance informed, sustainable partner choices, ensuring alignment with strategic goals and sustain-ability commitments. This study contributes to theory by bridging the gap between fragmented criteria and the need for an integrated, uncertainty-resilient partner selection model. Practically, it offers managers a structured, adaptable decision-support tool suitable for diverse collaborative contexts. Future research should further refine and extend the proposed framework by integrating dynamic, real-time data streams, testing the methodology on larger and more diverse datasets, and developing accessible digital decision-support systems to facilitate its practical implementation. Such advancements would enhance managerial capacity to make robust, transparent, and sustainability-oriented partnership decisions within increasingly complex and dynamic transport and logistics networks.

6

Investigation of the impact of a solar panel system installed on an heavy-duty truck trailer on fuel consumption at the ZalaZONE test track

Sütheö Gergő, Peszleg Richárd, Pekk Letícia, Háry András

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

304--310

EN

This study evaluates the impact of a solar panel system installed on a heavy-duty truck (HDV) trailer on fuel consumption, tested at the ZalaZONE track. Two vehicles were assessed: a diesel-powered and an LNG-powered (Liquefied Natural Gas) truck, with the latter equipped with solar panels. Over five days, the solar system powered cabin electronics, reducing idle time and fuel use. While fuel and CO₂ (Carbon dioxide) savings were observed, performance was limited by battery charge and sunlight exposure. The results show potential for up to 10% fuel savings, demonstrating the system's feasibility for reducing emissions in long-haul transport, though further optimization is needed.

7

The hexapod modernization process and Its impact on the locomotion efficiency of the unit

Popowniak N.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 2

311--313

EN

This paper presents the process of retrofitting a six-point-of-freedom walking unit - a hexapod remotely controlled by Bluetooth communication based on a proprietary programme. A comparison is made to show how differences in the design of the walking unit, and in particular the number of freedom points per leg, can affect the efficiency of locomotion. In the first section, the work of other authors related to walking robots is presented. In the next section of the article, the individual components of the robot and the software are analysed and compared with the original unit to show the differences and advantages obtained by the upgrade. The last part of the article summarises the work done and shows further possibilities for the development of the project.

8

Determination of the loading on the open wagon body when rolling on the train ferry

Gerlici Juraj, Vatulia Glib, Lovska Alyona, Kravchenko Kateryna, Harušinec Jozef, Suchánek Andrej

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 3

683--687

EN

The higher efficiency of international transportation necessitates the introduction of combined transport systems. One of the most successful among these is train ferry transportation. And in order to provide safe transportation of wagons by sea, it is important to formulate the operational requirements for railway-sea transportation. And one of the loading modes for wagons is rolling on the train ferry. The article presents the results of determining the dynamic load of the open wagon body when rolling on the train ferry. The calculation was made for the open wagon placed on 18-100 bogies. A mathematical model was formed, which made it possible to determine the main dynamic indicators that characterize the movement of the wagon. The results of the calculations were used to determine the permissible inequality amplitude in the zone of interaction between the rail tracks of the bridge and the ferry deck so that the indicators of the car dynamics would be within the permissible values. The permissible value of the inequality amplitude was 0.021 m. The conducted studies will contribute to the database of developments on ensuring the operational safety of wagons used for international railway-sea transportation.

9

Some aspects of monitoring of different processes in agriculture using acoustic emission phenomena

Barwicki Jan, Borek Kinga, Mazur Kamila

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2024

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Vol. 45, nr 1

23--27

EN

The technique of acoustic emission has been shown to be useful for monitoring and measurement of transportation and mixing of feed concentrates and other ingredients. This method is ideally suited for flow/no flow alarm indicators, requiring no calibration and only basic electronic support. If the method is to be used for analysis of mixtures, the components must be sufficiently different in particle size or density. Besides that, the detection of particle breakdown and damage should be possible.

PL

Wykazano, że technika emisji akustycznej jest przydatna do monitorowania i pomiaru transportu oraz mieszania koncentratów paszowych i innych składników. Metoda ta idealnie nadaje się do wskaźników alarmowych przepływu/braku przepływu, nie wymagając kalibracji i jedynie podstawowego wsparcia elektronicznego. Jeżeli metoda ma być stosowana do analizy mieszanin, składniki muszą różnić się dostatecznie wielkością cząstek lub gęstością. Poza tym powinno być możliwe wykrywanie rozkładu i uszkodzeń cząstek.

10

Comparing Lazy Constraint Selection Strategies in Train Routing with Moving Block Control

Engels Stefan, Wille Robert

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

585--590

EN

Railroad transportation plays a vital role in the future of sustainable mobility. Besides building new infrastructure, capacity can be improved by modern train control systems, e.g., based on moving blocks. At the same time, there is only limited work on how to optimally route trains using the potential gained by these systems. Recently, an initial approach for train routing with moving block control has been proposed to address this demand. However, detailed evaluations on so-called lazy constraints are missing, and no publicly available implementation exists. In this work, we close this gap by providing an extended approach as well as a flexible open-source implementation that can use different solving strategies. Using that, we experimentally evaluate what choices should be made when implementing a lazy constraint approach. The corresponding implementation and benchmarks are publicly available as part of the Munich Train Control Toolkit (MTCT) at https://github.com/cda-tum/mtct.

11

Gresilient supply chain - a case study of global flows

Maryniak Anna, Kliber Paweł, Pogorzelec-Glaser Katarzyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 175

335--356

EN

Purpose: Nowadays there is still low awareness of creating specific supply chain hybrids in a planned manner. This paper focuses on a hybrid of the gresilient chain, which reflects the trend to act for the well-being of the environmental to eliminate disruptions in the flow of goods. The aim of the study is to determine the interdependence of the factors shaping the resilience of the supply chain and to determine which of them contribute the most to the creation of a green chain. Design/methodology/approach: AHP and DAMATEL were used as research tools. A study focused on the cognitive chain is extremely interesting, because it is a global chain in which the main coordinator is relatively small. The subject of the research is the international supply chain of a company that conducts research on engine oils, coolants and fuels for gas engines driving turbines, electric and wind turbines, hydraulic transmissions, etc. Findings: As a result, among other things, it was established, that speed is the factor that is most sensitive to the influence of other factors and, at the same time, the most important from the point of view of recipients. In addition, it was proven that redundancy is essential for creating resilience in the analyzed chain, while transparency is necessary for creating the green chain. It has also been shown that redundancy and cooperation work simultaneously to a great extent for the benefit of both chains. Research limitations/implications: Every supply chain requires a separate study. Practical implications: The results can help managers in implementing the gresilient strategy or in modifying it if it has already been implemented. The work carried out may contribute to the creation of a general matrix containing paths to the expected types of supply chains, taking into account the specificity of input and output connections. Social implications: Gresilient chains are part of the idea of corporate social responsibility. Originality/value: From the standpoint of building up resilience, this is an interesting case, because it is the discussed case does not fit into the concepts of popular models in which agility is promoted as the one that guarantees the resilience of the chain. The study is an expanding knowledge in the field of the gresilient chain, in which research is lacking due to the initial stage of science in this area.

12

Coordination of transportation operations by 3PL based on real-time cloud data

Kmiecik Mariusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 168

199--215

EN

Purpose: Main aim of the following paper is to present the conception of logistics coordination from the point of view of transportation actions from the perspective of the international 3PL company. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper used the case study based on the case of chosen international 3PL, where the distribution network was analyzed. Findings: 3PL is able to support the transportation planning operation in the considered distribution network by using a developed cloud-based infrastructure that supports demand forecasting tool and transportation planning. Originality/value: Paper connects the one function of logistics coordination – transportation planning – with the demand forecasting tool and the issues of 3PL. It is also shown the case study with implemented solution based on cloud infrastructure to support the transportation operations.

13

Supply chain design: a case study in a pulp and paper company

Fava Lucas Cedroni, Fugihara Marcelo Koiti, Sampaio Mauro

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 4

189--200

EN

This paper comprehensively analyzes a company’s supply chain design process in the pulp and paper industry. It focuses on the company’s supply chain strategy, structure, operations, and performance and highlights the challenges and opportunities specific to the industry. The purpose of this case study is to show how effective supply chain design can improve a company’s competitiveness and success. This paper also offers recommendations for improving supply chain design in the pulp and paper industry and other similar industries.

14

Optimizing Municipal Waste Collection: a Case Study of a City in Poland

Roman Monika, Waśkiewicz Michał

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2023

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Vol. 58, no. 1

197--218

EN

The main problem of waste management is the increasing amount of municipal waste, and one of the key processes generating high costs is the waste collection process. The aim of the article was to optimize the route of a garbage truck using information technology (IT) software in one of the most populated Polish cities. The article tests the study hypothesis: the use of route optimization software will reduce the route length traveled by the garbage truck of the MZO in Pruszków. The data for the study was made available with the consent of the Municipal Treatment Plant in Pruszków. The received materials included information on, among others, Global Positioning System (GPS) readings of the garbage truck, including route start and end times, route length, average speed, driving time, and time of stops, points selected by the planners to collect waste along the route, information on the amount of waste collected during the implementation of the route, technical data on the moving vehicle and characteristics of the sorting plant were received. The article proposes the optimization of the routes of collection and transportation of municipal waste using the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The minimization of route length was assumed as the optimization criterion. All calculations were made in the Routimo program dedicated to route planning and optimization. As a result of the optimization, the route length was reduced by nearly 32%, and the working time by 9%. Thus, the research hypothesis stated in the article was positively verified.

PL

Głównym problemem gospodarki odpadami jest rosnąca ilość odpadów komunalnych, a jednym z kluczowych procesów generujących wysokie koszty jest proces zbierania odpadów. Celem artykułu była optymalizacja trasy przejazdu śmieciarki z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania informatycznego w jednym z najbardziej zaludnionych miast Polski. W artykule weryfikowano hipotezę badawczą: zastosowanie oprogramowania optymalizującego trasę skróci długość trasy pokonywanej przez śmieciarkę MZO w Pruszkowie. Dane do badań zostały udostępnione za zgodą Miejskiego Zakładu Oczyszczania w Pruszkowie. Otrzymane materiały zawierały informacje m.in. o odczytach Global Positioning System (GPS) śmieciarki, w tym o czasie rozpoczęcia i zakończenia trasy, długości trasy, średniej prędkości, czasie jazdy i czasie postojów, zbiór wybranych przez planistów punktów odbioru odpadów na trasie, informację o ilości odpadów zebranych w trakcie realizacji trasy, dane techniczne poruszającego się pojazdu oraz charakterystykę sortowni. W artykule zaproponowano optymalizację trasy odbioru i transportu odpadów komunalnych z wykorzystaniem problemu komiwojażera (TSP). Jako kryterium optymalizacji przyjęto minimalizację długości trasy. Wszystkie obliczenia wykonano w programie Routimo przeznaczonym do planowania i optymalizacji tras. W wyniku optymalizacji długość trasy uległa skróceniu o blisko 32%, a czas pracy o 9%. Tym samym zweryfikowano pozytywnie postawioną w artykule hipotezę badawczą.

15

Zielony wodór : krótka monografia. Część 2, Kierunki stosowania

Polaczek Jerzy

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 6

518--526

PL

Dokonano przeglądu metod wykorzystania zielonego wodoru w energetyce, transporcie, przemyśle chemicznym oraz w metalurgii. W szczególności przedstawiono przemysłowe procesy produkcji energii elektrycznej w elektrowniach wodorowych oraz wykorzystanie wodoru do napędu pojazdów, do wytwarzania zielonego metanolu i amoniaku, a także do wytwarzania metali (żelazo, metale kolorowe). Omówiono również problemy magazynowania i transportu wodoru.

EN

A review, with 59 refs., of trends in industrial use of H₂ in energetics, transportation, chem. industry and metallurgy. In particular, industrial processes for prodn. of electric energy in H₂ power stations, for powering the transport facilities (cars, trains), for prodn. of green MeOH and NH₃ as well as for prodn. of metals (Fe, non-ferrous metals) were presented. Storage and transportation of H₂ were also taken into consideration.

16

Unleashing the role of blockchain technology and government support in green supply

Umar Muhammad, Yu Zhang, Muhammad Zikri, Khan Syed Abdul Rehman

LogForum

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2023

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Vol. 19, no. 2

195--209

EN

Background: With the advent of the technological revolution, digitalization and automation is expected to restructure the landscape of manufacturing operations. Blockchain technology (BCT) is likely to foster information sharing and transparency and facilitate collaboration on green issues in supply chain among firms. This quantitative research investigates the role of BCT in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices and its’ effect on various performances, including economic and social performance. Method: The data was gathered from 223 firms by utilizing a survey questionnaire, and PLS-SEM was employed to analyze the hypotheses. Results: The findings showed that BCT has a key role in the implementation of GSCM practices (comprising green purchasing and green manufacturing). The outcomes also elucidated that green manufacturing is positively associated with economic and social performance. Whereas, green purchasing is negatively correlated with economic performance and has an insignificant effect on social performance. Moreover, government support (GS) moderates the link between BCT and GSCM practices (including green purchasing and green manufacturing). Conclusion: This research provided ample understanding about the role of BCT in implementing GSCM practices. The findings suggested that government bodies need to provide interest free loans and tax exemption to effectively implement GSCM practices.

17

Attributes of modal choice in an industrial-based urban area: A case study on Savar Paurashava

Fahim Ashraf Uddin, Alam Md. Khorshed, Salim Md. Adnan Arif, Bhuiyan Md. Al-Fahad

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2023

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Vol. 8, No. 1

63--72

EN

Road transportation does an excellent job of connecting Savar's inner and outer areas, but it might be difficult for commuters to decide which mode of transportation to employ because residents of Savar come from a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds. It is necessary to do in-depth research on the characteristics of people in the study region who choose different modes of transportation to achieve the goal of selecting a certain mode for their travel. Where a person lives can have a significant impact on their typical patterns of travel behavior. People who live closer to the center of things have access to a wider variety of amenities than those who live further away, and as a consequence, their travel patterns are distinct from one another. The study's findings indicate that several factors, including income, age, gender, and vocational qualities and goals, influence a commuter's preferred method of transportation. When it comes to selecting a mode of transportation, the most predictable factors to take into account are trip time and cost. After conducting research, it was found that most excursions are made from this place to Motijheel, Tejgaon, and Savar Export Processing Zone for their services, businesses, and jobs, respectively.

18

Issues of the Impact of Granulated Sulfur Transportation on the Environmental Components

Ivanov Andrey V., Smirnov Yuriy D., Lisay Viktoria V., Borowski Gabriel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 6

86--97

EN

Nowadays, sulfur is considered one of the primary resources of the chemical industry, most of which is produced as a refinery by-product during the processing of oil and natural gas. Sulfur production volumes are increasing every year, while the demand for it does not always match the growing supply, which leads to a serious problem of sulfur surplus in the world market. Granulated sulfur – the main commercial type of elemental sulfur – is transported in large quantities both by land and sea and can have a negative impact on the environment. At the moment, the issue of the negative impact of granulated sulfur on the environment has not been fully studied, which determines the relevance of this research. This review article presents the global market of granulated sulfur, paying attention to its safe transport – from the producer to the consumer. The potentially harmful factors of the impact of sulfur handling on elements of the natural environment, such as atmospheric air, water reservoirs, soil and vegetation, were also taken into account.

19

Policy of decarbonisation of the transport sector of the economy of Ukraine : problems and perspectives

Abuselidze George, Levchenko Nataliia, Shyshkanova Ganna, Platonov Oleg, Iushchenko Lyudmila

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 4

517--540

EN

Practically, the strategic guideline for a transformation of transport sector of the Ukraine’s economy is the reduction of the transport carbon footprint. The decarbonisation policy of the Ukrainian transport sector is characterised in the present paper. Moreover, inefficiency of the current policy is proved. The authors created the mathematical model of structural improvement in road transportations by redistribution of transportations volumes between the motor transport and the railway. Guided by the scenario approach, the three most probable scenarios for traffic optimisation are developed, such as pessimistic, basic, and optimistic. The carbon reduction percentage is computed in each of these scenarios. In addition, the priority vectors of the policy of the structural optimisation of the road transport by redistribution of traffic volumes between the motor transport and the railway are determined.

20

The Risk of Damage to Reailway Infrastructure Due to Theft and Devastation

Janowiec Filip, Kula Tomasz

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2023

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Vol. 33, no. 3

129--145

EN

Theft and devastation of railway infrastructure are one of the most important factors that affect the safety of the railway transport system. In Poland, the railway transported 245.1 million passengers and 243.6 million tons of cargo in 2021, so it is extremely important to ensure the maximum possible safety standards. Theft and devastation of railway infrastructure contribute to significant material damage to railway network managers. The costs of rebuilding railway equipment are estimated at millions of zlotys every year. They also influence the proper functioning of railway traffic. Due to this phenomenon, there are delays of passenger and freight trains, the total of which amounted to over 100,000 minutes in 2021. Therefore, the effects of such hooligan acts also affect passengers and commercial customers of the railways. The article is an attempt to describe the impact of theft and devastation of railway infrastructure on its safety and the operation of railway lines in Poland. By analyzing the available statistical data and using the CSM method, as well as applying certain simplifications, it was possible to determine the approximate level of risk using techniques used in practice. Based on the adopted risk reference levels, a systematic reduction in both the probability of occurrence of negative phenomena and their consequences was observed.