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1

Wpływ dystrybucji na jakość żywności

Markowska Joanna

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2025

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T. 79, nr 7

52--60

PL

Łańcuch chłodniczy ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa, jakości, wartości odżywczej i wartości rynkowej żywności „od pola do stołu”. Dystrybucja to jeden z najważniejszych etapów w łańcuchu życia produktu. Aby zapewnić klientom na czas dostawę bezpiecznych, świeżych i wysokiej jakości produktów wymagana jest odpowiednia infrastruktura transportowa, magazynowa podlegająca ścisłej kontroli czasu i temperatury. W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienia dotyczące dystrybucji żywności w aspekcie przeprowadzenie i nadzoru procesów transportowych, warunków przechowywania modelowania procesów oraz ryzyk towarzyszącym dystrybucji żywności.

EN

The cold chain is essential to ensure the safety, quality, nutritional value and market value of food “from field to standing”. Distribution is one of the most important stages in the product life chain. An adequate transport, storage infrastructure requiring strict time and temperature control is required to ensure timely delivery of safe, fresh and high quality products to customers. This paper presents issues related to food distribution in terms of carrying out and supervising transport processes, process modelling storage conditions and risks associated with food distribution.

2

Distribution and ecological risk of microplastics in soil at the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang, Indonesia

Hartini Eko, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Warsito Budi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

272--285

EN

Inadequate waste management contributes significantly to the accumulation of plastic waste, as landfills accept unsorted waste. Various natural processes in landfills play a crucial role in microplastic pollution of both soil and aquatic systems. This study examined samples from Jatibarang Landfill, Indonesia, the largest waste disposal site in Central Java. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0 to 20 cm in three zones – active, passive, and areas near settlements – and analyzed for microplastic abundance, size, shape, color, and polymer type. The study aimed to evaluate the distribution, ecological risks, and impacts of microplastics on the physical and chemical properties of soil at Jatibarang Landfill. Results indicated a high microplastic abundance, with counts reaching 2340 particles per kilogram of soil, particularly in areas close to settlements. The primary types of microplastics identified were polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The polymer hazard index (PHI) and coefficient of microplastic impact (CMPI) were employed to assess the potential risks of microplastic pollution. Polypropylene was identified as the most significant pollutant due to its widespread use and persistent nature. Improved landfill management strategies are essential to mitigate microplastic pollution and its adverse environmental effects.

3

Badania szczelności połączeń sieci dystrybucyjnej w aspekcie wykorzystania wodoru.Część 1: Projekt stanowiska i wstępne wyniki

Kroczek Marcin, Kostowski Wojciech, Kulik Kinga

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 7-8

12-17

PL

Transport wodoru istniejącymi sieciami dystrybucji gazu ziemnego wiąże się z ryzykiem nieszczelności przez dotychczas szczelne elementy sieci. W artykule przedstawiono projekt dwóch stanowisk badawczych, do badania procesu dyfuzji wodoru przez wybrane elementy sieci, zwłaszcza różnego rodzaju połączenia rozłączne, w warunkach zbliżonych do rzeczywistych. Przedstawiono testowe wyniki badań oraz stwierdzono, że stanowisko II generacji jest gotowe do kontynuacji badań dla szerszego zakresu obiektów i parametrów.

EN

Transporting hydrogen through existing natural gas distribution networks involves the risk of leaks through previously leak-proof network components. The article presents a design for two test rigs for studying the process of hydrogen diffusion through selected network components, especially various types of pipeline connections, under near-real conditions. The first test results are presented and it is concluded that the second-generation test station is ready to continue testing for a wider range of objects and parameters.

4

Influence of anthropogenic and climatic factors on the dynamics of penetration and spread of the quarantine pest Tuta absoluta Meyr. in Ukraine

Burdulaniuk Alla, Rozhkova Tetiana, Tatarynova Valentyna, Bakumenko Olha, Yemets Oleksandr, Demenko Viktor, Pivtoraiko Viktor, Spychak Yuriy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

280--291

EN

Tuta absoluta Meyr. is an invasive alien species that entered the territory of Ukraine as a result of anthropogenic factors in 2010 with a shipment of infected tomatoes from Turkey. Visual inspection and pheromone traps were used to detect and register the South American tomato moth, which were installed according to the generally accepted methodology. The analysis of the current state of distribution of the South American tomato moth in Ukraine and the world was carried out according to the data of the Department of Phytosanitary Safety in the fields of seed and nursery production of the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Rights Protection. To achieve the goals, the ways and reasons for penetration were determined T. absoluta to Ukraine. Setting the quarantine status of harmful organisms in Ukraine in 2023 using lists A-1 and A-2 of the "List of regulated harmful organisms". The quarantine status of the American tomato moth has been established in Ukraine in 2023. As the results of study we determined the dynamics of the distribution and number of the pest from 2015 to 2023; and the area of pest infestation in Ukraine and in each infected region; the number of infected regions, districts, cities, settlements, homesteads, farms of all forms of ownership from 2015 to 2023.

5

Transformation of distribution in the era of industry 4.0: the case study of the steel distribution in Poland

Gajdzik Bożena

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2024

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Vol. 30, No. 2

109--125

EN

Production and distribution are changing along with market changes. Trends based on industrial progress (automation, digitalization, AI, IoT) cause companies to implement innovative technologies. Digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence and machine learning lead to rapid response to customer needs. Producers and distributors, in their process integration, are supported by the digital and smart technologies of the concept of Industry 4.0. This research aims to establish transformation frameworks based on the segment of steel product distributors. The paper consists of two parts. The first part presents a framework of the transformation for distribution processes based on Industry 4.0 technologies, and the second is the results of direct research (CAWI) that was realized in the Polish market of steel distributors in the segment of 68 companies. Based on the research, the scope of implemented Industry 4.0 technologies by distributors ofsteel products in Poland was determined. Presented research results may be useful for companies in the steel market in strategic planning.

PL

Produkcja i dystrybucja zmieniają wraz ze zmianami rynkowymi. Trendy oparte na postępie przemysłowym (automatyka, cyfryzacja, AI, IoT) wpływają na innowacje technologiczne w przedsiębiorstwach. Technologie cyfrowe, takie jak Internet Rzeczy (IoT), sztuczna inteligencja i uczenie maszynowe umożliwiają szybkie reagowanie na potrzeby klientów. Producenci i dystrybutorzy dążą do integracji procesów, wykorzystując w tym celu cyfrowe i inteligentne technologie koncepcji Przemysłu 4.0. Celem badań jest ustalenie zakresu technologicznego procesu transformacji na przykładzie dystrybucji wyrobów stalowych. Papier składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza część przedstawia trendy w transformacji procesów dystrybucyjnych opartych na technologiach Przemysłu 4.0., a druga wyniki badań bezpośrednich (CAWI), które zostały zrealizowane na polskim rynku dystrybutorów stali, w segmencie 68. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań określono zakres implementowanych technologii Przemysłu 4.0. Przedstawione wyniki badań mogą być przydatne firmom w planowaniu strategicznym.

6

New ecological notes on the freshwater chrysophycean alga Hydrurus foetidus (Chrysophyceae, Heterokontophyta) : a study from Serbia (Southeast Europe)

Rakonjac Aleksandra B., Simić Snežana B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 4

375--385

EN

Hydrurus foetidus (Chrysophyceae, Ochrophyta) is a freshwater benthic alga that appears as a mucilaginous, filamentous thallus. It is geographically widespread but restricted to cold waters, with optimal temperatures for growth between 2°C and 12°C. The lethal temperature for this alga is 16°C. This paper reports the second occurrence of H. foetidus in waters with temperatures much above the recorded lethal temperature. In addition, we describe the non-obligate Hydrurus–Paralemanea association for the first time, with Paralemanea being a substrate for Hydrurus growth. This non-obligate association may be a strategy for the species’ survival during the summer season or the species’ response to climate change. Furthermore, we present co-occurring macroalgae, with special emphasis on the first finding of the rare freshwater chrysophycean alga Phaeodermatium rivulare in Serbian aquatic ecosystems.

7

First record of the species Encyonema bonapartei Heudre, C.E.Wetzel & Ector (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) in Serbia

Vasiljević Božica, Jakovljević Olga, Krizmanić Jelena, Heudre David, Zorić Katarina, Tubić Bojana, Paunović Moromir

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 3

290--298

EN

Encyonema bonapartei Heudre, C.E.Wetzel & Ector is a diatom species originally documented in 2016, following its discovery in three canals in the eastern region of France. In 2021, an extensive hydrobiological survey in a mountainous part of southwestern Serbia led to the first finding of this taxon outside of France, i.e. in the Uvac Special Nature Reserve –in Lake Zlatar (Zlatarsko jezero) and in the Marić River (Marića reka). Detailed light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations of a large population recorded in Lake Zlatar confirmed the unique morphological characteristics of E. bonapartei, which is also the first record for the diatom flora of Serbia. The present work provides new information on the distribution and ecological preferences of E. bonapartei, taking into account physical and chemical characteristics of its habitats in Serbia.

8

Simple and accurate method to evaluate type a standard and expanded uncertainties of measurement for the Laplace distributed observations

Dorozhovets Mykhaylo

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 4

733--750

EN

The article proposes and investigates a simple and accurate evaluation of the standard and expanded uncertainty of the Laplace population median. With the number of observations n, the known probability distribution describing the sample median for n-2 observations was used to approximate the uncertainty of the population median. The proposed approximation was tested by comparison with exact results for n ≤ 10 and with the Monte Carlo method. It has been shown that the standard and expanded (confidence level p = 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99) uncertainties determined by the proposed approximation differ from values determined by MCM by less than about 1%. Using the median instead of the mean value as the measurement result provides a measurement uncertainty lower by about 25% when n ≥ 35, and over 29% when n ≥ 70.

9

Badanie procesu nagrzewania płyt grzewczych pras wulkanizacyjnych

Rzeszowska Aleksandra, Błażej Ryszard, Jurdziak Leszek, Kirjanów-Błażej Agata

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2024

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Nr 1

40--48

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu i analizie zmian rozkładu temperatur na płytach grzewczych prasy wulkanizacyjnej podczas procesu ich nagrzewania. Pomiary zrealizowano z wykorzystaniem kamery termowizyjnej. Utrzymanie stałej temperatury na całej powierzchni płyt grzewczych w trakcie wulkanizacji połączeń taśm przenośnikowych jest istotne dla jakości i trwałości połączeń.

EN

The article presents a study and analysis of changes in temperature distribution on the heating plates of a vulcanizing press during the heating process. The measurements were carried out using a thermal imaging camera. Maintaining constant temperature on the entire surface of heating plates during the vulcanization of conveyor belt connections is important for their quality and durability.

10

Hospital Patient Distribution After Earthquake

Fidanova Stefka, Kirilov Leoneed, Ivanov Veselin, Ganzha Maria

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

597--601

EN

The correct organization of medical assistance after the occurrence of a major disaster is very important for saving the lives of the victims. Earthquakes are natural phenomena/disasters in which there are many victims. The timely provision of medical assistance to the injured is an important element of their service. It is good to divide them into types of injuries and severity of injuries. Thus, the medical teams will be prepared for how many people need outpatient treatment and how many need hospital treatment. Rapid distribution of victims to hospitals according to their injuries can reduce the number of deaths and people with serious consequences. In this article, we present a breakdown of the injured by hospitals and medical facilities near the earthquake site. The type of injuries and the capacity and equipment of hospital facilities are taken into account.

11

Assessment of the feasibility of determining the volume fraction and characteristics of the size, shape and distribution of γ’ phase precipitates in nickel-based superalloys

Szczotok Agnieszka

Technical Transactions

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2023

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Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023011

EN

This overview presents a comprehensive exploration of the research methodsemployed for the precise assessment of volume fraction and the detailedcharacterisation of the size, shape and distribution of γ' phase precipitates withinNi-based superalloys. These advanced materials exhibit exceptional mechanicalproperties due to the presence of γ' precipitates. The accurate quantification ofprecipitate parameters is crucial for understanding material behaviour and forthe optimisation of alloy design. In this overview, a spectrum of techniques,including microscopy (SEM, TEM), diffraction (XRD), spectroscopy (EDS, EELS)and advanced imaging (3D-APT, STEM-HAADF, FIB-SEM) is discussed. Strengths,limitations and potential synergies among these methods are highlighted, offeringresearchers a comprehensive toolbox to advance their investigations of γ' phaseprecipitates in Ni-based superalloys.

12

Spatial Dynamics of Microplastic Pollution in Water and Sediments of the Ciliwung River along with Conditions of Water Quality Field Parameters and Population Density

Mahendra Alloysius Pamurda Dhika, Pratama Mochamad Adhiraga, Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto, Rahmawati Suphia, Iresha Fajri Mulya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

296--309

EN

Microplastics are emerging contaminants that degrade from textile plastic products, petroleum, and cosmetic equipment with sizes less than 5 mm. There are more than 70,000 settlements located along the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta that use the river water as a source of clean water. The most common type of waste found in the Ciliwung River to date is plastic waste, which can cause flooding and other disasters. The Ciliwung River can currently be found with microplastic pollution which has an impact on exposure to living things in the river, such as in case studies in the Ciliwung River estuary area. The problem is the exposure to 75% of blue panchax fish (Aplocheilus sp.) as many as 1.97 particles per fish with sizes of 300 to 500 μm. This research will focus on analyzing the dynamics of microplastic quantity in water and sediment of the Ciliwung River along with the correlation between field parameters and population density around the banks of the Ciliwung River. When viewed from the seven points that represent the Ciliwung River downstream to upstream in DKI Jakarta Province, the number of microplastics is in the range of 320–741 particles/L. For the dominating form, it can be analyzed that the majority of microplastic forms are fragments (97%), followed by fibers (2.9%) and pellets (0.1%). While in the sediment, the number of microplastics in the Ciliwung River sediment is in the range of 6560–10630 particles/kg. The population density factor has the highest correlation to the number of microplastics with a value of r = 0.702. This is associated between population density and high microplastic emission loads.

13

Distribution of Microplastics in Domestic Wastewater and Microplastics Removal Potential in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Fauzi Mhd., Darnas Yeggi, Muna Cut Rauzatun, Nizar Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

79--86

EN

Microplastics in domestic wastewater are detrimental to living organisms and appear in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of microplastics in domestic wastewater, as well as the possibility for microplastic removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The sampling method used is SNI 6989.59:2008 concerning Wastewater Sampling Methods that Apply in Indonesia. To remove organic compounds in the sample, 0.05 M Fe (II) and 30% H2O2 solution were added by the digestion process at 75 °C for 30 minutes and cooled. Samples were filtered using Whattman GF/C filter paper with the help of a vacuum pump and dried. To identify the concentration, shape, size, color of microplastics, visual analysis was used with the help of a microscope using the zig-zag technique. The concentration of microplastics in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot is 30.17 ± 0.75 particles/100 mL sample. The most commonly found microplastic size is 1,001–5,000 μm, while the dominant color is transparent. The forms of microplastic found in the samples were fiber, fragments and microbeads with a percentage of 65.20%, 23.16% and 11.64%, respectively. These microplastics come from local community activities such as washing clothes, bathing, washing dishes, and other activities. So, it is necessary to treat domestic wastewater using WWTP. Not only does it remove organic matter and nutrients, WWTP also has the potential of microplastics removal around 7–99% depending on the processing unit.

14

Managing the distribution process with an example of the FMCG market

Kabus Judyta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 160

275--286

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the problems and challenges faced by organisation of distribution logistics with a selected example. Comparing the company to the competition and focusing on the problems and challenges faced by the studied enterprise on the market of fast-moving consumer goods. Design/methodology/approach: The subject of the study is the evaluation of distribution channels of the selected enterprise through the analytical and point method. Findings: The obtained results, thanks to the use of the analytical-point method and the efficiency index of distribution channels, indicate that for the surveyed enterprise, Eurocash distribution channels are not sufficiently effective. The indicator of distribution costs in sales compared to the competition is the highest. Several factors had an impact on such results. Research limitations/implications: However, the issues presented in the paper regarding the problems and challenges of distribution organization cannot be considered as exhaustive, because the discussed topics constitute a multifaceted and interdisciplinary research area. The study would be more complete if the management of distribution logistics on the FMCG market were presented based on the changes caused by the Sars-Cov-19 pandemic. Practical implications: The conducted research draws attention to the effectiveness of distribution channels on the FMCG market. The article may be useful for enterprises providing services in this business sector. Social implications: The article shows the importance of making decisions in the area of distribution processes that significantly affect the entire supply chain, and thus customer service. The use of optimal distribution channels affects the efficiency of logistics services, contributing to an improvement in the quality of service provided to the final recipient and the competitiveness of the company on the FMCG market. Originality/value: The work is addressed to entrepreneurs operating in the FMCG industry. As well as all those interested in the subject of logistics, management and distribution on the market of fast-moving consumer goods.

15

Choosing a supplier of fuels and energy in large-format retail enterprises

Jedynak Zdzisław

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 158

243--255

EN

Purpose: The overriding goal of the considerations is to indicate the assumptions and rule for the implementation of the procedure leading to the appointment of an appropriate fuel and energy supplier in large-format enterprises (L-FE), to the extent necessary to improve economic results. The choice will take into account both the size and structure of the resources that are at the disposal of the enterprise and the environmental conditions. The practical goal will be to develop a concept for the implementation of the procedure for the evaluation and selection of a supplier of energy carriers for the needs of a commercial entity. Design/methodology/approach: The research procedure will run through the following stages: 1. Presentation of the theoretical foundations by discussing concepts related to the functioning of the fuel and energy economy as well as indicating the methods and criteria for selecting a supplier. The research method used will be a review of the literature on the subject. 2. Recognition of the L-FE decision situation through the analysis of the subjective, objective and process structure. The research method used will be direct observation with participation. The observation will be carried out in four commercial networks (in total seven enterprises). 3. Setting the assumptions for the implementation of the procedure for the evaluation and selection of the supplier of energy carriers in L-FE. At this stage, the purpose of the procedure, its essence, stages and tasks of implementation as well as the procedure will be indicated. Responsible persons and contractors will be appointed. The evaluation criteria as well as the applicable entry and exit documents will be proposed. The research method used will be the expert method. Findings: The added value of the article is the answer to the question: how is the process of assessing and selecting the supplier of energy carriers in L-FE? The work indicates its goal, stages and tasks of implementation, applicable documents, methods of proceeding and evaluation criteria. The proposed solution contains practical guidelines. Should be noted that the adopted scheme of conduct and the method of its application in a trading enterprise creates the possibility of transferring the developed solutions to other economic systems. Originality/value: In this article, the actions taken have been focused on areas that have and will have an impact on reducing the costs of the company's operation and, consequently, on improving their competitive position on the market.

16

Punkty widokowe jako dystrybutory kulturowych usług ekosystemowych. Studium przypadku Kazimierza Dolnego nad Wisłą

Michalik-Śnieżek Malwina, Lipińska Halina, Kułak Agnieszka, Wyłupek Teresa

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2022

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nr 47 (1)

21--39

PL

Kulturowe usługi ekosystemowe (ang. CES- Cultural Ecosystem Services), to usługi świadczone przez ekosystemy i krajobrazy, które cechują się wartościami niematerialnymi. Usługi te nie byłyby „konsumowane”, gdyby w przestrzeni nie funkcjonowały obiekty przekazujące te usługi od producentów (ekosystemów, krajobrazów) do odbiorców (człowieka). Takimi dystrybutorami CES są punkty widokowe. Celem pracy jest określenie klas CES podlegających dystrybucji za pośrednictwem punktów widokowych oraz wskazanie klas cieszących się największym zainteresowaniem wśród odbiorców. Badania prowadzono na terenie miasta Kazimierz Dolny. Wyniki pokazują, że badane punkty widokowe mają w swojej ofercie szeroki wachlarz CES, jednak popyt na te usługi jest znaczenie węższy i uzależniony od położenia i promocji punktu. Wyniki pokazały także, że płatne punkty widokowe charakteryzują się podobnie szeroką ofertą CES jak punkty bezpłatne.

EN

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refer to services provided by ecosystems and landscapes that have non-material values. These services would not be „consumed” if there were no objects in the environment that transmit these services from produ-cers (ecosystems, landscapes) to recipients (humans). Such distributors of CES are viewpoints. The purpose of this work is to determine the classes of CES that are provided through viewpoints and to indicate the classes that are most popular among recipients. The research was conducted in the town of Kazimierz Dolny. The results show that the viewpoints in the study area offer a broad range of CES, but the demand for these services is much smaller and depends on the location and promotion of the viewpoint. The results also showed that pay-to-enter viewpoints have a similarly broad CES offer as those that are free of charge.

17

Nowe stanowiska jemioły pospolitej jodłowej Viscum album L. subsp. abietis (WIESB.) JANCH. na Pogórzu Śląskim i w północnej części Beskidu Śląskiego

Beczała Tomasz, Jonderko Tomasz, Chmura Damian

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 3 (23)

21--27

EN

The semiparasitic plant common fir mistletoe Viscum album L. subsp. abietis (WIESB.) JANCH is the rarest of three subspecies in Poland. In the country this mistletoe has northern border of distribution range. The previous literature data suggested that the subspecies has only few localities in the Silesian Foothils and in northern part of the Silesian Beskid Mts (southern Poland) and in addition, some of them were not confirmed. Mistletoe Viscum album subsp. abietis has been reported to increase its range and abundance in Europe recently therefore authors decided to update the distribution data of the subspecies the aforementioned area. The data about distribution of host tree silver fir Picea abies was taken from forest database and from personal communication with foresters. The area was search to find localities of the individuals on trees. In case of the single specimens on fir trees binoculars were used. In total 39 localities were given including more than 30 new localities when compared to literature data from 20th century. In Silesian Foothils there are 20 localities and 19 stands in the Silesian Beskid Mts. On the localities the abundance of individuals ranged from single plants on one tree to massive infestation of several dozen of fir trees. The common fir mistletoe distribution seems to be an underestimated in the southern part of the Silesian Voivodeship, it is highly probable that its next localities will be found in nearest future. Despite the category endangered “EN” in the Red Book of Plants of the Silesian Voivodship the species is not threatened anymore. On the contrary it becomes to pose a serious threat to silver fir because it can contribute to decline of trees. During the massive infestation of firs by mistletoe, fir trees often die gradually. The obtained new information will allow for a better recognition of the current species distribution and a possible revision of the threat category of common fir mistletoe in the territory of Silesian Voivodeship. For a more detailed analysis of the degree of expansion of this species, it would be advisable to examine the number of individuals and study the development of mistletoe over time on the host on randomly selected trees.

18

Simulation of Favorable Habitats for Non-Gregarious Locust Pests in North Kazakhstan Based on Satellite Data for Preventive Measures

Baibussenov Kurmet, Bekbayeva Aigul, Azhbenov Valery

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

299--311

EN

The paper considers the approaches and possibilities of using two types of simulation: the species distribution model and the ecological niche model. The study aimed to simulate favorable habitats and the potential spread of non-gregarious locust pests in North Kazakhstan based on satellite and ground data for preventive measures. The MaxEnt software was used to conduct the simulation. According to the species distribution model, high indicators of the habitat are predicted in the Pavlodar and Kostanay regions, on 69.9–100% of the studied territory. With the simulation of ecological niches for non-gregarious locust pests, the following class boundaries were determined for the transition from quantitative to qualitative indicators from I (85–100%) to IV (0–50%), which indicates the zones of the probability of pest attack from a higher indicator to a lower one. According to the fundamental model, high indicators of the area of pest occurrence, that is, zones I and II, are located in the central and northern parts of the Pavlodar region. Here, the probability of non-gregarious locust occurrence of zone I and II with a ratio of 1:1 is observed in a slightly arid, moderately warm agro-climatic zone. In the southern part of the Kostanay region, the simulation predicts the probability of occurrence on zones I and II with a ratio of 1:2 in the moderately arid warm agro-climatic zone of this region. In the southern and southeastern parts of the Akmola region, the model predicts the probability of occurrence in zones I and II with a ratio of 1:3 in a slightly humid, moderately warm agro-climatic zone of the region. The considered species distribution model can be used as a modern tool for long-term forecasting of the spread of non-gregarious locust pests since it takes into account the peculiarities of the agricultural landscape. The fundamental niche model can be used in a long-term population forecast since it focuses more on the theoretical conditions of pest habitats.

19

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Surface Water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers, Vietnam

Thieu Van Vu Duc, Dinh Thi Thu Huong, Nguyen Thi Truc Thao, Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Nguyen Binh An, Pham Anh-Duc

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

85--90

EN

Heavy metals are a pressing concern in terms of their pollution in aquatic ecosystems because of their persistence, environmental toxicity, bioaccumulation. Aquatic environments receive heavy metals in untreated or inadequately treated wastewater from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and navigation sources. The Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers play the key roles of irrigation, navigation and ecological restoration. It is crucial to ascertain the pollution status, influencing factors, ecological risks, and possible sources of heavy metals in the surface water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers. In this study, surface water from 7 sampling sites over was collected from the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers, over 7 consecutive periods from April 2019 to October 2021. Each surface sample was analyzed for 9 heavy metals including Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. The sampling technique and sample treatment were done based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The time and space variation of heavy metal concentrations were examined to test the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation among all the parameters using R statistical software. The results suggest a spatial homogeneity of heavy metals in the surface water the studied rivers. Among all nine examined heavy metals in the studied area, the concentrations of Fe (1.00 ÷ 5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14 ÷ 0.28 mg/L) are the highest, and the concentrations of Cr, Cd and As are the lowest that lower limit of detection. The results suggested that the mean concentrations of Fe and Mn were above the acceptable limits of the National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). While the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni do not meet the Water quality criteria for aquatic life (United State Environmental Protection Agency). Anthropogenic activities can be the main source of heavy metals in in the surface water of the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers. Among the heavy metals, a significant positive correlation was observed between Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.64 ÷ 0.87), whereas Cu exhibited a significant positive correlation with Ni (0.51). While Cu and Pb showed a not too strong correlation with Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.25 ÷ 0.48). The distribution of heavy metals may also be influenced by properties of heavy metals and fluctuations in water flows. The results provide guidance for controlling heavry metal pollution and protectting water sources in the Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc Rivers.

PL

Metale ciężkie stanowią palący problem zanieczyszczenia w ekosystemach wodnych ze względu na ich trwałość, toksyczność dla środowiska i bioakumulację. Środowiska wodne sa zasilane w metale ciężkie z nieoczyszczonych lub nieodpowiednio oczyszczonych ścieków ze źródeł domowych, przemysłowych, rolniczych i żeglugowych. Rzeki Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc odgrywają kluczową rolę w nawadnianiu terenów, transporcie odnym i odbudowie ekologicznej. Kluczowe znaczenie ma ustalenie stanu zanieczyszczenia, czynników wpływających, zagrożeń ekologicznych i możliwych źródeł metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wód powierzchniowych, próbki pobrano z 7 punktów pomiarowych z rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc przez 7 kolejnych okresów od kwietnia 2019 r. do października 2021 r. Każda próbka została przeanalizowana pod kątem zawartości 9 metali ciężkich: Fe, Mn, Cr , Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. Metodyka pobierania próbek i obróbki próbek zostały opracowane w oparciu o Standardowe Metody Badania Wód i Ścieków. Zbadano zmienność w czasie i przestrzeni stężeń metali ciężkich, do analizyy wyników wykorzystano analizę wariancji (ANOVA) i korelacji między wszystkimi parametrami przy użyciu oprogramowania statystycznego. Wyniki sugerują przestrzenną jednorodność zawartości metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych badanych rzek. Spośród wszystkich dziewięciu badanych metali ciężkich w badanym terenie najwyższe są stężenia Fe (1,00 ÷ 5,06 mg/L) i Mn (0,14 ÷ 0,28 mg/L), a najniższe Cr, Cd i As (wartości odpowiadające dolnej granicy wykrywalności). Wyniki wskazują, że średnie stężenia Fe i Mn były powyżej dopuszczalnych limitów, opisanych w krajowych normach dotyczących jakości wód powierzchniowych (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Natomiast stężenia Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni nie spełniają kryteriów jakości wody dla organizmów wodnych (Agencja Ochrony Środowiska Stanów Zjednoczonych). Działalność antropogeniczna może być głównym źródłem metali ciężkich w wodach powierzchniowych rzek Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc. Wśród metali ciężkich zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią korelację między zawartością Fe, Mn, Zn i Ni (0,64 ÷ 0,87), natomiast Cu wykazywała istotną dodatnią korelację z Ni (0,51). Zawartości Cu i Pb wykazywały niezbyt silną korelację z Fe, Mn, Zn i Ni (0,25 ÷ 0,48). Na rozmieszczenie metali ciężkich mogą mieć również wpływ właściwości metali ciężkich oraz wahania przepływów wody. Wyniki dostarczają wskazówek dotyczących kontrolowania zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi i ochrony źródeł wody w rzekach Doi-Cho Dem-Ben Luc.

20

Drinking Water Before and After Processing in the Water Supply

Maloku Faton, Veseli Besa, Dobroshi Florent

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

82--88

EN

The quality and quantity of water throughout history have been an important factor in determining human wellbeing. Many types of pollution threaten rivers, including aquatic organisms, pesticides, soil erosion, chemical fertilisers and industrial pollutants. An extraordinary asset for our country is the natural waters where their quality is particularly important from a chemical point of view. From the studies carried out so far on the quality of natural waters, there are shortcomings mainly related to the limited number of physical-chemical parameters measured as well as to the water resources being processed. As for consumption, the quality of water is of great importance, and the purpose of this work is the analysis of water quality in the Aqueduct, which is of great importance for all residents who are supplied by this Aqueduct. The basic substance of life is water, therefore it is necessary to determine the quality of drinking water in the water supply network through physical-chemical and organoleptic parameters. The analysis of water in the water supply network was done before and after processing every four hours during the day and three days in a row. The obtained results show the condition and quality of raw water and processed water used by consumers, whereas a reference basis they are taken from Directive 98/83/EC for the quality of water for human consumption. From the results, we came to the conclusion that the water analyzed after processing is of sufficient quality to be used as drinking water.