Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Dividend policy of listed, state-owned enterprises from the power sector

Krzywdziński Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2025

|

z. 219

479--508

EN

Purpose: The article aims to answer whether the failure to pay dividends by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) from the power sector listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange is an action to the detriment of minority shareholders. These companies are PGE Polska Grupa Elektroenergetyczna S.A., Enea S.A., Energa S.A., and TAURON Polska Energia S.A. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the literature on the dividend policy of companies and its impact on the company’s value. Analysis and assessment of selected financial and non-financial indicators of the companies in 2019-2023 from the point of view of the justification for withholding dividend payments in these years. Findings: The analysis of selected financial and non-financial indicators showed that the analysed 4 Polish companies could and should have paid dividends in the analysed years, and not allocated retained profits to unprofitable investments. In addition, a comparison of the values of these companies’ indicators with the indicators of the German company selected for comparative analysis, whose significant shareholder is the German federal state, showed that it is necessary to improve the ownership supervision over them. Research limitation/implications: Differences in the reporting rules for calculating some indicators, e.g. net debt may cause slight differences in the values of the calculated indicators, and thus limit their comparability between companies. The analysis is useful for all stakeholders of state-owned enterprises, especially politicians who are responsible for corporate governance. Originality/value: The decision of the majority or dominant shareholder, i.e. the State Treasury, not to pay dividends required the assessment of the dividend policy of the State Treasury from the point of view of minority shareholders. In turn, the comparison of financial and non-financial indicators of the 4 Polish SOEs with the German SOE selected for comparative analysis allowed for the assessment of their performance and thus the assessment of corporate governance exercised by politicians.

2

Ensuring Energy Security in Ukraine: The Role of Cogeneration and Sustainable Funding for District Heating Systems

Khodakivskyi Vitalii, Karpenko Dmytro, Bilous Inna, Savickas Romanas

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2025

|

Tom 27

196--210

EN

This article examines how to enhance energy security in Ukraine via increased efficiency and sustainability of district heating systems (DHS). It explores the role of combined heat and power (CHP) from a technical perspective and the sustainability of the funding from a financial standpoint, plays in securing energy security. Unlike specific technical/economic studies, this provides a comprehensive overview of technologies, funding, and policies for resilient Ukrainian DHS. The study highlights the critical impact of the ongoing conflict on Ukraine's thermal energy infrastructure and the need for modernization. Preventing system collapse is cheaper and faster than rebuilding. Moreover, small but strategic investments in DHS and CHP during critical periods ensure energy system survival, preventing irreversible damage and enabling long-term recovery. The article provides an overview analysis of existing heating technologies and assesses the feasibility of integrating modern solutions such as Power-to-Heat, Waste-to-Energy and explores distributed generation (biogas/biohydrogen and hydrogen fuel) for resilient energy production in Ukraine's DHS. It further explores funding mechanisms, highlighting the importance of international financing institutions (IFI), international partnerships, state support, non-governmental organizations (NGO), and humanitarian aid roles in advancing modernization efforts. Future research assesses cogeneration effectiveness under grant funding during crises and explores distributed generation for resilience. The study highlights the CHP's potential for increasing energy efficiency, reducing emissions, and enhancing energy security. It provides policy recommendations for market liberalization and infrastructure modernization, providing a framework for Ukraine's DHS transition toward renewable energy integration and energy system sustainability. The article concludes that a strategic approach – encompassing technological, economic, regulatory, and sustainable funding advancements – is essential for the long-term sustainability of energy systems in crisis.

3

Power measurement of distorted waveforms

Klebba Maciej, Klebba Adrianna, Brodzicki Michał, Frącz Arkadiusz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2025

|

R. 101, nr 7

83--88

EN

This article presents the challenges encountered during power measurement in the presence of distorted signals. Using a half-wave rectifier circuit as an example, the results of measurements using RMS and TRMS modulators are presented. A proto type solution is also proposed, providing a different perspective on power measurement for signals where energy transfer does not occur throughout the entire waveform.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problemy występujące podczas pomiaru mocy w przypadku występowania sygnałów odkształconych. Na przykładzie układu z prostownikiem jednopołówkowym przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów z wykorzystani em mireników RMS i TRMS. Zaproponowano również prototypowe rozwiązanie pozwalające na inne spojrzenie na pomiar mocy sygnałów w których transfer energii nie występuje przez cały okres przbiegu.

4

Effect of Using Gasoline with Bioethanol on Power, Torque and Selected Exhaust Gas Components: Case Study of a Small Spark-Ignition Outboard Engine

Zastempowski Marcin, Kaszkowiak Jerzy, Jablonicky Juraj, Hujo Lubomir, Gromnicki Michał

Polish Maritime Research

|

2025

|

nr 1

95--102

EN

This article presents a study of the relationship between power and torque for a small spark-ignition outboard engine depending on the fuel used. The fuels considered here were gasoline with an octane number of 95, bioethanol in pure form, and mixtures of both fuels. Also studied were selected components of the exhaust gas generated during operation of the engine for each fuel. The results showed a decrease in the power and torque with an increase in the bioethanol content of the fuel, thus confirming the possibility of using both a bioethanol additive and bioethanol itself as a fuel to power the engine. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the use of an additive in the form of plant-based fuel significantly affects the reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the environment, for example reducing CO emissions by 67%, and HC by 56%. However, without design changes to the power systems, the reduction in emissions is achieved at the cost of a drop in power of more than 30%. This topic is currently important due to the tightening of regulations on emissions and recent research and implementation by engine manufacturers related to the development of electric propulsion systems, particularly for smaller vessels. However, restrictions on their applicability result in a continued need to use internal combustion engines.

5

Flexible design of progressive addition lenses for effective sizing of viewing zones using ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, and circle parametric equations

Ma Lefei, Xiang Huazhong, Zhang Xin, Cheng Hui, Zheng Zexi, Chen Jiabi, Wang Cheng, Zhang Dawei, Zhuang Songlin

Optica Applicata

|

2025

|

Vol. 55, nr 1

19--31

EN

This study addresses the critical issue of optical power distribution in progressive addition lenses (PALs). We introduce a novel approach by defining the addition vertex power curve along the meridian line as a trigonometric function. Four distinct conic equations (ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, and circle) are proposed to extend power distribution evenly across the lens surface. An offset parameter is introduced for controlling viewing area widths. The elliptical equations offer the best results for larger fixed focus areas, while circular equations excel for smaller areas. This personalized method caters to individual patient needs, providing optimized PAL designs.

6

Comparison of gantry drive and crankset: a pilot study across a broad power spectrum

Bereś Łukasz, Obszański Marcin, Pyrzanowski Paweł

Engineering Transactions

|

2025

|

Vol. 73, iss. 4

659--685

EN

The gantry drive was originally invented in 1948 in England and was “rediscovered” in Poland in 2019 while working on lightweight, personal, compact vehicles. In this study, the gantry drive is subjected to dynamic tests against the background of the commonly known crankset. The aim of the dynamic tests is to develop power curves and measure efficiency for various human-mechanism systems, i.e., the hand-driven crankset, the leg-driven crankset, and the gantry drive. Pilot dynamic tests have shown many advantages of the gantry over the crankset; in general, test participants were much less tired when using the gantry drive.

7

Simple dynamic model of a PEM-type fuel cell

Czarnigowski Jacek, Skiba Krzysztof, Kida Marek, Jakliński Piotr

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 3

147--153

EN

This paper presents a heuristic zero-dimensional model of a PEM-type fuel cell including dynamic states. The model is based on the static energy characteristics of the cell as a function of the voltage generated from the current drawn from the cell. The model was supplemented with a module of inertia under load change and the cleaning process. The phenomenon of cell efficiency decrease under the influence of water accumulation on the cathode side and purging of the cell, controlled by purging and short-circuiting, was also taken into account. The simulation and research results for the Horizon 300 W fuel cell are shown. Measurements and simulations were compared to demonstrate the model's high accuracy.

8

Authority of the superior commander in commanding and leading subordinates

Kałużny Ryszard

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

|

2024

|

Vol. 56, No. 1(211)

27--40

EN

The author addresses the problem of the superior’s authority and its importance in commanding subordinates in uniformed services. Based on the analysis of the source literature and his own experiences, he defines the concept of authority and interprets its types. In the context of reflections on the subject of authority, he also defines the concepts of command and leadership and indicates the positive consequences of liberating authority but also to the negative implications of authoritarian management of subordinates.

PL

Autor podejmuje problem dotyczący autorytetu przełożonego i jego znaczenia w dowodzeniu podwładnymi w służbach mundurowych. Na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz własnych doświadczeń definiuje pojęcie autorytetu i interpretuje jego rodzaje. W kontekście rozważań o autorytecie wyjaśnia również pojęcia: dowodzenie i przewodzenie oraz wskazuje na pozytywne następstwa autorytetu wyzwalającego, ale także na negatywne implikacje autorytarnego kierowania podwładnymi.

9

Mathematical model for the capacity of the mud flow with wave regime taking into account its rheological properties

Gavardashvili Givi, Kukhalashvili Eduard, Kurtsikidze Nana, Dadiani Keti

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2024

|

Vol. 33, No. 3

278--287

EN

The paper presents particular issues of mudflow dynamics, one of the hazardous natural disasters, namely the theoretical study of the flow power during mudflow movement in the wave regime taking into account its rheological properties. The paper discusses the physical process of mudflow mass impetus accumulated in erosion banks, taking into account the impact of the tense state of the eroded mass, in particular, similar to soil mechanics problems, the density of the mudflow-forming mass (ρ), the free fall acceleration (g), angle of internal friction (φ), the adhesive force (Pe), the height equivalent to pressure (h′), the height of the mudflow-forming mass (H), the intensity of transverse pressure (P), and the value of the active pressure of the inertial mass cohesion (C) on the deformation mode of the mudflow mass. On the basis of the basic equations of mudflow dynamics and theoretical studies, an equation is obtained to calculate the values of flow power when mudflows move in the wave mode, taking into account the main rheological properties of a mudflow mass.

10

Destructive or Creative Force of Power and Influence : Voluntariness instead of Fear and Obedience

Petrova Elitsa

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

|

2024

|

R. 9, Nr 19

47--58

EN

Objectives: The aim of the article is to present the experience gained by the Polish Military Contingent in Iraq in the field of logistic support and preparation of military equipment. An additional goal is to present how the process of technical security of the Polish Armed Forces outside the country has evolved. Methods: The aim of the article is to present the experience gained by the Polish Military Contingent in Iraq in the field of logistic support and preparation of military equipment. An additional goal is to present how the process of technical security of the Polish Armed Forces outside the country has evolved. Results: Statements and concepts of the phenomenon of power and the phenomenon of influence from ancient times to the present have been derived and systematized, positive and negative effects accompanying the two phenomena in social human life have been indicated, with an emphasis on the management of people and resources. Conclusions: Statements and concepts of the phenomenon of power and the phenomenon of influence from ancient times to the present have been derived and systematized, positive and negative effects accompanying the two phenomena in social human life have been indicated, with an emphasis on the management of people and resources.

11

Development of Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixtures Based on Tamanu Oil and Pertasol, as Well as Performance Testing on Gasoline Engines

Budianto Agus, Setyono Gatot, Sumari Sumari, Aini Hana Nur, Kusdarini Esthi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 3

53--63

EN

Attention to greenhouse gases is carried out by reducing CO2 emissions. Emission reduction is achieved using mixed fuels, primarily derived from plant oils. The pertasol-diethyl ether and tamanu oil (PDETO) fuel mixture were tested using a spark ignition engine. The research objective is to obtain fuel specifications and test engine performance using the resulting fuel. Mixed fuels were created from various compositions with codes ranging from BE0 to BE10. Performance testing was conducted using a 110-cc gasoline engine with specific specifications using mixed fuels and compared to commercial gasoline. The research results indicate that engine torque, power, and MeP are higher when using mixed fuels BE0 – BE10 than retail gasoline. The maximum torque that can be achieved is 8.51 NM at 5000 rpm using BE10 mixed fuel, higher than the maximum torque of commercial gasoline, which is 6.81 NM. The highest full power is generated by BE10 fuel, at 7.75 HP at an engine speed of 7000 rpm. The minimum capacity is produced by BE0 fuel, with a power of 6.78 HP at an engine speed of 7000 rpm. Optimal SFC occurs in the BE0 fuel mixture at 7000 rpm engine speed at 0.25 kg/Hp·h. BE10 thermal efficiency reached 31.8%, which is better than commercial gasoline.

12

Knowledge transfer in interim management projects

Skowron-Mielnik Beata, Sobiecki Grzegorz

Engineering Management in Production and Services

|

2024

|

Vol. 16, no. 1

48--64

EN

This study aims to define the role of knowledge in a triad of factors determining effectiveness in Interim Management (IM) projects. The discussion is based on the authors’ research concept, which, in addition to knowledge, also explores the categories of trust and power. A longitudinal study using the empirical-inductive approach was conducted in Poland between 2019 and 2021. It included ten enterprises that implemented IM projects in the studied period. The results presented in this article confirm the importance of the empirically adopted study factors, including the transfer of knowledge between the Interim Manager and the client’s (organisation’s) project team. A significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the levels of trust and power emerges as particularly evident. Research can be continued to verify the authors’ initial findings and include the proposed research tools and entities representing different sectors, management cultures and geographical regions in search of additional variables and their correlations with trust, power and knowledge. The research conclusions may prove applicable to both Interim Managers (IMs) and their clients (organisations). They can be used not only for pre-project planning but also during the IM projects.

13

Magnetic pollution produced by underground XLPE 220 kV power cable in power plant

Rezzag Bara Ilies, Ayad Ahmed Nour El Islam, Krika Wafa, Fezazi Omar, Larouci Benyekhlef

Diagnostyka

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

art. no. 2024104

EN

The expansion of the electrical network necessitates the construction of new power plants and the extension of overhead and underground power transmission and distribution systems. However, underground power cables, such as XPLE 220 kV, can cause significant electromagnetic pollution, particularly in urban areas. This paper focuses on the evaluation and prediction of such magnetic emissions using analytical, numerical simulation (the finite element analysis), and experimental measurement. The paper aim is to minimize the magnetic emissions through the adjustment of the horizontal and vertical distances (x, y) of cables, serving as a technical solution. Additionally, the study investigated the impact of faults with varying magnitude and frequency, considering different loads and conditions. The simulation results indicate that several factors contribute to the escalation of magnetic pollution. These factors include a close proximity between cables, faults, and high current intensities.... However, as the distance between cables increases both horizontally and vertically, the strength of the magnetic field decreases, leading to a reduction in magnetic pollution. A comparison was carried out to assess the magnetic emissions of the underground cable, revealing a notable resemblance between the measured and calculated values. Ultimately, the validated simulation model serves as a valuable tool for evaluating, predicting, and mitigating electromagnetic pollution under different fault conditions and positions.

14

Dyskurs o bezpieczeństwie a media

Ciesielski Maciej

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2024

|

Vol. 12 (2)

282--294

PL

Celem artykułu jest podjęcie próby zrozumienia i wyjaśnienia bezpieczeństwa za pomocą języka, komunikacji, prawa oraz ich wpływu na władzę. Ze względu na subiektywną, procesualną perspektywę bezpieczeństwa staje się ono domeną wykorzystywaną do inicjowania bądź neutralizowania konkretnych zjawisk społecznych – mniej lub bardziej powiązanych z władzą zarówno oficjalną, państwową realizującą każdorazowo określone polityki bezpieczeństwa, jak i nieformalną, związaną z mechanizmami działań zakulisowych. Warto podkreślić, że do obszaru badawczego bezpośrednio związanego z analizą dyskursu o bezpieczeństwie możemy zaliczyć próby uzyskania odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Jak modelować, czy moderować dyskurs o bezpieczeństwie, żeby minimalizować zagrożenia? Czy takie moderowanie dyskursu jest istotne? Jakie ma znaczenie w kontekście dezinformacji i walki informacyjnej? Jakie normy prawne pozwalają moderować i modelować dyskurs o bezpieczeństwie? Artykuł ma charakter wprowadzający do problematyki.

EN

This paper aims to make an attempt at understanding and explaining security through language, communication and law, and the impact these three aspects have on power and authority. Due to its subjective, processual perspective, security becomes a domain used to initiate or neutralise specific social phenomena that are more or less interconnected: it involves the official, state-mandated implementation of specific security policies, as well as the informal dimension of the mechanisms at work behind the scenes. It is worth stressing that the investigation related to security discourse analysis involves the following questions: How to model or moderate security discourse to minimise threats? Is such discourse moderation relevant? What is its significance in the context of disinformation and information warfare? What legal norms permit the moderation and modelling of security discourse? The following article provides an introduction into these issues.

15

Improving the efficiency of the Honda V6 engine cylinder deactivation system

Hnyp Mariia, Melnyk Vasyl, Baidauletova Madina, Bembenek Michał

Archives of Engineering Knowledge

|

2024

|

T. 10, Nr 1

72--78

EN

In modern conditions of operation of cars, especially in megacities, a significant proportion of modes are low loads and idling. Operation in such modes is accompanied by increased specific fuel and lubricant consumption, increased specific emissions of toxic components of exhaust gases, etc. There are a number of methods and means of increasing the efficiency of idling and low load modes. Today, one of the promising methods for solving the problem of increasing efficiency and reducing the concentration of toxic products in exhaust gases at partial loads and idling is the method of cylinder shutdown with valve timing control. The study of indicator and specific performance indicators of the internal combustion engine was carried out using a method that allows determining the impact of switching off any number of cylinders on the power and fuel economy indicators of the engine. Due to the shutdown of cylinders from 1 to 3, an increase in the average indicator pressure by 10.5% was recorded. Due to the increase in the average indicator pressure in the cylinders, the indicator efficiency increases. The shutdown of cylinders in the Honda V6 engine with an engine capacity of 3.5 liters from 1 to 3 leads to an increase in the indicator efficiency of up to 10.5%. According to the results of the study of the effective performance indicators of the Honda V6 engine with a volume of 3.5, it was found that the average effective pressure is 0.981 MPa, the specific effective fuel consumption is 0.260, and the effective efficiency is 0.3142, and they remain practically unchanged.

16

Study of parameters of the mixture and heat generation of the dd15 diesel engine of the sandvik lh514 loader in the process of using alternative fuels based on rme

Bembenek Michał, Melnyk Vasyl, Mosora Yurii

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 2

169--176

EN

Today, there is a growing shortage of commercial motor fuels in the world. This is due to the tendency to regulate the extraction of hydrocarbons, which are the main raw materials for their production; and, therefore, to reduce the import of oil, alternative types of fuel for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are becoming widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuel-based ones both in countries with limited fuel and energy resources and in highly developed countries that have the opportunity to purchase liquid energy carriers. Biodiesel fuel (biodiesel, PME, RME, FAME, EMAG, etc.) is an environmentally friendly type of biofuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and used to replace petroleum diesel fuel. According to the results of modelling, in the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel, we found a reduction in nitrogen dioxide emissions by 21.5% and a reduction in soot emissions by 34.5%. This will positively affect the environmental performance of the Sandvik LH514 loader, which is especially relevant in closed environments such as mines. So, according to the results of studies of the operation of the DD15 engine of the Sandvik LH514 loader on commercial and RME B100 biodiesel fuel, it was established that the use of biodiesel fuel leads to a deterioration of the mixture, due to which heat generation is reduced and, as a result, fuel consumption increases and engine power decreases, but the aspect of environmental indicators constitutes the significant improvement demonstrated by the present work.

17

Electromagnetic efficiency in induction levitators and ways to improve it

Piriyeva Najiba Melik, Kerimzade Gulschen Sanan

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2023

|

R. 99, nr 6

204--207

EN

Electrotechnical devices with a levitation element are widely used in the automation of production processes due to their simple design, high accuracy and reliability. In the processes of automation of technological processes, automatic control of the positions of the moving parts of the working mechanisms is often required with the help of an external force and an alternating current voltage. In these cases, it also becomes necessary to measure the external force, stabilize the current on a variable load and obtain several nominal values of the current on the load. Despite the simplicity of the design of induction levitators (IL), they are more effectively involved in solving these problems, under the action of the efficiency of the induction levitator, there are no friction forces, the working stroke of the moving part is automatically controlled and additional elements not required.

PL

Urządzenia elektrotechniczne z elementem lewitacyjnym mają szerokie zastosowanie w automatyzacji procesów produkcyjnych ze względu na swoją prostą konstrukcję, dużą dokładność i niezawodność. W procesach automatyzacji procesów technologicznych często wymagane jest automatyczne sterowanie położeniami ruchomych części mechanizmów roboczych za pomocą siły zewnętrznej i napięcia prądu przemiennego. W takich przypadkach konieczny staje się również pomiar siły zewnętrznej, ustabilizowanie prądu na zmiennym obciążeniu i uzyskanie kilku nominalnych wartości prądu na obciążeniu. Pomimo prostoty konstrukcji lewitatorów indukcyjnych (IL) są one skuteczniej zaangażowane w rozwiązywanie tych problemów, pod działaniem wydajności lewitatora indukcyjnego nie występują siły tarcia, skok roboczy części ruchomej jest kontrolowany automatycznie i dodatkowe elementy nie są wymagane.

18

Geoinżynieria klimatu i geowładza jako wyzwania cywilizacyjne

Waszewski Jan

Kwartalnik Bellona

|

2023

|

Nr 3

43--62

PL

Geoinżynieria klimatu stanowi zbiór proponowanych lub poddawanych eksperymentom wielkoskalowych rozwiązań technicznych, których celem jest modyfikacja czynników kształtujących pogodę. W niniejszym artykule geoinżynieria została omówiona jako zbiór rozwiązań mających na celu przeciwdziałanie przyczynom zmian klimatycznych wynikających z nadmiernej emisji gazów cieplarnianych. W tym sensie jest ona jednym z wymiarów bezpieczeństwa klimatycznego i wyłaniającego się pola geowładzy, czyli posiadania zdolności do kształtowania klimatu za pomocą geoinżynierii. W artykule zostały przedstawione różne koncepcje rozwiązań wyłaniających się w jej ramach, główne wyzwania z nimi związane, najważniejsi aktorzy działający w tym obszarze oraz narracje dotyczące tej tematyki.

EN

Climate geoengineering is a collection of proposed or experimental large-scale technical solutions intended to modify the factors shaping the weather. As explored in the text, geoengineering aims to counteract the causes of climate change resulting from excessive greenhouse gases emission. In this sense, it is one of the aspects of climate security, and the emerging field of geopower i.e. the ability to modify climate by means of geoengineering. The article presents various solutions within geoengineering, the main challenges associated with them, the most important actors operating in this field, and the narratives arising around this topic.

19

Uproszczony projekt zasilania osiedla domków jednorodzinnych w energię elektryczną

Wiatr Julian

Elektro Info

|

2023

|

nr 5

14--22

PL

W artykule prezentujemy rozwiązanie zaczerpnięte z katalogu firmy Strunobet Migacz Sp. z o.o., z jednoczesnym wskazaniem sposobu postępowania projektanta korzystającego z „gotowych rozwiązań”. Zgodnie z katalogiem stacja taka może być wyposażona w transformator o mocy 630 kVA. W artykule prezentujemy stację o mocy 250 kVA, zasilaną kablem SN układanym w ziemi, przyłączonym do pobliskiej napowietrznej elektroenergetycznej linii SN.

20

Energetyczny aspekt utrzymania ruchu

Rutkowski Rafał

Chemia Przemysłowa

|

2023

|

Nr 2

84--85

PL

Zmieniające się ceny energii elektrycznej wpływają na duże zakłady produkcyjne i stanowią kolejny argument za unowocześnianiem infrastruktury i optymalizacją wewnętrznych procesów, również tych z zakresu utrzymania ruchu.